UGLY'S

E LECTR ICAL-R E FE R ENCES

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REY'SED 1993 EDITION

BY
GEORGE V. HART
A note Jrom the adhor , . .
UGLY'S ELECTRICAL REFERENCES is desigrred to
be used as a quick on-the-job reference in the electrical
industry. We have tried to include the most commonll-
required information in an easy-to-read format.
Ugly's Electrical Reference is not intended to be a
substitute for the National Electrical Code@.
We salute the National Fire Protection Association for
their dedication to protecting lives and property from fue
and electrical hazards through sponsorship ofthe National
Electrical Code.
NATI()NAL ELECTRICAL CODE@ ANO NEC@ ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF THE NANOIIAL HR€
PROTECTION ASSOCIATION INC, OUINCY IV]A

While the author and publisher of UGLY'S

ELECTRICAL REFERENCES have made efforts to
insure that all information in this book is clear and
accurate, neither author nor publisher shall be held
responsible for any errors in content, nor
shall they be responsible for the interpretation
or application of material in this book.

tsBN 0-9623229-2-X
ELECTRICAL-REFERENCE
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 UGLY'S
E LECTR ICAL.R E FE R E NCES

coPYRtGHT, 1978 BY GEORGE V HART (AUTHOR)

REVISED 1993
PHINTED IN U.S.A

THIS BOOK MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT

WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDEHS

GEORGE V. HART
AND

SAMMIE HART

unit.d prlntlng artr . 3509 Oak Forest Drlve . Houston, TeEs 77018 . (713) 6886115
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
OHM'S LAW 1-2
SERIES CIRCUITS 3-4
PARALLEL CIRCUITS 5-7
COMBINATION CIRCUITS 8-12
ELECTRICAL FORMULAS 13
TO FIND: AMPERES (l) 14-19
HORSEPOWER (HP) 20-21
WATTS (P) 22
KILO-WATTS (KW) 23-24
KI LO-VOLT-AMPERES (KVA) 25
oAPACTTANCE (C), AND CAPACTTORS 26-29
TNDUCTTON (L) 30
TMPEDANCE (Z) 31
REACTANCE (INDUCTIVE-XL, AND
cAPACITTVE-XC) 32
RESISTOR COLOR CODE 33
U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 34-35
METRIC SYSTEM 36-37
CONVERSION TABLES 38-39
METALS AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (K) 40- 41
CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER
SCALES 42
USEFUL MATH, FORMULAS 43
THE CIBCLE 44
FRACTIONS 45-47
EOUATIONS 48-50
SOUARE ROOT 51
TRIGONOMETRY 52-53
CONDUIT BENDING 54-59
TAP, DRILL BIT, AND HOLE SAW TABLES 60
MOTORS: RUNNING OVERLOAD UNITS 6l
BRANCH CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES 62
DIRECT CURRENT 63-65
STNGLE-PHASE (A C.)
TWO-PHASE (A.C.) 70-72
THREE-PHASE A.C. MOTORS 73-80
TRANSFORMERS: CALCULATIONS 81
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS a2
SINGLE-PHASE CONNECTIONS 83
BUCK AND BOOST CONNECTIONS 84
FULL LOAD CURRENTS 85
THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS 86-90
TWO-PHASE CONNECTIONS 91
TWO-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE
CONNECTIONS 92
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE PAGE
MISCELLANEOUS WIRING DIAGRAMS 93-94
PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTORS 95
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF CONDUCTORS 96-99
INSULATION CHARTS 100 103
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS IN -
CONDUIT 104
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIXTURE WIRES IN - 106
CONDUIT 107
TABLES: METAL BOXES 108
COVER REOUIREMENTS TO 600 VOLTS 109
VOLUME BEQUIRED PER CONDUCTOR 109
CLEAR WORKING SPACE IN FRONT OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 110
MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF LIVE PARTS 111
GROUNDING 112 113
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS 114 - 117
HAND SIGNALS FOR CRANES AND CHEBRY -
PICKERS 118 119
USEFUL KNOTS - 120
AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID 121 124
-
 OHM'S tAW

THE RATE OF THE FLOU OF THE CURREITIT IS EQUAL TO ELECTROMOTIVE

FORCE DIVIDED BY RESISTANCE.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE = VOLTS = 'E" VOLTS
CURREl'lT = AIIPERES = "I" AiIP E RES
RESISTANCE= OHMS= "R" 0Hlts

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A SERIES CIRCUIT IS A CIRCUIT A PARALLEL CIRCUIT IS A

THAT HAS ONLY ONE PATH THROUGH CIRCUIT THAT HAS MORE THAI{
UHICH THE ELECTRONS MAY FLOW. ONE PATH THROUGH HHICH THE
NOTE: "T" STANDS FOR T0TAL. ELECTRONS MAY FLOI{.

ET= E1 +E2+E3 ET=E1=E2=E3

IT= I1 = 12 = 13 IT = 11 + 12 + 13

RT= R1 +R2+R3 1111

+_+_
RT Rl R2 R3

E2
Rxl
P
Rx[2
I
Exl lm
E
-P I
E.
E E P j
R 1z

\N\\--. 1S\ \ $\\\\\A\- A\\q\\\ \\q.ql\\q qq(l( \|{Q eqs(sraes

FOLLOWING FORMULA MAY BE USED.

PT
R1XR2
Rl+R2

-1-
 OHM'S LAW

A. UHEiI VOLTS AiID OHMS ARE KIIIOI{iI:

VOLTS
AI.IPERES - oR I =-E
OHMS R

EXAIIPLE: FIND THE CURRENT 0F A 120 VOLT CIRCUIT !,IIH A

RESISTANCE OF 6O OHMS.

r = ! -rzo - zAMpERES
R60
8. YHEN IATTS ANo VoLTS ARE Kltlot'lN:

HATTS
AITPERES- oR I=L
VOLIS E

EXAMPLE: A 120 VOLT CIRCUIT HAS A 1440 ttlATT LOAD,

DETERI.IINE THE CURRENT.

P 1440
I=_=12AMPERES
E 120
c. I{HEN oHlils AltlD tdATTS ARE KNoI,N:

AMPJREs =
)
OR Il =

EXAM P LE: A CIRCUIT CONSUMES 625 WATTS THROUGH A 12.75 OHM

RESISTOR. DETERMINE THE CURRENT.

I=
E;
=1r-:- =V49 = TAMPERES
V 12. 7b
iIOTES:

A. 0N€ ELECTRICAL HoRSEPoWER = 746 WATTS

ELECTRIC MOTORS ARE RATED IN HORSEPOWER
B. ONE KILOI{ATT = 1000 WATTS
GENERATORS ARE RATED IN KILOWATTS.

-2-
 sERtES CtRCUtTS

RIJLE 1: THE TOTAL CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE

CURRE]IT IN ANY OTHER PART OF THE CIRCUIT.

ToTAL CURREIIT = I(1) = I(2) = I(3), AND EIC.

RIJLE 2: THE TOTAL VOLTAGE IN A SERIES CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE

0F THE VoLTAGES ACRoSS ALL PARTS 0F THE CIRCUIT.
SUI'I

TOTAL VOLTAGE = E(1) + E(2) + E(3), ANO ETC.

RULE 3: THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF A SERIES CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO

THE SUM OF THE RESISTAI{CES OF ALL THE PARTS OF THE
CIRCUIT.

TOTAL RESISIAI{CE = R(1) + R(2) + R(3), AND ETC.

VOLTS E
AMPERES - 0R I =l n
R ES I STANC E

RESISTANCE _ VOLTS
0R R =-
E

AMPERES I
VOLTS = AMPERES X RESISTANCE 0R E=IxR
EXAMPLE: FIND TOTAL VOLTAGE, TOTAL CURRENT, AND TOTAL
RESISTANCE.

E(2) 10 VOLTS
r(2) 0.4 AMP
R(2) 25 oHMS

E(1) = 8 voLTs E(3) = 6 VoLrS

I(1) = s.4 4YP I(3) = s.a 411P
R(1) = 20 oHMs R(3) = 15 oHlils

E(T)
I(T)
R(T)
COiITII{UEO iIEXT PAGE

-3-
 SERIES CIRCUITS

E(r)= E(1)+E(2)+E(3)
=8+10+6
E(T) = 24 VoLrs
r(T) = r(1) = r(2) = r(3)
= 0.4 = 0.4 = 0.4
I(T) = 0.4 AMP
R(I) = R(r) + R(2) + R(3)
=20+25+15
R(T) = 60 oHMs

EXAMPLE: FIilD E(r), E(1), E(3), I(I), I(1), I(2), I(4), R(r),
R(2), AND R(4).
REMEMBER THAI THE ToTAL CURREi|T IN A
SERIES CIRCUIT IS EQUAL T0 THE CURRENT It'l ANY oTHER
PART OF THE CIRCUIT.

E(1) = ? E(3) = ?
r(1) = ? I(3) = 9.5 41,1P
R(1) = 72 oHMS R(3) = 40 oHilS

E(4)
r(4)
R(4)
E(T) = ? r(T) = ?

I(T) = I(1) = r(2)= r(3)= r(4) E(1)= r(1)x R(1)

I(T) = I(1) = r(2)= 0.5= r(4) = 0.5x 72
0.5 = 0.5 = 0.5 = 0.5 = 0.5 E(1)= 36 VoLTS
I(r) = O.5 AMP I(2) = 0-5 MP
I(1) = 0.5 AMP I(4) = 0.5 AMP
E(T) = E(1)+ E(2) + E(3) + E(4) E(3)= r(3)x R(3)
36+12+ 24+ 48 = 0.5 x 48
E(T) = 120 VoLTS E(3) = 24 voLTS
R(T) = R(1)+ R(2) + R(3) + R(4)
72+24+ 48+ 96
R(T) = 240 oHlls
E(21 _ t2 R(4)=E(4) =
R(2) = 13_
r(2) 0.5 r(4) 0.5
R(2) = 24 oHMS R(4) = 96 oHMS

-4-
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

IULE 1: THE TOTAL CURRENT IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE

SUli{ OF THE CURRENTS IiI ALL THE BRAiICHES OF THE CIRCUIT.

TOTAL CURRENT = I(1) + I(2) + I(3). ANO ETC.

RULE 2: THE TOTAL VOLTAGE ACROSS ANY BRANCH IN PARALLEL IS

EQUAL TO IHE VOLTAGE ACROSS ANY OTHER BRANCH AI'IO IS
ALSO EQUAL TO THE TOTAL VOLTAGE.

ToTAL VoLTAGE = E(1) = E(2) = E(3), AND ETC.

RI.JLE 3: THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT IS FOUND 8Y

APPLYING OHM'S LAI,' TO THE TOTAL VALUES OF THE CIRCUIT,

rorAL RESIsrAx6g = Iry9! 6P RT = !I

., ToTAL AMPERES IT
EXAMP LE: FIND THE TOTAL CURRENT, TOTAL VOLTAGE, AND TOIAL
RESISTANCE.

120 V E(2) = 120 v E(X) = 120 V

2 AMP I(2) = 1.5 4YP r(r'F= r nrp
60 oHMS R(2) = 80 oHMS R(3) = 120 oHMS

I(T) = I(1) + I(2) + I(3) E(T) = E(1) = E(z) = E(3)

= 2 + 1.5 + I = 120 = 7ZO = t?0
r(r) = 4.5 AMP E(T) = 120 VoLTS

..\ | , -
E(T) 120 VoLTS
r(T) 4.5 AMP
NOTE: IN A PARALLEL CIRCUII THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IS ALWAYS LESS
THAN THE RESISTANCE OF ANY BRANCH.

IF THE BRANCHES OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT HAVE THE SAME

RESISTANCE, IHEN EACH I{ILL DRAI{ THE SAME CURRENT.

IF THE BRANCHES OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT HAVE DIFFERENT

RESISIANCES, THEN EACH TJILL DRAId A DIFFERENT CURRENT.

IN EITHER SERIES OR PARALLEL CIRCUIIS, THE LARGER THE

RESISTANCE. THE SMALLER THE CURRENT ORAWN.

-5-
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

TO DETERMINE THE TOIAL RESISTANCE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT I{HEN THE

TOTAL CURREI{T, AND TOTAL VOLTAGE ARE UNKNOWN-

t * ! + a
ToTAL RESTSTANCE
= R(1) R(2) R(3)
ANDETc.

EXAMPLE: FIND THE TOTAL RESISTANCE.

R(2) = R(3) =

80 oHMS 120 oHMS

1 L 11
R(T) R(1) R(2) R(3)
1 1 11 +-
R(T) 60 80 L20
1 4 +3+2 USE LO!'EST COMMON
R(T) 240

1:-zA
R(T) / \240
CROSS MULTIPLY

9XR(T) = 1x240 0R gRT = 240

DIVIDE BOTH SIOES OF THE EQUATIOiI BY "9"

R(r) =

NOTE: THE TOTAL RESISTANCE 0F A NUMBER 0F EQUAL RESISToRS IN

PARALLEL IS EQUAL IO THE RESISTANCE OF ONE RESISTOR
DIVIDED BY THE NtJMEER OF RESISTORS.

