EE

 252  
Load  Flow  Studies  

Shunt  Admi6ance  of    

Transmission  Lines  
 Line  Capacitance  
 Consider  a  long  cylindrical  conductor  with  a  posi?ve  charge  q  
in  C/meter.  
D1   •   P1  

•   D2  
•   P2  
 The  electric  field  intensity  at  a  point  x  meters  from  the  
charge  is   q
E= V/m
2!! O x
 The  voltage  drop  between  points  P1  and  P2  is:  
D2 q D2
v12 = ! E dx = ln
D1
2!"0 D1
 Capacitance  of  a  Two-­‐Wire  Line  
 The  capacitance  between  two  conductors  of  a  two-­‐
wire  line  is  defined  as  the  charge  on  the  conductors  
q
C=
per  unit  of  poten?al  difference  between  them.   v
qa   D   qb  

 The  voltage  drop  from  a  to  b,  due  to  charge  qa  alone  is:  
qa D
v ab = ln
2πε O ra
 The  voltage  drop  from  a  to  b,  due  to  charge  qb  alone  is:  
qb D − qb D
v ba = ln or   v ab = ln
2πεO rb 2πεO rb
  Using  the  principle  of  superposi?on,  the  total  voltage  drop  from  
a  to  b  due  to  charges  qa  and  qb  taken    together  is:  
qa D qb D
v ab = ln − ln
2πε O ra 2πε O rb
 For  an  isolated  system,  qa  +  qb  =  0,  or  qa  =  -­‐qb.    Therefore,    
qa D2
v ab = ln
2πεO ra rb
 The  capacitance  between  conductors  is  the  ra?o  of  the  
conductor  charge  to  the  poten?al  difference  across  the  
conductors:  
 For  iden?cal  conductors:  
qa 2!
Cab = = 2
F /m !" o
vab D Cab = F /m
ln D
ra rb ln
r
 Capacitance  of  a  Three-­‐Wire  Line  
with  Equilateral  Spacing  
 Consider  the  three-­‐phase  line  shown.  
qb    The  voltage  drop  from  a  to  b:  

1 ! D r D$
vab = qa ln + qb ln + qc ln &
D   D   #
2!"O " r D D%

qa   qc  
D  
Recall:  
q D2
v12 = ln
2!"0 D1
  Similarly,  the  voltage  drop  from  a  to  c:  
1 ⎡ D D r ⎤
vac = ⎢q a ln r + q b ln D + q c ln D ⎥
2πεO ⎣ ⎦
 Adding  the  two  voltage  equa?ons:  

1 ⎡ D r ⎤
vab + vac = ⎢ 2q a ln + (q b + q c ) ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D ⎦
 For  an  isolated  system:   qa  +  qb  +  qc  =  0  

3q a D
v ab + v ac = ln V
2πε O r
 What  is  (vab  +  vac)?  
   
Using  the  phasor  diagram  for  a  balanced  3-­‐phase  system:  
! !
vab = 3van!30°
! !
Vca   vac = 3van! " 30°
Vcn  
  
vab + vac = 3van
Vbc  
Vbn   Van   Vac  
Vab  
Therefore,  
! ! ! 3qa D
vab + vac = 3van = ln V
2!"O r
qa D
v an = ln
2πε O r
Obtaining  the  capacitance-­‐to-­‐neutral:  

qa 2πε O
Can = =
v an D
ln
r
 Capacitance  of  a  
Three-­‐Wire  Line  with  
Unsymmetrical  Spacing  
 Consider  each  sec?on  of  the  transposi?on  cycle:  

2  

D12  
D23  

1   3  
D31  
Phase  a  in  posi?on  1  
Phase  b  in  posi?on  2   1 ⎡ D12 r D 23 ⎤
Phase  c  in  posi?on  3   v ab1 = 2πε ⎢q a ln
r
+ q b ln
D
+ q c ln
D
⎥
O ⎣ 12 31 ⎦
b  
D12   1 ⎡ D31 D 23 r ⎤
v =
D23   ac1 2πε ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
O ⎣ r D12 D 31 ⎦

a   D31   c  

Phase  a  in  posi?on  2  

Phase  b  in  posi?on  3  
Phase  c  in  posi?on  1   1 ⎡ D 23 r D31 ⎤
a  
vab 2 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D 23 D12 ⎦
D12  
D23   1 ⎡ D12 D31 r ⎤
vac 2 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D23 D12 ⎦
c   D31   b  
 c  
Phase  a  in  posi?on  3  
Phase  b  in  posi?on  1   D12  
Phase  c  in  posi?on  2   D23  

b   a  
D31  
1 ⎡ D31 r D12 ⎤
vab 3 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D31 D 23 ⎦
1 ⎡ D 23 D12 r ⎤
v ac 3 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D 31 D 23 ⎦
For  a  completely  transposed  line,  vab  is  equal  to  the  average  of  the  
voltage  drops  between  a  and  b  when  the  two  phase  occupy  all  
possible  posi?ons:  
v ab1 + v ab 2 + v ab 3
v ab =
3
1 ⎡ D12 r D 23 ⎤
vab1 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D 12 D 31 ⎦