RESISTANCE OF ONE RESISTOR

TOIAL RESISIANCE =
NUMBER OF RESISTORS IN CIRCUIT

-6-
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

R
=CRTULA: R(T)
N

iIAIIPLE: FIND THE TOTAL RESISTANCE

THERE ARE THREE RESISTORS IN PARALLEL.

EACH HAS A VALUE OF 120 OHMS RESISTANCE.
R(1) ACCORDING TO THE FORMULA. IF l,,E DIVIDE
120 oHMS THE RESISTANCE OF ANY ONE OF TTIE
RESISTORS 8Y THREE WE WILL OBTAIN THE
IOIAL RESISTANCE OF IHE CIRCUIT.

720
R(T) =!oR N
R(T)

TOTAL RESISTANCE = 40 OHMS

R(T) = ?

r()TE: T0 FIND THE TOTAL RESISTANCE 0F ONLY Tt./O RESISTORS IN

PARALLEL, MULTIPLY THE RESISTANCES, AND THEN DIVIDE THE
PRODUCT BY THE SUM OF THE RESISTORS.

:OR|{IJLA: TOTAL RESTSTANCE_R(1)xR(2)

R(1) + R(2)

:tAHPLE:
Rrlt x Rt2)
R(T)=-
R(1) + R(2)

=40X80
40+80

32oo 26.66
R(r) = - oHMs
720

-7-
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

II{COMBIIIIATION CIRCUITS t{E COMBINE SERIES CIRCUITS lJITH PARALL

CIRCUITS. COMBINATION CIRCUITS MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO OETAIN THE
DIFFERET{T VOLTAGES OF SERIES CIRCUITS, AI\ID DIFFERENT CURREiITS I
PARALLEL CIRCUITS.

SOLVE FOR ALL iIISSING VALUES.

-T E(1)=? T E(3)=?
I
I(1)=? ; I ( 3 )= ?
R(1)=ra 9xs5, R(3) =10 oHMS
E(r) =120 v.
I(T)=? *6 4
l
R(T)=? G E(2)=? P E(4)=?
€ r(21=? e I(4)=?
I R(2)=40 oHMsl R(a) =50 oHMs
-I ' -_t-

TO SOLVE:

1. FII{O THE TOTAL RESISTAI'ICE OF EACH GROUP. BOTH GROUPS ARE

SIIiIPLE SERIES CIRCUIIS, SO

R(1)+R(2)=R(A)
20 + 40 = 60 OHMS, TOTAL RESISTANCE OF GROUP "A"

R(3)+R(4)=R(B)
10 + 50 = 60 OHMS, TOTAL RESISTANCE OF GROUP "8"
2. RE-DRAW THE CIRCUIT, CoMBINTNG RESTSToRS ( R(1) + R(2) ) Arl
( R(3) + R(4) ) S0 THAT EACH GRoUP t',rLL HAVE oNLy oNE
RESISTOR.

TI T
o
E(r)=120v ' )= 12 0v E(8) 120 V.
I(r)=? d )=? d I(B) ?
R(r) = ? B )=60 oHMs3 R(B) 60 OHMS
e e
o I
I I
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

-8-
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

ETE: IE l{OU HAVE A SIMPLE PARALLEL CIRCUIT, S0

E(T)=E(A)=E(B)
t20V = 120V = l20v
f IOU HAVE A PARALLEL CIRCUIT WITH ONLY TI'O RESISTORS, AND THEY
tr€ OF EQUAL VALUE. t'lE HAVE A CHOICE OF THREE DIFFERENT FORMULAS
rluT CAiI BE USED TO SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL RESISTAiICE OF CIRCUIT.
R(A) x R(8)
(r)R(r) - - 60 x 60 - 3600 - 30 oHMS
R(A) + R(B) 60 + 60 t20
(2)YHEN THE RESISTORS OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT ARE OF EQUAL VALUE.

R(T) = ! =9!= 30oHMs

N2
(3ta=1*a=l*1-2 _1
R(T) R(A) R(B) 60 60 60 30

1>=-:r'to on rxR(r) =1x30 oR R(I) = 30 oHMS

R(r1l
3. uE Not{ KNot|l THE VALUES 0F E(T), R(T), E(A), R(A), E(B), R(B),
R(1), R(2), R(3), AND R(4). irExT r{E wrLL SoLVE FoR r(T),
r(A), r(B), r(1), r(2), r(3), Ar{o r(4).
E(T) LZ0
R(T)
- I(Tl OR -_ 4 r(T) = 4 AMP.
- 30
E(A) !20
- r(A) 0R = ? I(A) = z nuP.
R(A) - 60
I(A) = r(1) = r(?l 0R z=z_=z I(1) = 2 Al{P.
I(2) = 2 AMP.

E(BI L20
- r(Bt 0R =2 I(B) = 2 AMP.
R(B) 60
-
r(B) = r(3) = I(4) 0R Z= 2_= 2 r(3) =
I(4) =

-9-
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

4. wE KNoU THAT RESISToRS *l

and ltz 0F GRoUP "A" ARE IN SERIES.
WE KlioU T0O THAT RESISToRS #3 and #4 0F GRoIJP "8" ARE IN
SERIES. I,,E }IAVE DETERMINED THAT THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF GRO
"A" IS 2 AMP, AND THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF GROUP "8" IS 2 AMP
BY USII{G THE SERIES FORMULA UE CAN SOLVE FOR THE CURRENT VALI
OF EACH RESISTOR,

r(A) r(1) = r(2) r(B) r(3) = r(4)

2= = 2=2 =
2=2
r(1) = 2 AilP. r(3) = 2 Al,lP.
I(2) = 2 AlilP . r(4) = 2 AMP.

5. UE UERE GIVEI{ THE RESISTAiICE VALUES OF ALL RESISTORS.

R(1) 20 0HlrS, R(2) 40 oHMs, R(3) = 10 OHMS.
4) = = AND
R( = 50 oHMS.

8Y USING OHM'S LAt{ WE CAI{ OETERMINE THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS

EACH RESISTOR.

E(1) = R(1) x r(1) E(3)=R(3)xr(3)

E(1) = 20x ? =10x2
E(3) = 20 VoLTS
= 40VoLTS

E(2)=R(2)xr(2) E(4) = R(4) x r(4)

=40x2
E(2) = 80VoLTS E(4) =50x?
= 100 VoLTS

E(2) = ?
t(21 = ?
R(2) = 20

E(T) = 110 V.
I(T) = a-
R(T) = 1

-10-
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

TO SOLVE:

1. I{E CAN SEE THAT RESISTORS #2 AND #3 ARE IN PARALLEL, A]{D

COMBINED THEY ARE GROUP "A". llHEN IHERE ARE ONLY II{O
RESISTORS, WE USE THE FOLLOWING FORMULA.

R(A) = R(2) x R(3) oR ry oR g oR 12 oHMS

R(2) + R(3) 20 + 30 50
2. llE CAltl NOW RE-DRAI',OUR CIRCUIT AS A SIMPLE SERIES CIRCUIT.

E(1) = ?
r(1) = ?
R(1) = 10 OHMS E(T) = 110 VoLTS
I(r) = ?
R(T)= ?

R(T) = R(1) + R(A) 0R R(T) = 10 + 12 oR 22 oHMs

BY USING OHM'S LAt',

r(r) = Ilfl- 110 = 5AMP

R(T) 22

r(T) = r(1) = r(A) 0R I(T) = 5 AMP, I(1) = 5 Ar'rP

N\\ \\N') -- l_l$ir
BY USING OHM'S LAW

E(1) = r(1) x R(1) 5 X 10 = 50 vol-rs

E(T) - E(1) = E(A) 0R 110 - 50 = Q9__wtI5= E(mil
IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

E(A) = E(2) = E(3) 0R E(A)

E(2) = 60 VoLTS, AND E(3) =

-1 1-
 coMErrATrot{ crRcutTs

BY USIIIG OHII'S LAII

r(z) E E(2) 60 - 3Arp

. R(2) = 20
r(3r = E(3) 60
R(3) = 30 =
zAtitp

PROBLEIiI SOLVE FOR TOIAL RESISTAiICE

RE-DRAT CIRCUIT AS TA'IY TIXES AS ilECESSARY
CORRECT ATSUER IS 1OO OHI{S

GROUP A

R(s)

GIVET VALUE$
R(1) = gHirg
15 R(6) = 25 oHMS
R(2) = 3rs OHMS FCr) - 10 oHMS
R(3) = 5s 6ltYg R(8) - 3@ OHMS
R(a) = as g11Yg R(e) - 60 OHMS
F(s) = s0 OHMS

-12-
 :
J X
trt X
z, tl >
x
d X X xt X
iF
- ._
X
;t
a

;t= X :15
<l t
=r
o
J
X
rtR
X ol-
=
d
.
@l
z
X il<
& X 3l
rt X
d
q 2 X
E}
X
E )= X X XX Xo
-d 2
to =
il= X
an

9--
d x X ;. o i
a.I Za
X
=
q
a : >^
X
o--
tor
F=6-
xh x Xo o=
-tso
g
2 X :l: x
X
FI
Fld
flz
OIH
O<F
ll ts OzrO
cl= o >-
O!
60Go
< OO
r -<
E-Ju< - g=CJ
E o--f
s s<t-
*oc
r2
X
X . fi*e* tssco

X
X
t ;l= X
o
2
4
H<c
E<,-
--@<
os6-

ru4r
L czoc
@ r-t-
o q-ti-z =z >z F
ts
F to
z 2
t
o
==a =-q =i6
o
E e-

-13-
 TO FIND AMPERES

DIRECT CURRENT:

A. ttlHEN HORSEPOT{ER IS KNOWN:

HoRSEPoWERX746 oR r
AilpERES_
VOLTSXEFFICIENCY = !rylg
EX%EFF
UHAI CURREI{I },ILL A TRAVEL-TRAILER ToILET 0RAH t{HEltl
EQUIPPED [{ITH A 12 VoLT, 1/8 HP M0T0R, HAVIi|G A 962
EFFICIENCY RATING?

r= HP x 746 746 x t/8 93.25

E x %EFF 12 x 0.96 t7.52 =8.094MP
B. UHEI{ KILOHATTS ARE KNOUN:

- KTLoWATTSx 1000
Ar,tpERES_ oR r = [L19gg
VOLTS E

A 75 KI{. 240 VOLT, DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR IS USED TO

POUER A VARIABLE_SPEED COI{VEYOR BELT AI A ROCK CRUSHII{G
PLAI{T . OETERI.III'IE THE CURREtIT.

1 = Ktl x t00o _ 7s x 1000 = 312.s Al.{pEREs

E 240
SINGLE PHASE:

A. l,HEl'l t{ATTS. V0LTS, AND POttlER-FACI0R ARE KilOttJN:

UATTS
AiIPERES =
VOLTS X POWER-FACTOR

OR

P
I=
EXPF
DETERl'lIllE THE CURRENT !,HEil A CIRCUIT HAS A 1500 [{ATT LOAD,
A POUER-FACTOR OF 861, AND OPERATES FROM A SINGLE-PHASE
230 VoLT SoURCE.

, 1500 = 1500_ = 7.58 AMP

?30 x 0.86 197.0

-14-
 TO FIND AMPERES

gNGLE PHASE:

B. UHEN IlEeqB IS KNotrlN:

AIIIPERES =
HORSEPOWER X 746
VOLTS X EFFICIEiICY X POUER-FACTOR
DETERMINE THE AI{P-LOAD OF A SIiIGLE-PHASE, 1/2 HP. 115 VOLT
I,IOTOR. THE MOTOR HAS AN EFFICIEiICY RATIilG OF 921, AI{D A
POYER-FACTOR OF 80%.

_ HP x 746 t/2 x 746 373

l=
E x IEFF X PF 115 x 0.92 X 0.80 84.64
I = 4,4 AMP

C. UHEiI KILOI',ATTS ARE KNOI{N:

AI|PERES_
KILoWATTSx 1000 OR r = I!j'g
- VOLTS X POUER-FACTOR EXPf
A 230 VOLT SINGLE PHASE CIRCUIT.hAS A 12 KI' POUER LOAD,
AIID OPERAIES AT 84'( PO}'ER-FACTOR. OETERMINE THE CURRENT.

_ KU x 1000
r------^rtro 12 x 1000 12.000
E X PF 230 x 0.84 193.2
D. }'HEiI KILOVOLT-AMPERE IS KNOI/N:

|(IL0V0LT-AI,|PEREx1000 - KVAX1000
VOLTS E

A 115 VOLT, 2 KVA. SIiIGLE PHASE GENERATOR OPERATIITIG AT

FULL LoAD r{ILL DELIVER 17.4 AMpERES. (pRoVE)

1 = 2 x tooo - 2ooo - 17.4 Axp

115 115
REilElilBER: BY DEFIiIITION AMPERES IS THE RATE 0F THE FLO[{ 0F
THE CTJRRENT.

-15-
 TO FIND AMPERES

TWO-PHASE, FOUR WIRE:

NOTE: FOR THREE wIRE, Tt',O-PHASE CIRCUITS, THE CURREIIT IN THE

COMMON CONOUCIOR IS 1.41 GREATER THAN IN EITHER OF THE
OTHER TUO CONDUCTORS.

A. r{HEN @, p!J!, ANo 4!![[$I9E ARE KNoUN:

t"ATTs
AMTEXE)
AMPERES = - VOLTS X POI{ER-FACTOR X 2 E X PF X 2
DETERMINE THE CURRENT WHEN A CIRCUIT HAS A 15OO I{ATT LOAD.
A POI{ER_FACTOR OF 86%, ANO OPERATES FROM A TWO PHASE, 230
VOLT SOURCE.

I = P _ 1500 _ 1500
ExPFxz 230 x0.86x2 395.6
I = 3.79 AMP
B. I{TIEN HORSEPOWER IS KNOWN:

AMPERES =
HORSEPOI{ER X 746
VOLTS X EFFICIENCY X POIIER_FACTOR X 2

OR

. HPX746
EX%EFFXPFy.z
DETERMINE THE AMP-LOAD OF A TWO-PHASE, L/2 HP, 230 VOLT
MOTOR. THE MOTOR HAS AN EFFICIENCY RATING OF 92%. AND A
POtllER-FACTOR OF 8O%.

.I=- HPX 746 l/2 x 746

EX%EFFX PFX 2 23OX 0.92X O.8OX 2

373
- - 1-1 AMP
339
iIOTE:

c0NsuMED POt.,tR *' pot,ER-FAcToR (pF'l

= =
APPARENT POWER KVA

-16-
 . TO FIND AMPERES

TWO-PHASE, FOUR WIRE:

C. l{HEN KILOttATTS ARE KNOWN:

KILOI{ATIS x 1000
AMPERES_
VOLTSXPOWER-FACTORX2
OR

, x 1000
Kt{
EXPFX2
A 230 VOLT, TI{O-PHASE CIRCUIT, HAS A 12 KI{ POWER LOAD, AND
OPERATES AT 84% PO!,ER_FACTOR. DETERMINE THE CURRENT.

- X 1000
Ktt, 12 X 1000 _ 12,000
ExPFx2 230 x0.84x2 386.4
= 31 Al'lP

D. t{HEN KIL0V0LT-AMPERE IS KNOtlN:

KIL0V0LT-AI'IPERE X 1000
AtitpERES -
VOLTS X 2

OR

- KVA X 1OOO
Ex2
A 230 VOLT, 4 KVA, TUO_PHASE GEl{ERATOR OPERAIII'IG AT FULL
LOAD t|,ILL DELIVER 8.7 AMPERES. ( PROVE )

r = g-lq = looo = 8.7 Alrp

230 x 2 460

-17-
 TO FIND AMPERES

THREE.PHASE:

A. UHEN UATTS, VOLTS, AND POWER-FACTOR ARE KiIOIIiI:

YATTS
AMPERES =
VOLTS X POUER-FACTOR X 1.73
OR

P
I=
EXPFX1.73
DETERIIII{E THE CURREI{T UHEI{ A CIRCUIT HAS A 15OO UATT LOAD,
A POUER-FACTOR OF 861, AI{D OPERATES FROII A THREE-PHASE,
230 VOLT SOURCE.

r= P _ 1500 _ 1900
E x PF x 1.73 230 x 0.86 x 1.73 342.2
= 4.4 AilP

B. tllHEl'l H0RSEPOYER IS KlrlOr,N:

AMPERES =
TIORSEPOUER X 746
VOLTS X EFFICIEIICY X POI{ER-FACTOR X 1.73
OR

HP X 746
I=
EX1EFFXPFX1.73
OETERMINE THE AMP-LOAD OF A THREE-PHASE, 1/2 HP, 230 VOLT
lloTOR. THE I'|oTOR HAS Atl EFFICIEI{CY RATIT{G 0F 92U. AI{D A
POUER-FACTOR OF OO1.

_ x 746
HP ttz x 746
€ x x PF x 1.73
%EFF 230 x .92 x .80 x 1.73

- 373
293
- r.zt ANP

-1 8-
 rO FIND AMPERES

THREE.PHASE:

C. HHEI{ KILOUATTS ARE KNOUiI:

AilpERFs- KILoUATTSx 1000

VOLTS X POI{ER-FACTOR X 1.73
OR

- KU x 1000
ExPFx1.73
A 230 VOLT, THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT, HAS A 12 KY POT'€R LOAD,
AND OPERATES AT 84% POI{ER-FACTOR. DETERMII{E THE CURRENT.

_ KU x 1000 12,000 12,000

E X PF X 1.73 230 x 0.84 X 1.73 334.24
I = 36AMP

D. I'HEiI KTLOVOLI-AMPERE IS KNOUil:

AMPERES _ KILoVoLT-AilPERE X'1000 _ KVAx 1000

Ex1.73 EX1.73
A 230 VOLT, 4 KVA. THREE PHASE GEI{ERATOR OPERATII{G AT FULL
L0A0 r{ILL DELMR 10 Al'tPERES. (PRoVE)

- KVA X 1000 4 X 1000 4000

E x 1.73 230 x 1.73 397.9
I = l0AMP
ilOTE: T0 BETTER Ul'lOERSTAI{D THE PRECEDING FORMULAS:

1. TU0-PHASE CURRENT x 2= SII{GLE-PHASE CURREI{T.

2. THREE-PHASE CURRENT x 1.73 = SINGLE PHASE CURREiIT.
3. THE CURREI{T Ill THE C0l'lllOl{ Col{DUCToR 0F A TUO-PHASE
(THREE UIRE) CTRCUIT IS 141'( GREATER THAI{ EITHER OF
THE oIHER Tt'10 CoNDUCToRS 0F THAT CIRCUIT.

-19-
 TO FIND HORSEPOWER

OIRECT CURRENT:

VOLTS X AIIPERES X EFFICIENCY

H0RSEP0tIER =
746
A 12 VOLT MOTOR DRAWS A CURRENT OF 8.09 AMPERES, AND HAS AN
EFFICIENCY RATING OF 96%. DETERMINE THE HORSEPOWER.

E X I x %EFF 12 X 8.09 x 0.96 93.19

746 746 746

= 0.1249 = 1/8 HP
SINGLE-PHASE:

HP=
VOLTS X AMPERES X EFFICIEIIICY X POI{ER-FACTOR

A SINGLE-PHASE, 115 VOLI (AC) MOTOR HAS AN EFFICIENCY RATIiC

OF 92%, AI'ID A POWER-FACTOR OF 8O%. DETERMINE THE HORSEPOYER
IF THE AiIP-LOAD IS 4.4 AMPERES.
Ex I x LEFF x PF 115x 4.4 x 0.92 X 0.80
746 745
31 2 .4t6
= 0.4992 = 7/? HP
746
TWO-PHASE:

HP=
VOLTS X AMPERES X EFFICIENCY X POWER-FACTOR X 2
746
DETERl,lIl,lE THE HORSEPOWER 0F A TI,O-PHASE, 230 v0LT (AC) X)T(I-
THE MOTOR HAS AN EFFICIENCY RATING OF 92%, A POUER-FACTOT tr
80%, AND AN AMP-LOAD OF 1.1 AMPERES.
EX IX %EFFX PFX 2 23OX 1.1X .9?X .EX Z
nr =
146 746
372.416
146 = 0.4992 = !/2 ttP

-20-
 TO FIND HORSEPOWER

THREE-PHA5E:

nr VOLTS X AIi{PERES X EFFICIENCY X POUER_FACTOR X 1.73

=

A THREE-PHASE, 460 VOLT MOIOR DRAIdS A CURRENT OF 52 AMPERES.

THE iIOTOR HAS A1{ EFFICIEI{CY RATING OF 94%. AND A PO}'ER FACTOR
OF O01. OETERIiIII'IE THE HORSEPOI{ER.

EXIXIEFFXPFXI.T3
746

146
= 41.7 HP

-2'l-
 TO FIND WATTS

THE ELECIRICAL PoWER IN Al'lY PART 0F A CIRCUIT IS EQUAL T0 THE

CURRENT IN THAI PART MULTIPLIED 8Y THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THAT PART
OF THE CIRCUIT.

A WATI IS THE POWER USEO [|,HEN ONE VOLT CAUSES ONE AMPERE TO FLOI{
Il'l A CIRCUIT.
ONE HORSEPOWER IS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO LIFT 33,OOO
PoUNDS, oltlE F00T, IN ol{E IIINUTE. THE ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENI 0F
ONE HORSEPOUER IS 745.6 UATTS. OI{E |ATT IS THE AiIOUNT OF EiIERGY
REQUIREO TO LIFT 44.26 POUNDS, ONE FOOT, IN ONE MINUTE. I{AITS IS
POWER, AND POWER IS THE AMOUNT OF I,ORK OONE IN A GIVEI{ TIME.

1.

A. POWER (I{AITS) = VOLTS X AMPERES

A 120 VOLT A-C CIRCUII DRAI{S A CURREIIIT OF 5 AMPERES:

OETERMINE THE POWER CONSUMPTION.

P = ExI = 120x5 = 600YATTS

IIE CA]II NOH DETERMINE THE RESISTAI,ICE OF THIS CIRCUIT.
( 1- ) PoWER = RESTSTAI'|CE x (AI'TPERES
),
P= R x (I)z 0R 600 = R x 25

600
25
= R OR R = 24OHMS

(2.1 (volTs)2 (E)'z

POI{ER = RESISTAiICEoR P = R

x toll9o
R
' oR * = 600
600 = (120)z
R = 24 oHtits

t{OlE: REFER T0 FORMULAS 0F THE OHtl'S LAt{ CHART 0N PAGE 1.

-22-
 TO FIND KILOWATTS

DIRECT CUiREiIT:

YgLrsx AIIPEEE!.
KrLoyArrs = 10 00

A 120 VoLT ( DC ) M0T0R DRAtdS A CURRE]'|T 0F 40 AI.IPERES .

DETERMINE THE KILOI{AITS.

ExI
ar==4.6f,f,
120x40 4800
1000 1000 1000

'INGLE-PHASE:
KI LOYATTS
VOLTS X AiIPERES X POI'ER_FACTOR
1000
A STNGLE-PHASE, 115 voLT (AC) M0T0R DRAWS A CURRENT 0F 20
AI'IPERES, AND HAS A POwER-FACTOR RATING 0F 86%. DETERMINE THE
KILOUATTS,

. ExIxPF 115x20x0.86 1970

1000 1000 1000

= 1 .978 2KU
TWO-PHASE:

KI LOWATTS
VOLTS X AMPERES X POUER-FACTOR X 2
1000
A rvo-pHAsE, 230 voLT (AC) lroToR urTH A PoUER-FACToR 0F 922,,
DRAUS A CURREI{T OF 55 AI4PERES. DETER]III{E THE KILOI{ATTS.

ExIxPFx2 230x 55x 0.92x 2

1000 1000
23.276
= I 000
= 23.276 = 23Kt{

-23-
 rO FIND KILOWATTS

THREE-PHASE:

I ur-oworrs = vqLTs x AMPERES x Po

100 0

A THREE-PHASE, 460 VOLT MOIOR DRAUS A CURRENT OF 52 AMPERES,

Al{0 HAS A POYER-FACT0R RATED AT 80%. DETERIIIINE THE KILOUATTS.

Kw= Ex Ix PFx 1.73 460x 52x 0.80x 1.73

1000 1000
33. 105
10 00
= 33.105 = 33 KIJ

KIRCHHOFF'S LAYS

THE SUiI OF THE CURREI'ITS ARRIVIiIG AT AI{Y POINT IN A CIRCUIT

MUST EOUAL THE SUM OF THE CURRENTS LEAVING THAT POINT.

THE TOTAL VOLTAGE APPLIED TO At{Y CLOSED CIRCIJIT PATH IS ALUAYS

EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE VOLTAGE DROPS IN THAT PATH,

OR

THE ALGEBRAIC SUl'l 0F ALL THE VOLTAGES EI{COU]{TERED I1{ AttY L00P
EQUALS ZERO.

-24-
 TO FIND KILOVOLT.AMPERES

SINGLE-PHASE:

KILovoLT-AMPERE5 = W 1000
A SINGLE-PHASE, 240 VOLT GENERATOR DETIVERS 41.66 AMPERES AT
FULL LOAD. DETERMINE THE KILOVOLT-AMPERES RATING.

KVA = !
x I _ 240 x 41.66 - 10'000 = 10 KVA
1000 1000 1000

TWO.PHASE:

KILovoLT-AMPEREs = W 1000
A TWO.PHASE, 230 VOLT GENERATOR DELIVERS 55 AMPERES.
DETERMINE THE KILOVOLT-AMPERES RATING.