1 ⎡ D 23 r D31 ⎤
vab 2 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D23 D12 ⎦
1 ⎡ D31 r D12 ⎤
vab 3 = ⎢q a ln + q b ln + q c ln ⎥
2πεO ⎣ r D31 D 23 ⎦

1 ! D12 D23 D31 r3 D12 D23 D31 $

vab = #qa ln 3
+ qb ln + qc ln &
6!"O " r D12 D23 D31 D12 D23 D31 %
 1 ! D12 D23 D31 r3 D12 D23 D31 $
vab = #qa ln 3
+ qb ln + qc ln &
6!"O " r D12 D23 D31 D12 D23 D31 %
1 ! GMD r $
= # qa ln + qb ln
2!"O " r GMD &%
Similarly  
1 ! GMD r $
vac = # qa ln + qc ln &
2!"O " r GMD %

1 ! GMD r $
vab + vac = 3van = # 2qa ln + (qb + qc )ln &
2!"O " r GMD %
1 ! GMD $ Since  qa  =  -­‐(qb  +  qc)  in  an  
= #3qa ln &
2!"O " r % isolated  system  
Therefore,  
1 GMD
van = qa ln
2!"O r 2!"O
Can =
The  capacitance  of  phase  a  to  neutral  is   GMD
ln
r
Due  to  symmetry  (from  the  transposi?on  of  the  lines):  
Cn  =  Can  =  Cbn  =  Ccn  
*Cn  is  the  posi?ve  sequence  capacitance  of  the  line  (no  ground  wire)  
 
The  capaci?ve  reactance  of  the  line  is:  
1
XC =
2! fC
2.862 !106 GMD
= ln ! " km (to neutral)
f r
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
Example: Find the capacitance to neutral per km of the
69-kV line shown. Also find the capacitive reactance and
charging current per km.
3.5  m   3.5  m  
Conductor  diameter  =  0.0143  m  
a   b   c  
3
GMD = 3.5! 3.5! 7 = 4.41 m
2!"O 2! ! 8.854 !10 "12
Can = = = 8.6594 !10 pF/m
GMD 4.41
ln ln
r 0.0072
1 6
XC = "12
= 306.3!10 #$ m
2! ! 60 ! 8.6594 !10
=306.3!10 3 #$ km
 69 !10 3 3 mA
I chg = 3
= 130
306.3!10 km

If the total line length is 200 km, the total charging current
and charging MVAR are

mA
I chg = 130 ! 200 km = 26 A
km
Qchg = 3 ! 69kV ! 26A = 3.108 MVAR
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines:  
Conductors  with  Neutral  Conductors  and  Earth  Return  
In  capacitance  calcula?ons,  
Mutual  
the  earth  Cis  apacitance  
assumed  as  a  
+qb  
+qw  
Dab  
+qa   Daw  
perfectly  conduc?ng  plane.  
The  electric  field  that  results   Dac  
+qc  
is  the  same  if  an  image  
conductor  is  used  for  every  
conductor  above  ground.  
Haa   Hab   Hac   Haw  

-­‐qc  
-­‐qa   -­‐qb  
-­‐qw  

Mirror Conductors below ground

 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines:  
Conductors  with  Neutral  Conductors  and  Earth  Return  
The  voltage  drop  from  conductor  a  to  ground  is  
1 H aa H ab H an
va = vaa' 1
2
= ( qa ln + qb ln + ... + qn ln
4πε ra Dab Dan
ra Dab Dan
− qa ln − qb ln − ... − qn ln )
H aa H ab H an
1 H aa H ab H an
va = common  ( tqerms,  
Combining   a lnwe  get   + qb ln + ... + qn ln )
2πε ra Dab Dan