- ExIx2 230X55X2 25,300

1000 1000 1000

= 25.3 = 25 KVA

THREE-PHASE:

VOLTSXAMPERESX 1.73
KrLovoLT_AMpERtt = -T*
A THREE-PHASE, 460 VOLT GENERATOR OELIVERS 52 AMPERES.
DETERMINE THE KILOVOLT-AMPERES RATING.

KVA=- Ex I x 1.73 460X 52 X 1.73 41,382

1000 1000 1000

= 47.382 = 41 KVA

N0TE: KVA = APPARENT POWER = POI{ER BEFORE USED, SUCH AS

THE RATIiIG OF A TRANSFORMER.

-25-
 TO FINO

CAPACITAITICE (Cl:

CoULOlilBS
C = 3 gPCAPACITAI{CE -
E VOLTS

CAPACITAiICE IS THE PROPERTY OF A CIRCUIT OR BODY THAT PERilITS

IT TO STORE AI{ ELECTRICAL CHARGE EQUAL TO THE ACCUIIULATED
CHARGE OIVIOED BY THE VOLTAGE. EXPRESSED IN FARADS.

A, TO DETERIiIINE THE TOTAL CAPACITY OF CAPACITORS, A]ID / OR

CONDEI{SERS COiINECTED IN SERIES.

1 | + l-'!*!
c(r) - c(1) c(2) c(3) c(4)
DETERMII{E THE TOTAL CAPACITY OF FOUR EACH, 12 I'ICROFARAD
CAPACIToRS Col'lilEcTED IN SERIES.

1 - 1 +! * ! *!
c(T) c(1) c(2) c(3) c(4)
=1-*L*L*1
tz t2 t2 l2
a-=-L oa c(r)x4 = lzoRc(T)= 13
c(r)' -12 4

C(T) = 3IiIICRoFARADS

B. TO DETERilIiIE THE TOIAL CAPACITY OF CAPACITORS, A'ID / OR

CONDENSERS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL.

c(T) = c(1) + c(2) + c(3) + c(4)

OETERMINE THE TOTAL CAPACITY OF FOUR EACH, 12 MICROFARAD
CAPACITORS COIII{ECTED IiI PARALLEL.

c(1) = c(r) + c(2) + c(3) + c(4)

C(T)= lZ + 12 + 12 + 12
C(T) = 48 MICRoFARAoS

A FARAo IS THE UI{IT OF CAPACITAITICE OF A CoI{DENSER THAT

RETAIiIS ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE HITH OI{E VOLT DIFFERENCE OF
POTEIITIAL.

1 FARAD = 1, OO(), OOO MICROFARADS

-26-
 6.DOT COLOR CODE FOR MICA AND MOLDED PAPER CAPACITORS

READING DoTS ,i, orerr -o*t\

I

I
CHA RACTE I ST IC
R
I
OR CLASS

a-
roirnnncr /
- --J

1ST 2ND TOLE RANCE :HARACTER I ST IC

TYPE COLOR DIGIT ]IGII MULTIPLIER (v. l OR CLASS

JAN M ICA BLAC( 0 0 1 t1 APPLIES TO

BRO}IN 1 1 10 t2 TEMP E RATURE
RED 2 2 100 i3 C0EFFICI EIrIT
ORAI'IGE 3 3 1,000 t4 OR METHODS
YELLOW 4 4 10,0 0 0 t5 OF TESTING
GREEN 5 5 100,00 0 t6
B LUE 6 6 1,000,00 0 !1
VIOL ET 7 7 10,000,00 0 t8
GRAY 8 I 100,000,000 t9
EIA, I.lICA UHITE 9 I 1,000,000,000
GOLD .1 t10
iIOLDED PAPET SILVER .01 +20
BODY

-27-
 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CAPACITOR KVAR FOR USE WITH

OPEN-TYPE THREE-PHASE SIXTY-CYCLE INDUCTION MOTORS

36OO RPM 18OO RPM 12OO RPM

MOTOR
RAT I NG MAX IMUM REDUCTION MAX IMUM IEDUCTIOiI I.IAX IMUM REDUC T ION
HP :APAC ITOR IN LINE :A PAC I TOR IN LINE :APAC I TOR II{ LINE
RAT ING CUR R ENT RAT I iIG CURR Ef{T RAT I I{G CURR EilT
KVAR v" KVAR x KVAR T

10 3 10 3 11 3 14
l5 4 I 4 10 5 13
z0 5 I 5 10 5 L2
25 6 9 6 10 1 5 11
30 1 I 7 9 9 1t
40 9 I I I lt 10
50 t2 8 11 9 13 10
60 t4 E 14 8 15 10
75 t7 8 16 I 18 10
100 22 I 2l 8 25 o
t25 27 I 26 8 30 I
150 32 5 I 30 8 35 I
200 40 I 37.5 8 42.5 I

900 RPit 720 RPl,r 600 RPM

10 5 2l 6 5 27 7.5 31
15 6.5 18 I 23 9.5 27
20 7.5 16 9 27 I2 25
25 s 15 11 20 14 23
30 10 14 t2 18 16 22
40 t2 13 15 16 20 20
50 15 t2 19 15 24 19
60 18 11 22 15 27 19
75 27 10 26 t4 32 .5 18
100 21 10 32 5 13 40 r7
125 32.5 10 40 13 47.5 16
150 37.5 10 47 5 t2 52.5 15
200 47 .5 l0 50 tz 65 t4

I'|OTE: IF CAPACITORS 0F A LOWER RATING THAII THE VALUES GIVEN IN

THE TAELE ARE IJSEO, THE PERCENTAGE REOUCTION IN LINE CURRENT
GIVEI'I IN THE TABLE SHOULD 8E REOUCED PROPORTIONALLY.
REPBINTEO WITH PEHMISSION FBOM NFPA 70.199i}, NATIONAL ETECTRICAL CODEO COPYBIGHT 1992,
MIIOI'IAL FIBE PROIECTION ASSOCIAIION, OUINCY, MA 02269 THIS REPBII,IIEO MAIEFIAL IS THE Nfi
REFERENCED SUUECI WHICH IS REPFESENIED ONLY BV ]HE SIANOABO IN IIS ENIIRETY.

-28-
 POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION

TAELE VALUES X KU LOAD = (VA OF CAPACITORS iIEEDED TO CORRECI

FROiI EXISTIiIG TO DESIRED POUER FACTOR.

EXISTING CORRECTEO POUER FACTOR

POUE R
FAC TOR
1002 95% 901 85% 80u 752

50 1.732 1. 403 r.247 l. ltz 0.982 0.850

52 1.643 1.314 1. 158 7 .023 0.893 0.761
54 1.558 t.229 1.073 0.938 0.808 0.676
55 1.518 1. 189 1.033 0. 898 0. 768 0. 636
56 1.479 1,150 0.994 0.859 o.729 0.597
58 1. 404 1.075 0.919 0. 784 0.654 0.522
60 1.333 1. 004 0. 848 0.713 0. 583 0.451
62 1.265 0.936 0.760 0.645 0.515 0.383
64 7.?0t 0.872 0.716 0.581 0. 451 0.319
65 1. 160 0. 839 0.683 0.548 0. 418 0.286
66 1.139 0.810 0.654 0.519 0,389 o .257
68 1.078 0.749 0.593 0. 458 0. 328 0. 196
70 1.020 0. 691 0.535 0.400 0.270 0.138
12 0. 964 0.635 0.479 0.344 0 .2L4 0. 082
74 0.909 0.580 0 .424 0.209 0. 159 0 .027
75 0.082 0.553 0.397 0.262 0. 132
76 0.055 0.526 0.370 0.235 0.105
78 0.802 0.473 0.317 o .182 0.052
80 0. 750 o .42r 0.265 0. 130
82 0. 698 0. 369 0.213 0.078
84 0. 646 0.317 0. 161
85 0. 620 0.291 0.135
86 0.594 0. 265 0. 109
88 0.540 0 .277 0.055
90 0.485 0. 156
92 0.426 0. 097
94 0.363 0.034
95 0. 329

TYPICAL PROBLEM: UITH A LOAD 0F 500 KU AT 70% POI{ER FACTOR, IT

IS DESIRED TO FIND THE KVA OF CAPACITORS REQUIRED TO CORRECI THE
POWER FACTOR TO 85%.

SOLUTI0N: FROM THE TABLE SELECT THE MULTIPLYING FACTOR 0.400

CORRESPONDING TO THE EXISTIiIG 7O%, AND THE CORRECTEO 85% POWER
FACTOR. 0.400 500 X200 KVA 0F CAPACITORS REQUIRED.
=
REPRINTED WITH PERII4ISSION FBOfuI NFPA 70.1993. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEO .COPYBIGHT 1992,
NATIOML FIBE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINC'V, MA 02269. THIS REPRINTED MATEFIAL IS NOT THE
RETEFENCED SUEJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTEO ONLY EY THE STANDABD IN I]S ENTIREW

-29-
 TO FIND

INDUCTION (L):

INDUCTIOiI IS THE PRODUCTIOiI 0F l,lAGilETIZATI0t{ 0F ELECTRIFICA-

TIOI{Il{ A BODY BY THE PROXII,IITY 0F A MAGI{ETIC FIELD 0R
ELECTRIC CHARGE, OR OF THE ELECTRIC CURREiIT IiI A COiIDUCTOR BY
THE VARIATIoI{ 0F THE IIAGNETIC FIELD I1{ ITS VICII'IITY.
EXPRESSED IN HENRYS.

A. TO FINO THE IOTAL INOUCTION OF COILS CONNECTED IN SERIES.

L(T) = L(1) + L(2) + L(3) + L(4)

DETERilINE THE TOIAL IilDUCTIOIII OF FOUR COILS COiII{ECTED IiI
SERIES, EACH COIL HAS AIII INDUCTAI{CE VALUE OF FOUR HEI{RYS.
L(r) = L(1) + L(2) + L(3) + L(4)
=4+4+4+4
= 16 HENRYS
B. T0 FIND THE ToTAL II'IDUCTIoN 0F CoILS CoiINECTED IN
PARALLEL.

11111 + + +-
L(r) L(1) L(2) L(3) L(4)
- - -
DETERIi{IItIE THE TOTAL IiIDUCTIOiI OF FOUR COILS COiII{ECTED I1{
PARALLEL. EACH COIL HAS At{ II{DUCTANCE VALUE OF FOUR
HEI{RYS,

1 =!,1*!*!
L(T) L(1) L(2) L(3) L(4)

=- 1111
44 4 4 4

I - 4 oR L(Tlx4 = rx4 oRL(r)= a

L(T) 4 4

L(T) = 1 HENRY

AN INDUCTION COIL IS A DEVICE, CONSISTING OF Tt',O

CoNCEI{TRIC CoILS AilD Altl INTERRUPTER, IHAT CHAI'IGES A Lot{
STEADY VOLTAGE II'ITO A HIGH INTERI'ITTENT ALTERiIATING
VOLTAGE BY ELECIROI,IAGiIETIC II{DUCTI0lrl, MOST 0FTEN USED AS A
SPARK COIL.

-30-
 TO FINO

IMPEDANCE (Z):

II,IPE0ANCE IS THE T0TAL OPPOSITIOI{ TO AiI ALTERI{ATIilG CURREIIIT

PRESEI{TED BY A CIRCUIT. EXPRESSED IiI OHliIS.

A.

voLTs oR z = L
IMPEDAI{CE -
AiIPERES I
OETERMINE THE IMPEDANCE OF A 120 VOLT A-C CIRCUIT THAT
DRAWS A CURRENT OF FOUR AMPERES.

z= E - l2o
T4 = 3o oHMS

oETERilIt{E THE IIIPEDANCE 0F Altl A-C CIRCUIT vHEll THE

RESISTANCE IS 6 oHlils, At{D THE REACTANCE IS I oHlls.

z = lnz + xz = l/so + 64= l/roo

10 oHl.rs

t_ R2 + (x(L) - x(c)),
DETERTIINE IHE IMPEDAiICE OF AltI A_C CIRCUIT T,HICH HAS A
RESISTANCE OF 6 OHMS, AN INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF 18 OHMS,
A]'ID A CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF 10 OhMS.

z= R2+(x(L)-X(C)),
6? + ( 18 - 10), =

\tr. - = r[o

-31-
 TO FIND

REACTANCE (X):

REACTAI'ICE IN A CIRCUIT IS THE oPPoSITI0I{ T0 Alrl ALTERiIATING

CURREI{T CAUSED BY INDUCIANCE AND CAPACITANCE, EQUAL TO THE
DIFFERENCE BETI|,EEN CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE.
EXPRESSED II{ OHMS.

A - IITIDUCTI x(L)
INOUCTIVE REACTANCE IS THAT ELEMENT OF REACTANCE IN A
CIRCUIT CAUSED BY SELF-If{OUCTAIIICE.
x(L)= 2 x 3.1416 x FREQUENCYx INDUCTANCE

= 6.28 x F x L

DETERMINE THE REACTANCE OF A FOUR-HENRY COIL ON A

6O CYCLE, A_C CIRCUIT.

X(L)= 6.28 x F X L = 6.28 X 60 x 4

= 1507 OHMS
B. CAPACITIVJ REACTANCE X( C )

IT I VE REACIANCE IS THAT ELEMENT OF REACTANCE

CA PAC IN A
CIRCUIT CAUSED BY CAPACITANCE.

x(c ) --
2 x 3.1416 x FREQUET{CYx CAPACITAl'lCE
I
6.28 X F x C

DETERMIiIE THE REACTANCE OF A FOUR MICROFARAO COI{OENSER ON

A 60 CYCLE, A-C CIRCUIT.

x(c) =
6.28 x F x C 6.28 x 60 x .000004

+= I ^^-
663
= oHMS
0. 0015072
A HENRY IS A UNIT OF INDUCTANCE. EQUAL TO THE INDUCTANCE
OF A CIRCUIT IN I{HICH THE VARIATIOI{ OF A CURRENT AT THE
RATE OF ONE AMPERE PER SECOND INDUCES AN ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE OF ONE VOLT.

-32-
 RESISTOR COLOR CODE

4 TOLERANCE ( PERCENI )
1 1ST DIGIT
a MULTIPLIER
2 2ND DIGIT

1 lST DIGIT
F2 2iID DIGIT
3IiIULTIPLIER
( PERCEiTT)

lST 2 t{D TOL E RANCE

COLOR DIGIT DIGIT MULTIPLIER ( PERCENT )

BLACK 0 0 I
BROWN I I 10
RED 2 2 100
ORANG E 3 3 1,000
YELLOt{ 4 4 10 , 000
GREEl{ 5 5 100,000
B LUE 6 6 1, 000, 000
VI OL ET 7 1 10,000,000
GRAY I 8 100,000,000
UHITE 9 9 1. 000 , 000 , 000
GOLD .1 t5 %

SILVER .01 1 10 %

1{0 c0L0R !20%

-33-
 U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

LINEAR MEASURE

INCH = 2.540 CENTIMETERS

12 I1{CHES FOOT = 3.04E DECIiIETERS
3 F EET YARD = 9.144 DECIMETERS
5.5 YA RDS ROO, POLE, OR PERCH = 5.029 METERS
40 RODS FURLONG = 2.018 HECTOMETERS
8 FURL0iIGS = IiIILE = 1.609 KILOI.{ETERS

MILE MEASUREMENTS

MILE =
STATUIE 5,280 FEET
SCOTS MILE = 5,952 FEET
IRISH MILE = 6,720 FEET
RUSSIAN VERST = 3,504 FEET
ITALIAN MILE = 4,401 FEET
SPANISH MILE = 15,084 FEET

OTHER LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

I HAND = 4 IiICHES 1 LINK = 7.92 IilCHES

1 SPAN = 9 INCHES lFATHOM=6FEET
I CHAIN = 22 YARDS 1 TURLONG = 10 CHAINS.
1 KI{OT = 1]{AUTICAL IiIILE 1 CABLE = 608 FEET
= 6080 FEET
SQUARE MEASURE

144 SQUARE INCHES = SQUARE FOOT

9 SQUARE FEET SQUARE YARD
30-1/4 SQUARE YARDS = SQUARE ROD
SQUARE POLE
SQUARE PERCH
40 RODS ROOD
4 ROODS ACRE
640 AC RES SQUARE MILE
1 SQUARE I'IILE SECT ION
36 SECT IONS IOUIIISHI P

CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE

CU, FOOT 1728 CU. Ii{CHES

CU, YARD 21 CU. FEET
CU. FOOT 7.48 GALLONS
GALLON (UATER) 8. 34 LBS .
GALLoN (U.S.) = 23I CU. INCHES OF WATER
GALLON (IMPERIAL) = 217-7/4 CU. INCHES OF WATER

-34-
 U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

LIQUID MEASURE

PIIiT = 4 GILLS
QUART = 2 Prl{TS
GAL LON = 4 QUARTS
FIRKIN = I GALLoNS (ALE 0R BEER)
BARREL = 42 GALLOiIS (PETROLEUM OR CRUOE OIL)
DRY MEASURE

QUART = 2 PII{TS
PECK = 8 QUARTS
B USHE L = 4 PECKS
WEIGHT MEASUREMENT (MAs5)

AVOIRDUPOIS IIEIGHI:

1 OUNCE = 16 D RAMS
1 P0UN0 = 16 OUNCE S
1 HUNDREDIIEIGHT = 1OO POUNDS
1 TgN = 2000 POUNDS

B TROY VEIGHT:

CARAT = 3.71 GRAINS

PEITII{YI{E IGHT = 2o GRAINS
0ur{cE = 2O PEiINYUEIGHTS
POUND = L2 OUNCES
LONG HTJNDRED-
t'lE IGHT tr2
= ZO Pout{Ds
LONG TON = LONG HUNDREDWEIGHTS
= 2240 POUNDS

SCRUPLE 2O GRAINS = 1. 296 GRAMS

DRAM 3 SCRUPLE = 3 .888 GRAl'lS
OUNC E 8 DRAMS = 31. 1035 GRAMS
POUND 12 oUNCES = 373.2420 GRAMS

U.S. PINT 16 FL. OUI{CES

STANDARO CUP 8 FL. oUr{CES
TAB L ES POON 0.5 FL. oUNCES ( 15 CU. CMS. )
T EASPOON o . 16 FL. oUNCES ( 5 CU. CMS . )

-35-
 METRIC SYSTEM

PRCFIXES:

A. MEGA = 1,000,000 E. DECI = 0. 1

B. KrLo = 1,000 F. CENTI = O.O1
C. HECTO = 100 G. MILLI = 0.001
D. DEKA = 10 H. MICRO = 0.000001
LINEAR MEASURE:

THE UNIT IS THE METER = 39.37 INCHES:

CENTIMETER 10 MILLIMETERS = 0.3937011 IN.

DECIMETER 10 CENTIMETERS = 3.9370113 IilS.
METER 10 DECIMETERS = 1.0936143 YDS.
= 3.2808429 FT.
DEKAMETER 10 METERS = 10.936143 YDS.
HEC TOM ET E R 10 DEKAMETERS = 109.36143 YDS.
KILOMETER 1O HECTOMETERS = 0.62137 MILE
MYRIAMETER 1O, OOO METERS

SQUARE MEASURE:

THE UNIT IS THE SOUARE METER = 1549.9969 S0. INCHES:

SQ CENTIMETER = 1OO SQ. MILLIMETERS = 0.1550 SQ. IN.

sQ DECIMETER = 100 SQ. CENTIMETERS = 15.550 SQ. INS.
sQ METER = 100 SQ. DECIMETERS = 10.7639 SQ. FT.
sQ DEKAMETER = 100 SQ. METERS = 119.60 SQ. YDS
SQ HECT0METER = 100 SQ. DEKAMETERS
SQ KILOMETER = 100 SQ. HECTOMETERS

CEI'ITIARE = 10 MILLIARES= 10.7643 SQ. FI.

DEC IARE = 10 GENTIARES= 11.96033 SQ. YoS.
ARE = 10 DECTARES = 119.6033 SQ. YDS.
DEKARE = 10 ARES = 0.247110 ACRES
HEKTARE = 10 DEKARES = 2.471098 ACRES
( HECT0-ARE )
SQ. KILOMETER = 1OO HEKTARES = 0.38611 SQ. MILE

CUBIC MEASURE:

I 025.3865

1 DECISTERE 10 CENTISTERES = 3.531562 CU. FT.

1 STERE 1O DECISTERES 1.307986 CU. YDS.
1 DEKASTERE 1O STERES 13.07986 CU. YDS.

-36-
 METRIC SYSTEM

CUBIC MEASURE:

Ctl. CENTIMETER = 1000 CU. MILLIMETERS = 0.06125 CU. IN.

CU. DECIMETER = lOOO CU. CENTIMETERS = 61.1250 CU. INS
CU. METER = 1OOO CU. DECIMETERS = 35.3156 CU. FT.
= 1 STERE = 1.30797 CU. YDS
cu. CENTIMETER (t,ATER) = 1 GRAM
1000 cu CENTIMETERS (l'lATER) = 1 LITER = 1 KILOGRAM
1 CU. MErER (1000 LTTERS) = 1 METRIC TON
MEASURES OF WEIGHT:

MI LL IG RAM 0.015432 GRATNS

CENT IG RAM 1O MILLIGRAMS 0.75432 GRAINS
DEC IGRAM 1O CENTIGRAMS I.543? GRAINS
G RAM 1O DECIGRAMS t5.4323 GRATNS
DEKAG RAM 10 GRAMS 5.6438 DRAMS
HEC TOG RAM 1O DEKAGRAMS 3.527 4 oUNCES
K I LOG RAM 1O HECTOGRAT,IS 2.2046223 P0UNDS
MYRIAGRAM 10 KILOGRAMS 22.046223 PoUNDS
QUINIAL 1O MYRIAGRAMS 1 . 9864 12 CWT.
METRIC TON 1O QUINTAL 2,204.622 P0UNDS

GRAM 0.56438 DRAMS

DRAM 1.77186 GRAMS
27.3438 GRAINS
METRIC TON 2,204.6223 PoUNDS
MEASURE OF CAPACITY:

rHF IIiIIT TS THF "

CENTILITER 1O MILLILITERS 0.338 FLUID OUNCES

DECILITER 1O CENTILITERS 3.38 FLUID OUNCES
LITER 1O DECILITERS 33.8 FLUID OUNCES
DEKALITER 1O LITERS 0.284 BUSHEL
HECTOLITER 1O DEKALITERS 2.84 BUSHELS
(ILOLITER 1O HECTOLITERS 264.2 GALLONS

l{OlE: 1(ILOMETERS
x b = MrLEs E x e= KTLoMETERs
85

-37-
 TWO.WAY CONVERSION TABLE

To convert lrom the unit of measure in column B to the unit of measure in column
C, multiply the number of units in column B by the multiplier in column D.
To convert from column C to B, use lhe multiplier in column A.
EXAMPLE; To convert 1000 BTU'S ro CALORIES, find the "Btu€alorie"
combination in columns B and C. "Btu" is in column B and "Calorie" is in
column C; so we are converting from B to C. Therefore, we use column D
multiplier. 1000 Btu's x 251.996 = 251,996 Calories.
To convert 251,996 Calories to Btu's, use the same "Btucalorie" combination.
But, this time you are converting lrom C to B. Therefore, use column A multiplier.
251,996 Calories x .0039683 = 1,000 Btu's.

To convert from C to B, To conv€rl from B to C,

Multiply by: Multiply by:

A B c D
.0295 Atmospher€ Foot of HrO 33.89854
.0334 Atmosphere lnch of Hg 29.92126
.0680 Atmosphere Pound force/sq. in. 14.69595
3.96832x10-r Btu Calorie 251.996
1.28507x10: Btu Foot-pound force 778.169
2il4.43 Btu Horsepow€r-hour 3.9301 x1 0a
9.4781 x10-' Btu Joule 1055.056
34't2,14 Btu Kilowatt-hour 2.930x104
3412.1425 Btu/hour Kilowatt 2.93x10-'
3.412 Btu/hour Watt 0.293071
.23809 Btu/minute Calorie/second 4.19993
42.4072 Btu/minute Horsepower .0235809
.0568 Btu/minut6 Watt 17.5843
.238846 Calorie Joule 4.1 868
980.66s Dyne Gram Force 1 .0197x104
100,000 Dyne Newton 1x10-5
1 Dyne centimeter Erg 1

1 .35558x1 0' Erg Foot pound force 7.37x104

3.6x10r' Erg Kilowatt-hour 2.777x1O't.
1.0x10' Erg/second Watt 1 .0x10r
.0929 Foot candle Lux 10.76391
1 .1 329 Foot of HrO lnch of Hg .882671
1.98x106 Foot pnd force Horsepower-hour 5.05051 x10'
.7375 Foot pnd forc€ Joule 1.35582

-38-
 TWO.WAY CONVERSION TABLE

To mnvert ftom C to B, To convert trom B to C,

Muhiply by: Multiply by:

A B c D
2.65522x1O6 Foot pnd force Kilowatl-hour 3.76616x10r
2655.22 Foot pnd force Watt-hour 3.7661 6xl 0-.
2.6552x106 Foot pnd force/hour Kilowatt 3.766x10'
33,000 Foot pnd force/minute Horsepower 3.0303x1 0r
44253.7 Foot pnd force/minute Kilowatt 2.25x1O-s
44.2537 Foot pnd force/minute Watt o.0225970
550 Foot pnd force/second Horsepower 1.81818x10r
737.562 Foot pnd force/second Kilowatt 1.355818x10a
1.34'tO2 Horsepower Kilowatt .7457
.00134 Horsepower Watt 745.7
453.6 Gram Pound mass .0022046,
13.5951 lnch ol HrO lnch of Hg 0.0735s
3.6x10. Joule Kilowatt-hour 2.7777x101
3600 Joule Watt hour 2.7777x10-4
1 Joule Watt second 1

4.48 Newton Pound lorce .2248

32.174 Pound Slug .03108

1 BTU RAISES 1 LB.OFWATER 1'F

1 GRAiI CALORIE RAISES 1 GRAM OF WATER 1OC
1 CIRCULAR MIL EQUALS 0.7854 SQ, MIL
1 SO. MtL EOUALS 1.27 CIR. MILS
1 MIL EOUALS 0.001 lNS.
TO DETERMINE CIRCULAR IIIL OF A CONDUCTOR:
ROUND CONDUCTOR............CM =(DIAMETER lN MILS)'
BUS BAR................................CM=WtDrH (M|LS) X THTCKNESS (M|LS)
o.7454
NOTES: 1 MILLIMETER =39.37 MILS
1 CIB. MILLIMETER =1550 CIR. MILS
1 SO. MILLIMETER =1974 CIR. MILS

-39-
 METALS

SPEC. MELT POINT ELEC. COND. LBS .