Recall:  
q D2
v12 = ln
2!"0 D1
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines:  
Conductors  with  Neutral  Conductors  and  Earth  Return  
In  general,  for  the  kth  overhead  conductor  
1H ak H bk H kk
vk = ( qa ln + qb ln + ... + qk ln
2πε Dak Dbk rk
H nk
+ ... + q n ln )
Dnk
Involving  all  voltages  and  charges:  
⎡v a ⎤ ⎡ Paa Pab Pac ... Pan ⎤ ⎡q a ⎤ 1 H kk
⎢v ⎥ ⎢ P ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ Pkk = ln
⎢ b ⎥ = ⎢ ba Pbb Pbc ... Pbn ⎥ ⎢ qb ⎥ 2πε rk
⎢  ⎥ ⎢      ⎥ ⎢  ⎥ 1 H kj
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ Pkj = 2πε ln D
⎣v n ⎦ ⎣ Pna Pnb Pnc ... Pnn ⎦ ⎣q n ⎦ kj

[v] = [ P ] [q]
 [v] = [ P ] [q]
Since  Q  =  CV  
!1
C=P
Inversion  of  matrix  P  gives  

⎡+ C aa − C ab − C ac ... − C an ⎤
⎢ − C + Cbb − Cbc ⎥
... − Cbn ⎥
⎢ ba
C=
⎢      ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣− C na − C nb − C nc ... + C nn ⎦
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
The  Shunt  Admi6ance  is  

⎡+ jωC aa − jωC ab − jωC ac ... − jωC an ⎤

⎢ − jωC + jωCbb − jωCbc ... − jωCbn ⎥⎥
ba
Ybus = ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣− jωC na − jωC nb − jωC nc ... + jωC nn ⎦
The   difference   between   the   magnitude   of   a   diagonal   element  
and   its   associated   off-­‐diagonal   elements   is   the   capacitance   to  
ground.  For  example,  the  capacitance  of  line  a  to  ground  is  

C ag = C aa − C ab − C ac − ... − C an
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
Capacitance  of  a  Transposed  Line  
qa Phase  c  
Pos.1  
qb Phase  a  
Pos.2  
qc Phase  b  
Pos.3  
1
3
s 1
3
s 1
3
s
Sec?on  1   Sec?on  2   Sec?on  3  

For  the  untransposed  line,   " C

let   !Cab !Cac %
$ aa '
CP = $ !Cba Cbb !Cbc '
$ '
# !Cca !Ccb Ccc &
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
For  a  completely  transposed  line,  
" C !Cm0 !Cm0 %
s0
$ '
CP,T = $ !Cm0 Cs0 !Cm0 '
$ '
# !Cm0 !Cm0 Cs0 &
1 1
Cs 0 = (Caa + Cbb + Ccc ) Cm 0 = (Cab + Cbc + Cac )
3 3
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
Sequence  Capacitance  
   
I abc = YabcVabc I abc = jωCabcVabc
Since      
Vabc = AV012 I abc = YabcVabc
 
AI 012 = jωCabc AV012
or    
−1
I 012 = jωA Cabc AV012
Thus,   −1
C012 = A C abc A
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
For  a  completely  transposed  line,  
C s0 = Caa = Cbb = Ccc
C m0 = Cab = Cbc = C ac
Subs?tu?on  gives  

⎡( C s0 − 2C m0 ) 0 0 ⎤
C012   =   ⎢ 0 ( C + C ) 0 ⎥
⎢ s 0 m 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 ( C s0 + C m0 )⎥⎦
or  
C0 = C s0 − 2Cm0 C1 = C2 = C s0 + Cm0
 Shunt  Capacitance  of  Lines  
Example:  Determine  the  phase  and  sequence  capacitances  of  the  
transmission   line   shown.   The   phase   conductors   are   477   MCM  
ACSR  26/7  with  radius  of  0.0357  e.  The  line  is  60  km  long  and  is  
completely  transposed.  
  5  m   5  m  
Radius  =  r  =  0.0109  m  
a   b   c  
Haa  =  Hbb  =  Hcc  =  30  m  
Hab  =  Hbc  =  (52  +  302)1/2    =  30.414  m  
15  m  
Hac  =  (102  +  302)1/2  =  31.623  m  
1 H aa
Paa = Pbb = Pcc = ln = 142.37 !10 9 m/F
2!" 0 ra
1 H ab
Pab = Pbc = ln = 32.454 !10 9 m/F
2!" 0 Dab
 1 H ac
Pac = ln = 20.695!10 9 m/F
2!" 0 Dac
Therefore,  