M ETAL SYMB. GRAV . % COPPER cu. -

ALUI,IINUM AL 2.7 t0 660 tz?0 64.9 0978

ANT I}IO1'IY SB 6. 620 630 116 7 4 .42 2390
ARSENIC AS 5.730 4.9 207 0
BERYLLIUM BE 1.830 1280 2336 9.32 0660
B I SMUTH BI 9.800 271 520 1.50 3540
BRASS (70-30) 8.510 900 165 2 28.0 3070
BRoirzE (5% sN) 8. 870 1000 1302 18.0 3200
CADMIUM CD 8.650 327 610 22 .7 3120
CALCIUM CA 1.550 650 1562 50.1 0560
COBA LT c0 8.900 149 5 z7 23 L7.8 3 210
COPPE R CU
ROL LED 8.890 108 3 198 I 100 . 00 3210
TUB ING 8.950 r00 . 00 3230
GOLD AU 19.30 1063 1945 7t.2 6970
GRAPHITE 2 .25 3500 6332 10 -3 0872
INDIUM rt{ 7.30 156 311 20.6 2640
IRIDIUM IR 22.40 2450 4442 32.5 8090
1200 2t92
I RON FE 7.ZO TO TO 17.6 2600
1400 2552
1500 21 32
MALLEAELE 1 .20 TO TO 10 2600
160 0 2912
1500 27 32
WROUG HT 7.10 TO IO 10 21 80
1600 z972
LEAD PB 11.40 327 627 8. 35 4t20
MAGITES IUI.I MG 1.7 4 651 1204 38.7 0628
IiIANGANE SE MN 7.20 7245 227 3 0.9 2600
ME RCURY HG 13.65 -38.9 -37.7 1.80 4930
MOLYB D ENUM MO 10.20 2620 47 48 36.1 3680
MoNEL (63-37) 8.87 1300 237 Z 3.0 3200
I{ICKE L NI 8. 90 1452 2646 z5.o 3210
PHOSPHORUS P 1.82 44.1 111.4 10-r7 0657
PLAT I NUM PT ?l .46 1773 322L 17.5 17 50
POTASS I UM K 0.860 62.3 t44.1 28 0310
SELENIUM SE 4.81 220 428 L4 .4 t7 40
SILICON SI 2.40 t420 2588 1 0-5 0866
SI LVE R AG 10.50 960 1760 106 3790
1330 2436
sTEEL (CARB0N) 7 -a4 TO TO 10 2830
1380 25 16
STA I NLESS
( 18-8 ) 7 .92 15 00 21 32 2.5 2860
(13-cR) 7.78 t520 27 68 3.5 2810
( 18-cR) 7.73 1500 27 32 3.0 2790
TANTALUM TA 16.6 2900 54t4 13.9 5S90

-40-
 METALS

SPEC MELT POINT ELEC . COND. LBS

METAL SYMB - GRAV lr % COPPER cu.

TELLURIUM TE 6.2 450 846 10 5

2240
THOR I UM TH LI.7O 1845 3353 9.10 422
TIN SN 7.30 23? 449 15.00 264
IITAN I UM TI 4.50 1800 327 2 2.70 762
TUNGST EN t 19.30 3 410 31.50 697
URAN I UM U 18.70 113 0 2066 2 .80 675
VANADIUM 5.96 17 10 31 10 6.63 275
ZINC ZN 1 .14 419 786 29. 10 258
ZIRCONIUM 7R 6.40 1700 3092 4 .20 231

SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (K)

THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (K) OF A MATERIAL IS THE RESISTANCE

OFFERED 8Y A t'lIRE OF THIS MATERIAL tl,HICH IS ONE FOOT LONG WITH A
DIAMETER OF ONE MIL.

MATERIAL K MATERIAL K

B RASS 43.0 A LUM I NUM t7 .o

CONSTANTAN 295 MONEL 253
COPPER 10.8 NICHROME 600
GERMAN SILVER 18% 200 NICKEL 947
GOLD 74.7 TAN TA LUM 93.3
IRON ( PURE ) 60.0 TIN 69.0
MAGN ES I UM 216 TUNGST EN 34.0
MANGAN IN 265 SILVER 9.7

NOTE: 1. THE RESISTANCE 0F A WIRE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

TO THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL.

2. "K" = SPECIFIC RESISTANCE

-41-
 CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER SCALES

DEG-C OEG- F DEG-C DEG- F DEG-C OEG-f OEG-C DEG- F

0 32
1 336 26 78.8 51 123 8 76 68.8
2 35 6 z7 80.6 52 125 6 71 70.6
3 374 2g 82.4 53 127 4 78 72.4
4 392 29 84.2 54 729 2 79 74.2
5 4L 30 86 55 131 80 16
6 428 31 87.8 56 132.8 81 11 .8
1 446 3Z 89.6 57 134 .6 82 79.6
I 464 33 91.4 58 136.4 83 81.4
9 482 34 93. 2 59 138.2 84 83.2
10 50 35 95 60 140 85 85
11 51,8 36 96.8 61 141 8 86 86 8
l2 53.6 31 98.6 62 143 6 87 886
13 55.4 38 00.4 63 145 4 88 90 4
l4 57 .2 39 02 .2 64 74? 2 89 922
15 59 40 04 65 149 90 q4

16 60.8 47 05.I 66 150 8 91 95.8

t7 62.6 4Z 07.6 67 752 6 92 97.6
18 64 .4 43 09.4 68 154 4 93 99.4
19 66.2 44 1t .2 69 156 2 94 01.2
20 68 45 13 10 15E 95 03
2l 698 46 14.8 1t 159 I 96 04 8
22 7l 6 41 16.6 72 161 6 91 066
23 73 4 48 18.4 73 163 4 9E 084
24 75 2 49 20 .2 14 165 2 99 t02
?5 71 50 15 167 100 7?

1. TEMP. C' 5/9 x (TEMP. F" - 32)

2. TEMP, (9/5 x TEMP. C') * gZ

3. AMBIENT TEMPERATIJRE IS IHE TEMPERATURE

OF THE SURROUIIIDING COOLIl{G MEDIUM

RATED TEMPERATURE RISE IS THE PERMISSIBLE

RISE IN TEMPERATIJRE AEOVE AMBIENT l.iHEN
OPERATING UNDER LOAD.

-42-
 USEFUL MATH FORMULAS

OBTUSE TRIANGLE

B-1 B-2

SOLVE AS T!'O RIGHT

8= TR I AI'IG LES

c=

SPHE R E CYLINDRICAL COI{E

AREA = D,X 3.1416 VOLUME= AREA OF VOLUME = AREA OF

voLUME = D3x 0-5236 END X HEIGHT EiID X HEIGHT / 3

I "L"
\

,
ELLIPTICAL
SOLVE THE SAME AS CYLINDRICAL VOLUME=AXBxC

-43-
 THE CIRCLE

DEFINITION: A CLOSED PLANE CURVE HAVING EVERY POINT AN EQUAL

DISTANCE FROM A FIXED POINT WIIHIN THE CURVE.
:
CIRCUMFERENCE THE DISTANCE ARoUND A CIRCLE.
DIAMETER : THE DISTANCE ACROSS A CIRCLE THROUGH THE CENIER.
RADIUS : THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER TO THE EDGE OF A
CIRCLE.
ARC : A PART 0F THE CIRCUMFERENCE.
CHORD : A STRAIGHT LINE CONNECTING THE ENDS OF AN ARC.
SEGMENT : AN AREA 80UN0ED BY AN ARC ANO A CHORD.
SEC TOR : A PART OF CIRCLE ENCLOSED BY TWO RADII AND THE
ARC WHICH THEY CUT OFF.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE = 3.1416 X 2 X RADIUS

AREA 0F A CIRCLE = 3.1416 X RADIUS X RADIUS
ARC LENGTH = DEGREES IN ARC X RADIUS X 0.01745
RADIUS LENGTH = ONE HALF LENGTH OF DIAMETER
SECTOR AREA = ONE HALF LENGTH 0F ARC X RADIUS

cHoRDLENGTH = 2 .\6-E-
SEGMENT AREA = SECTOR AREA MINUS TRIANGLE AREA.

NOT E:

3.1416 X 2 X R = 360 DEGREES

3.1h6xzxR oR
3bq.
0.0087266x2xR 0R

O.01745XR=lDEGREE
THIS GIVES US THE ARC FORMULA

-
DEGREES X RADIUS X 0.01745 =
DEVELOPED LENGTH

EXAMPLE:

IT BEND

90 X 17.25' X 0.01745 = DEVELOPED LENGTH

27" = OEVELOPED LENGTH

-44-
 FRACTIONS

DEFINITIONS:

A. A FRACTION IS A QUANTITY LESS THAN A UNIT,

B. A NUMERATOR IS THE TERM OF A FRACTION INDICATING HOI' MANY
OF THE PARTS OF A UNIT ARE TO BE TAKEN. IN A COI'IMON
FRACTION IT APPEARS ABOVE OR TO THE LEFT OF THE LINE.

C. A DENOMINATOR IS THE TERM OF A FRACTION INDICATING THE

NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS INTO I{HICH THE UNIT IS DIVIOED. IN
A COMMON FRACTION IT APPEARS BELOW OR TO THE RIGHT OF THE
LINE.

(1.) 1 ' NUMERATOR

D. EXAMPLES: = FRACTION
2 T DENOMINATOR

(2.1 NUMERAToR : 7/2 € DENoMINAToR

TO ADD OR sUBTRACT:

T0 SoLVE l/2 - 2/3 + 3/4 - 5/6 + 1/72 = ?

A. DETERMINE THE LOI{EST COMMON DENOMINATOR THAT EACH OF THE

DE]'IoMINAToRS 2.3. 4.6. AND 12 WILL oIVIDE INTo AN EVEN
NUMBER OF TIMES.

THE LOWEST COMMON DENOMINATOR IS 12.

B. IIORK ONE FRACTION AT A TIME USING THE FORMULA

COMMON OENOMINATOR
TIMES NUMERATOR OF FRACTION
OENOMINATOR OF FRACTION

(1.)t2/2x1=6x 1= 6 1/2 BECoMES 6/12

(2.112/3x2=4x 2= I 2/3 BECoMES 8/12

(3.112/4x3=3x 3= I 3/4 BECoMES 9/12

(4.112/6x5=_2x 5 = 10 5/6 BEC0MES 10/12

(5.1 7/L2 REMAINS 7/12

-45-
 FRACTIONS

TOADD ON SUBTRACT (CONTINUED):

C. UE CAI{ I{OU COiIVERT THE PROBLEIi FRO]iI ITS ORIGIiIAL FORIiI TO

ITS l{El, FoRlil USING 12 AS THE Col,liloil DElloilIl{AToR.
r/2 - 2/3 + 3/4 - 5/6 + 7tt2 = oRIGI]{AL FoRlr
6 - I + 9 - 10 + 7 pRESENTFoRI{
72
=
+?2 - 18 t4 I
= - REDUCEDToLouEsTFoRM
12L23
D. T0 CoI{VERT FRACTIoI{S T0 DECIIiIAL FORl,l SIIiIPLY DMDE THE
I{U]iIERATOR OF THE FRACTION BY THE DEilOI.III{ATOR OF THE
FRACTION.

EXAMPLE: tDIVIDEOBY3 = 0.33 = ANS.

TO MULTIPLY:

A. THE iIUMERATOR 0F FRACTIOI{ #1 TIl,lES THE ]{UMERATOR 0F

FRACTIOI{ #2 IS EQUAL TO THE ITIUMERATOR OF THE PRODUCT.
B. THE DEilol'lI]{AToR 0F FRACTIoII| #1 TIi{ES THE DEltloMIl{AToR 0F
FRACTIoII| #2 IS EQUAL T0 THE DEilOMIIIIATOR 0F THE PRODUCT.