! 142.37 32.45 20.70 $

# &
P =# 32.45 142.37 32.45 & '10 9
#" 20.70 32.45 142.37 &%
! 7.482 (1.537 0.737 $
# &
C =# (1.537 7.725 (1.537 & '10 (12 F/m
#" 0.737 (1.537 7.482 &%
 " 7.482 !1.537 !0.737 %
$ ' !12
C = $ !1.537 7.725 !1.537 ' (10 F/m
$# !0.737 !1.537 7.482 '&
If  there  is  complete  transposi?on:  
" 7.562 !1.271 !1.271 %
$ '
C = $ !1.271 7.562 !1.271 ' (10 !12 F/m
$# !1.271 !1.271 7.562 '&
The  sequence  capacitance  are:  
 
 C1  =  C2  =  (7.562  +  1.271)  x  10-­‐12  =  8.833  pF/m  
 C0  =  (7.562  –  2(1.271))  x  10-­‐12  =  5.020  pF/m  
If  the  effect  of  earth  is  not  considered:  
5  m   5  m  

a   b   c  
GMD = 3 (5)(5)(10) = 6.3 m
15  m  
"12
2!" 0 2! (8.854 !10 )
Can = = = 8.748 pF/m
ln r
GMD
ln 0.0109
6.3

w  
Compute  the  posi?ve  sequence  
capacitance  to  neutral  if  there  is  a  ground  
wire  above  the  middle  conductor.   5  m  
For  the  ground  wire,  
5m   5m  
Dsw=0.00035  m  @  60  Hz     a   b   c  
 Parallel-­‐Circuit  Lines  
Let   a1 c2
! V $ ! V $ ! q $ ! q $
# a & # a' & # a1 & # a2 & b1 b2
VP = # Vb & = # Vb' & q P1 = # qb1 & q P 2 = # qb2 &
# & # & # & # & c1 a2
V V
" c % " c' % " qc1 % " qc2 %
! V $ ! q $ H kj
# P & = PP # P1 & where   1 H kk 1
Pkk = ln Pkj = ln
#" VP &% #" qP 2 &% 2πε rk 2πε Dkj

! q $ ! V $ ! V $
# P1 & = PP'1 # P & = C P # P &
#" qP 2 &% #" VP &% #" VP &%
! q $ ! V $ ! C CB $! VP $ ! C +C $
# P1 & = CP # P & = # A &# &=# A B
&VP
#" qP 2 &% #" VP &% #" CC CD &%#" VP &% #" CC + CD &%

Since  qP1  +  qP2  =  qP,  

q P = (C A + C B + CC + C D )VP = C Peq VP
YPeq = j! C Peq

If  the  line  has  ground  wires:  

! V $ ! q $
# P & # P1 & ! VP $ ! q $ ! q $ ! V $
# VP & = PP # qP 2 &'# & = PPeq # P1 & ' # P1 & = C Peq # P &
# & # & #" VP &% #" qP 2 &% #" qP 2 &% #" VP &%
" 0 % " qG %
 Parallel  Circuit  Lines  
Alternate  Computa?on  
a1 c2
•  Transposi?on  may  be  assumed  
•  The  distance  Dpxy  and  Hpxy  
between  phases  is  assumed  to   b1 b2
be  the  GMD  between  pairs  of  
conductors  of  both  phases   c1 a2
•  The  ‘radius’  of  a  phase  is  
computed  by  trea?ng  the  
Dabp = 4 Da1,b1Da1,b2 Da2,b1Da2,b2
parallel  conductors  as  bundled  
conductors       GMD = 3 D p D p D p
ab bc ac

2!"O ra = Da r
Can =
GMD
ln req = 3 ra rb rc
req
 Parallel-­‐Circuit  Lines  
Example  4.4  from  Stevenson,  4th  edi?on  
 A  three-­‐phase  double-­‐circuit  line  is  composed  of  
300,000-­‐cmil  26/7  ACSR  Ostrich  conductors  arranged  
as  shown  in  the  figure  below.    Find  the  60-­‐Hz  
capaci?ve  susceptance  to  neutral  in  mhos  per  mile  
per  phase.  
18’
a a’
10’
21’
b b’
10’
18’
c c’
 Summary  of  Reactances    
for  Three-­‐Phase  Systems  

GMD
-7
La = 2 x 10 ln H/m
GMR
−12
2 πx 8.85 x 10
C an = F/m
GMD
ln
r
GMD = 3 Dab Dbc Dca
GMR = n2 ( Daa Dab  Dan )( Dna Dnb  Dnn )
Where, Daa = Dbb = Dnn = r’ = rε-1/4