C. EXAMPLET

FRACTION #1 FRACTIOIII #2 PRODUCT

ltt
I nuurnnrons I

+ + +

t i f
DEt{01itIt{AT0RS

T0 CHAiIGE 1/3 TO DECIIiIAL FoRll, DMDE 1BY 3 = ql3

-46-
 FRACTIONS

TO OTVTDE:

A. THE NUMERATOR OF FRACTION #1 TIMES THE DENOMIIIATOR OF

FRACTION #2 IS EQUAL TO THE NUMERATOR OF THE QUOTIENT.

B. THE DEI,IOMINATOR OF FRACTION #1 TIMES THE NUMERATOR OF

FRACTION #2 IS EQUAL TO THE DENOMINATOR OF THE QUOTIENT.

C. EXAMPLE:

FRACTION #1 FRACTION #2 QUOTIENT

NUM E RATO RS

1-2_3
Zts34

DENOM I NATORS

T0 CHANGE 3/4 T0 DECIMAL FORM, DIVIOE 3 BY 4 = 0.75

-47-
 EQUATIONS

EXAI.{PLE: 2 x 10 = 4 x 5
20= 20

RULES:

A. THE SAIiIE ]'IUIIBER ]iIAY BE AODEO TO BOTH SIDES OF AI{ EQUATIOI{

UITHOUT CHAIIIGII{G ITS VALUES.

EXAMPLE: (2X 10)+ 3= (4X 5)+3

23= 23

8. THE SAl,lE ilUtlBER MAY BE SUBTRACTED FROil BOTH SIDES 0F A1{

EQUATION UITHOUT CHANGING ITS VALUES.

EXAMPLE: (2x 10)- 3= (4x 5)-3

L7= 11

C. EOTH SIOES OF Af{ EQUATIOI{ MAY BE DIVIDED BY THE SAi{E

NUMBER tdlTHOUT CHANGING ITS VALUES.

2 x 10 4 x 5
ExAI.{PLE: -
20 20
1=1
O. BOTH SIDES OF AiI EQUATIOiI I..IAY BE MULTIPLIED BY THE SAI.IE
I{UMBER UITHOUT CHA[{GIl{G ITS VALUES.

EXAMPLE: 3 x (2 x 10) = 3 X (4 X 5)
60= 60
E. TRAIIISPOSITIOiI:

THE PROCESS OF MOVING A QUANTITY FROI.I ONE SIDE OF AN

EQUATIOII TO THE OTHER SIDE OF AN EQUATION BY CHANGII{G ITS
SIGN OF OPERATION IS TRAIIISPOSIIIG.

1. A TERIiI ]iIAY 8E TRANSPOSED IF ITS SIGIII IS CHAI{GED FROM

PLUS (+) T0 MrNUS (-), 0R FR01,t MrNUS (-) T0 PLUS (+).

EXAMPLES

+TO- -T0+
X+ 5 = ?5 X- 5 = 25
X= 25 - 6 X= 26 + 5
x= 20 x = 30
-48-
 EQUATIONS

RULES:

E. TRAI{SPOSITION:

2. A MULTIPLIER MAY 8E REMOVED FROM ONE SIOE OF AI{

EQUATION BY MAKING IT A DIVISOR IN THE OTHER, OR A
DMSoR MAY BE REMoVED FRoM oilE SIDE 0F A1'l EQUATIoN 8Y
ilAKIt{G IT A I,IULTIPLIER Il{ THE OTHER.

EXAMPLE: MULTIPLIER FROM 01'lE SIDE 0F EQUATIOiI BECOITES

DIVISOR IN OTHER SIOE OF THE EQUATION.

E)(AlilPLE: 4X = 40 BEC0l,lES x =-404

DIVISOR FROM ONE SIDE OF EQUATION BECOMES
MULTIPLIER IN OTHER SIDE OF THE EQUATION.

x
EXAIIPLE:
-4 =
10 BECOi,|€S x= 4x 10

SIGNS:

A. AODITIOI{:

1. RULE: USE THE SIGN 0F THE LARGER AND ADD.

EXAI,IPLES: + 3 - 2 +3 - 3
-2 +3 +2 - 2

+l +1 +5 - 5

A. SUBTRACTION:

1. RULE: CHAIIIGE THE SIGI{ 0F THE SUBTRAHEI{D AilD PRoCEED

AS Il'l ADOITION:
EXAMPLES: +3 -2 +3 - 3
_2 +3 +2 _2
CHANGE SUBTRAHEND AiID ADD

+3 -Z +3 -3
+2 -3 -? +2
+5 -5 +1 -1

-49-
 EQUATIONS

srcNs (coNTTNUED):

C. iIULTIPLICATIOI{:
7. THE PRODUCT OF ANY TUO NUMBERS HAVING LIKE SIGNS IS
POSIIIVE. THE PRODUCT OF Al{Y TUO iIUMBERS HAVII{G
U]ILIKE SIGiIS IS 1{EGATIVE.

EXAIPLE: (+3) x (-2) = -6 (-3) x (+2) = -6

(+3) x (+2) = +6 (-3) x (-2) = +6

D. DIVISIOT:
1. IF THE DIVISOR AND OIVIDEIID HAVE LIKE SIGNS, THE SIGI{
OF THE QUOTIEI{T IS POSITIVE. IF THE DIVISOR AI{D
DIVIDEI{O HAVE UI{LIKE SIGI{S, THE SIGN OF THE QUOTIEI{T
IS NEGATIVE.

EXAil PL E:

+6
_=
+6
+ -0 -6 +
- 3 3 3
-2 +2
-= +2 -2
-=

-50-
 SQUARE ROOT

1. GR0UPIiIG THE DIGITS 11{ A l{Ul,lBER IS ESSETITIAL Il{ SOLVIiIG

SQUARE ROOT PROBLEI'S. START AT THE DECIilAL POIilT, Al{D GROUP
TUO TO A GROUP TO THE LEFT. IF
THERE IS A DIGIT LEFT OVER AT
THE EXTREME LEFT THAT DIGIT I{ILL BE CONSIDERED TO BE A GROUP.
START AGAIiI AT THE DECIMAL POINT AND GROUP Tt|lO TO A GROUP TO
THE RIGHT. IF THERE IS A DIGIT LEFT OVER AT TTIE EXTREME
RIGHT, SIiIPLY ADD A "0", UHICH UILL I{OT CHAI{GE THT'VALUE OF
THE l{Ul,l8ER.
EXAMPLES: 234 .561 GRoUP AS 2 34 56 70
2345.67 GRoUP AS 23 45 67

2. THE Col'lSTAltlT II{ SoLVIltlG ALL SQUARE R00T PROBLEMS UILL BE

t{UllBER "20".

3. SOLUTION: (srEP 2. )
MULTIPLY5X2ST0=125
SUBTRACT 125 FROM 134 T0 = 9
8RI1{G DOWN THIRD GROUP 56 AI{D
20x 1 =?0 0UR REI'IAIltlDER = 956
+5
=25 CoNSTANT 20 X ToTAL ANSI,ER lb
IS 300.
DIVIDE 956 BY 300 = 3
ADD 300 Al{D 3 = 303
-9 303 T'ILL DIVIDE INTO 956 THREE
20x153= 306 0 09 TIMES, SO 3 EECOMES ThE THIRO
+ 1
DIGIT II'I OUR ANSWER
3 061 47 10
(srEP 3. )
.30 61
3x303=909
SUBTRACT 909 FROII 956 TO EOUAL
(sTEP 1. ) 47 . ERING OOI',N LAST GROUP 70 TO
THE LARGEST NUMEER THAT I{ILL ESTABLISH A REMAINDER OF 4110.
SQUARE INTO THE FIRST GROUP IS (srEP 4.
'1"- )
CONSTAI{T 20 X TOTAL AiISUER
SUBTRACT "1" FROM "2" AiID BRII{G 153 = 3060.
DOUI{ SECOND GROUP "34" DIVIDE 4770 BY 3060 = 1
ADD 3060 AND 1 = 3061
col{sTAirT 20 X ANSWER 1= 20 3061 WILL DIVIDE INTO 4770 ONE
OMDE 134 BY 20 = 6 TIME, 1 BECOMES THE FOURIH DIGIT
ADD 20 At{D 6= 26 IiI OUR AIIISUER.

IOTE: 26 WILL NOT DIVIDE

INTO NOTE: MULTIPLY 15.31 x 15.31
13il SIx TIl'lES S0 THERE FORE 25 = 234.396. ADo 234.396
0.1709 (THE FEMAINOER
ruST BE USED. 25 WILL OIVIDE AND
IITO 134 FIVE TIMES. NOt{ OUR OF THE PROELEM) IO EQUAL
AISUER IS 5 AiID UE ARE READY FOR 234.567. THIS EIABLES
STEP 2. YOU TO CHECK FOR
ACCURACY.

-51-
 NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

TNGLT Sllrl E COSINE TAI'IG EI'IT C0TAl'l . SECAI{T COSECANI AiIGLE

0 UUUU 1.0000 0000 1 )000 90

I 017 5 .9998 017 5 57 2900 1 1002 51.2987 89
2 0349 .9994 0349 z8 6363 1 1006 28.6537 88
3 0523 .9986 0524 19 0 811 7 l0 14 19. 1073 81
4 0698 .9976 0699 l4 3007 1 )0?4 14.3356 86
5 672 9962 )875 11.4301 I ) 038 rt .47 31 05
6 045 9945 t051 9. 5144 1 )055 I . 5668 84
7 279 9925 1228 8. 1443 1 )075 8.2055 83
I 392 9903 t405 7 .7r54 1 )098 7.1853 82
I 564 987 7 r584 6.3138 1 )125 6.3925 81
10 1736 9848 1763 5. 67 13 1 )154 5.7588 80
11 1908 9816 1944 5. 1446 1 ) 187 5.2408 19
72 207 9 9781 2726 4.7046 1 ,223 4. 8097 18
13 2250 97 44 2309 4.3315 1 )263 4.4454 77
74 2479 9703 2493 4.0108 1 )306 4. 1336 76
15 2588 9659 261 I 3 1 321 7 )353 3.8637 75
16 21 56 9613 2861 3 487 4 1 )403 3 .6280 14
t7 2924 9563 3057 3 27 09 1 1457 3.4203 73
18 3090 9511 3249 3 0777 1 ) 515 3.2361 t2
19 3256 9455 3443 2 9042 1 )576 3.0716 77
20 3420 9397 3640 2-1475 1.0642 2.9238 70
2t 3584 9336 3839 2.6051 1.0711 2.7904 69
22 3746 921 2 404 0 2-415t 1. 0785 2.6695 68
23 3907 9205 4245 2. 3559 1.0864 2.5593 67
24 4067 913 5 4 452 z.2460 1.0946 2.4586 66
25 4226 9063 4663 2 .7445 1 t034 2 3662 65
26 4384 8988 487 7 2.0503 7 t126 2 2872 64
27 4540 I910 5095 1.9626 I l223 2 2027 63
26 4695 8829 5317 1.8807 1 [326 2 1301 62
29 4848 8746 5543 I .8040 1 t434 2 0621 61
30 5000 8660 5774 L13?7 1 t547 2.0000 60
31 5150 857 2 6009 1.6643 7 t666 1.9416 59
3Z 5299 8480 6249 1.6003 L t792 1.8871 58
33 5446 8387 6494 1. 5399 1 t92 4 1.8361 57
34 5592 8290 6745 l - 4a26 1 1062 1.7883 56
35 5736 8792 7 002 7 - 42A1 7.2208 7 .7 434 55
36 5878 8090 1 265 1.3764 1.2361 1.7013 54
37 6018 7986 7536 t.321 0 L.2527 1.6616 53
38 615 7 7880 7813 1. 2799 1.2690 7.6243 52
39 6293 711 t 8098 l - 2349 1. 2868 1.5890 51
40 6428 7660 839 1 1.1918 1 3054 1.5557 50
47 6561 7 547 8693 1.1504 1 3250 7 .5243 49
42 669 1 7 43L 9004 1.1106 1 3456 1.4945 48
43 6820 7 374 9325 t.0724 1 3673 1.4663 47
44 694 7 7193 9657 1. 0355 1 3902 1 . 4396 46
45 701 I 101 I 1.0000 1. 0000 1 - 4142 t.4142 45
ANG LE ]OSINE SINE COTAN . TANG ENT COS ECANI SECANT \NGLE

-52-
 TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGOIIO}IETRY IS THE MATHEMATICS DEALING t{ITH THE RELATIOI'IS OF

SIDES Al{D AI{GLES OF TRIANGLES.
\
A TRIA]IGLE IS A FIGURE ENCLOSED BY THREE STRAIGHT SIDES. TH\
SIfr Of THE THREE AI{GLES IS 180 DEGREES. ALL TRIANGLES HAVE SIh
PARTS: THREE ANGLES, AND THREE SIDES OPPOSITE THE Al{GLES.

RIGHT TRIANGLES ARE TRIANGLES THAT HAVE ONE AiIGLE OF NINETY

DEGREES AI{D TUO ANGLES OF LESS THAN NINETY DEGREES.

T0 HELP YOU REMEMBER THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS; MEMORIzE

ANDY"

(0H)
OPPOSITE SIDE
SII{E 0 =
HYPOTE NUS E
(HELr)
(ANOTHER)
ADJACENT SIDE
CoSII{E e =
HY POTE NUS E
( HouR )

(0F)
OPPOSITE SIDE
TAIIGENT 0 =
ADJACENT SIDE
( ANDY )

l{OU USE BACKUARDS

( ANoY )
ADJACENT SIDE ALWAYS PLACE THE ANGLE TO
CoTA]{GEl'lT o = BE SOLVED AT THE VERTEX
OPPOSITE SIDE
(0F) (WHERE "x" AND "Y" CRoSS)

( HouR )
HY POT ENUSE
SECAIII O =
ADJACENT SIDE
(ANOTHER )

(HELL)
HY POIENUSE
COSECAII O =
OPPOSITE SIDE
(0H)
IOTE: 0 = THETA = ANY AiIGLE

-53-
 BENDING OFF.SETS WITH TRIGONOMETRY

THE COSECANT OF THE ANGLE TIMES THE OFF-SET DESIRED IS EQUAL TO

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CENTERS OF THE BENDS.

EXAMPLE: T0 MAKE A FIFTEEN INCH (15") OFF-SET: USING THIRIY (30)

DEGREE BENDS:

1. USE TRIG. TABLE (PAGE 52) TO FINO THE COSECANT OF A

THIRTY (30) DGREE ANGLE. }'E FINO IT TO BE TUO (2).
2. MULTIPLY TWO (2) TIMES THE OFF-SET DESIRED, UHICH
IS FIFTEEN (15) IiICHES T0 DETERMII'lE THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN BEND "8" AND BEND "C". THE AiISWER IS
THTRTY (30) TNCHES.

T0 l,lARK THE CONDUIT F0R BEl'IDING:

1. MEASURE FROM END OF CONDUIT "A" THIRTY-FOUR (34)

INCHES TO CENTER OF FIRST BEND "8", AND MARK.
2. I'|EASURE FRoM MARK '8" THTRTY (30) INCHES T0 CEI{TER
OF SECOND BEND "C", AND MARK.
3. MEASURE FRoM MARK 'C" FoRTY-TWo (42) INCHES T0 "D",
AND MARK. CUT, REAM, AND IHREAD COI,IDUIT BEFORE
BENDING.

ROLLING 0FF-SETS: T0 DETERMIT'lE HOttJ MUCH 0FF-SET IS NEEDED T0

MAKE A ROLLING OFF-SET:

1. MEASURE VERTICAL REQUIRED. USE UORK TABLE (ANY

SQUARE t|llLL DO) AND MEASURE FROM CORiIER THIS AMOUI{T
AND MARK.
2. MEASURE HORIZONTAL REQUIRED. MEASURE NINETY
DEGREES FROM THE VERTICAL LINE MEASUREMENT
(STARTING IN SAiIE CORNER) ANO MARK.
3. THE DIAGONAL DISTANCE BETUEEN THESE MARKS WILL BE
THE AMOUNT OF OFF-SET REQUIRED.

NOTE: SHRIiIK IS HYPOTENUSE ITINUS THE SIDE ADJACENT.

-54-
 CHICAGO-WPE EENDERS

NINETY DEGREE BENDING

A' TO "C" = STUB-UP

c' T0 "0" = TAIL
BACK OF STUB-UP
BOTTOM OF COI{DUII

1{OTE

THERE ARE IiIANY VAR-

IATIONS OF THIS TYPE
BENDER. BUT MOST MAN-
UFACTURERS OFFER Tt',O
SIZES.

THE SMALL SIZE SHOE

TAKES1/2" . 3/4"./AND
1" COIIIDUIT. ,/
./
THE LARGE SIZE SHOE
TAKES 1-1l4" AND 1-1l2"
c0tiDuIT.

USE A STRAIGHT PIECE OF SCRAP CONDUIT.

MEASURE EXACT LENGTH OF SCRAP CONDUIT,

3. PLACE COiIDUIT IN BENDER. MARK AT EDGE OF SHOE, "8"-

4. LEVEL CONDIJIT, BEND NINETY, AND COUNT NUMBER OF PUMPS. MAKE
A]'lD KEEP NoTES 0N EACH SIZE CoNoUII USED.

5, AFTER BENDII{G NINETY:

A. DISTANCE BETt',EEil AilD "C" IS THE TAKE-UP.

B. ORIGINAL MEASUREMENT OF THE SCRAP PIECE OF COI{DUIT

SUETRACTED FROM ( DISTANCE "A" TO 'C" PLUS OISTANCE
'c' T0 "0" ) IS THE SHRII{K.
NoTE: BoTH TIIIE AilD ENERGY UILL BE SAVED IF CoNoUII CAN BE CUT,
REAMED, AIID THREADED BEFORE BEI{DING.

THE SAIiIE IiIETHOD CAN BE USEO ON HYDRAULIC BENDERS.

-EE-
 CHICAGO-TYPE BENDER

OFF-SETS

CHICAGO TYPE BEI{DER

EXAMPLE: T0 BEND A 6" OFF-SET:

1. MAKE A MARK 3" FROM CONDUIT END. PLACE CONDUIT IN BENDER

I{ITH I'IARK AT OUISIDE EDGE OF JAI{.
2. MAKE THREE FULL PUMPS, MAKING SURE HANDLE GOES ALL THE UAY
DOUN TO THE STOP.

3. REIiIOVE COiIDUIT FROIiI BEiIDER ANO PLACE ALOiIG SIDE STRAIGHT-

EDGE.

4. MEASURE 6" FROM STRAIGHT-EDGE TO CENTER OF CONDUIT. MARK

POINT 'D'" USE SQUARE FOR ACCURACY.

5. MARK CENTER OF CONOUIT FROM BOTH OIRECTIONS THROUGH EEND AS

ILLUSTRATED BY BROKEN LINE. I{HERE LINES CROSS IS POINT "8".

6. }IEASURE FROM "4" T0'8" T0 DETERMINE DISTANCE FR0l,l "D'TO

.C". MARK "C" AND PLACE COiIDUIT I1{ BENDER UITH MARK AT
OUTSIDE EDGE OF JAW, AI{D t'lITH THE KICK POII{TIilG DOUN. USE
LEVEL TO PREVEi{I DOGGING COI{OUIT.

7. REPEAT STEP "2".

NOTE: 1. THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS 0F BENDING RIGID CONDUIT
tdlTH A CHICAGO TYPE BENDER, AND ANY METHOD THAT GETS
THE JOB DONE IN A MINIMUM AMOUiII OF TIME UITH
CRAF]SMANSHIP IS GOOO.

2. WHATEVER METHOD USED, QUALITY T'ILL II.IPROVE HITH

EXPERIENCE.

-56-
 MULTI.SHOT NINETY DEGREE CONDUIT BENDING

PROBLEM:

A. T0 IIEASURE , THREAD, CUT , AllD REAl,l C01{0uIT BEFORE BEI{DIl{G .

B. TO ACCURATELY BEI{D CONDUIT TO THE DESIRED HEIGHT OF THE
STUB-UP (H). AI'ID TO THE DESIRED LENGTH OF THE TAIL (L).
GIVEI{:
A. SIZE OF COIIDUIT,
8. SPACE BETWEEiT CoilDUrT (CEiIIER T0 CEiITER).
C. HEIGHT OF STUB-UP, 36"
D. LEI'IGTH OF TAIL, 48"
SOLUTION:

A.
CONDUIT # 1 (II{SIDE CONDUIT) }JILL USE THE MINIMUM RAOIUS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. THE MINIIIIJM RADIUS IS EIGHT
TIIiIES THE SIZE OF THE qOilDUIT, PLUS ONE-HALF THE OUTSIOE
DIAMETER 0F rHE Cor{our]. (SEE PAGE 59)
I
RADIUS OF CoNDUIT tt 7 l= I X 2" + 1.25" = 17.25"
RADIUS OF CONDUTT # 2 = RADIUS # 1 + 6" = 23.25.
RADIUS OF Co]{OUIT # 3 = RADIUS * Z + 6" = 29-25"
RADI|SX1.57=DL
DL OF CO]{DUIT # I = R x 1.57 = 17.25" x t.57 = 27"
DL 0F COIIDUIT t 2 = R x 1.57 = 23.25" X 1.57 = 36.5"
DL 0F CONDUIT # 3 = R X 1.57 = 29.25' x 1.67 = 46"
C. TO DETERIiIII{E L : (SEE PAGE 61)
LEIIIGTH 0F I{IPPLE, CONDUIT # 1 = L + H + DL - 2R
= 48" + 36" +6,27"- - 34.5"
= 76.5" = 4.5"
LENGTH 0F t{lpplE, Coi|DUII # 2 = L + H + DL _ 2R
= 54" + 42. + 36.5" - 46,5"
= 86" = 7'
LENGTH 0F ]{IppLE, Cof{DUIT # 3 = L + H + DL - 2R
= 60', + 48" + 46" - 58.5',
= 95.5" = 7' - 11.5"
ItloTE : 1 . FoR 90 DEGREE BEI{DS, SHRII{K = 2R - DL
2. FOR OFF-SET BENDS, SHRINK = HYPOTENUSE - SIDE
AOJ AC EIiT .

-57-
 MULTI-SHOT NINETY DEGREE CONDUIT BENOING

LAYOUT AND BENDIIIG:

A. T0 LoCATE PoIilT "8", ]IEASURE FROI, PoIilT "A', THE LEIIIGTH 0F

THE STUB-UP MIiIUS THE RADIUS. 01{ ALL THREE COiIDUIT, POII{T
"8" t',ILL BE 18.75' FRoM P0rNT "A". (PAGE 5e)
B. T0 LoCATE PoI]'|T "C", MEASURE FoRM PoINT "D', THE LENGTH
I{II{US THE RAOIUS, (REFER PAGE 61). ON ALL THREE CONDUIT,
PoIilT "C" [{ILL BE 30.75" FRoM PoIltlT "0". (PAGE 59)
C. OIVIDE THE DEVELOPED LENGTH (POINT "B' TO POINT "C') IIITO
EQUAL SPACES. SPACES SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAiI 1.75" TO
PREVEIIT t',RII{KLIl{G OF THE COiIDUIT. OiI COI{DUIT # 1, SEVEiITEEiI
SPACES OF 1.5882" EACH, I{OULO GIVE US EIGHTEEiI SHOTS OF 5
OEGREES EACH. REIi{EMBER THERE IS ALT,AYS ONE LESS SPACE THAI'I
SHOT. I{HEIII OETERMINING THE NUMBER OF SHOTS, CHOOSE A NUMBER
T,HAT UILL DIVIDE INTO NINETY AN EVEN NUMEER OF TIMES.

D. IF Altl ELASTIC ]{UI,IBERED TAPE IS 1{0T AVAILABLE TRY THE llETHO0

I LLUSTRATED.

AT0B=CONDUIT#1.
DEVELOPED LENGTH = 27'! O

A T0 C = 17, 1" SPACES

A T0 B = 17, 1.5882" SPACES
C= TABLE 0R PLYIooD CORNER

I,IEASURE FROlt P0I1{T "C" ( TABLE CORNER ) 17 II'ICHES ALOI{G

TABLE EDGE T0 P0I1{T "A" AilD l,lARK. PLACE EilD 0F RULE AT
POII{T "4". POINT "8" }IILL BE LOCATED T'HERE 27" MARK MEETS
TABLE EDGE B-C. IIARK 0N 80ARD THEN TRANSFER T0 CoNDUIT.

-58-
 MULTI.SHOT NINETY DEGRE€ CONDUIT BENDING

L+H+DL NIPPLE

1-57xR=
H - R = "8"
36"
L- R = "C"

H-1

AT TO I OCATF

H #1 - RADIUS #1 = "8" L #1 - RADIUS #1 = "C"

36' -17.25" = "8" 48" -t7.25" ="C"
18-75" = "8" 30.75" = "C"
H #2 - RADIUS #2 = "8" L #2 - RADIUS #2 = "C"
12' -23.25" = "8" 54" -23.25" ="C"
18.75" = "B' 30.75" = "C"
H #3- RADIUS #3 = "8" L #3 - RADIUS #3 = "C"
18' -?9.25" = "8" 60"-29.25"="C"
18-75" = "8" 18.75" = "C"
POINIS "8" AND "C" ARE THE SAME DISTANCE FROM THE END ON
ALL THREE CONDUITS.

-59-
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-60-
 RUNNING OVER.LOAD UNITS

NUMBER ANO LOCATION OF

KIND OF SUPPLY SYSTEM OVER-LOAD UNITS, SUCH AS
MOTOR TRIP COILS OR RELAYS
'l- Phase 2-wire, 1-phase ac or 1 in either conductor
ac or dc dc unqrounded
1- Phase 2-wire, 1-phase ac or dc, 1 in ungrounded conductor
ac or dc one conductor grounded
1- Phase 3-wire, 1-phase ac or dc, 1 in either ungrounded
ac or dc grounded neutral conductor
1- Phase ac Any 3-phase 1 in ungrounded conductor
2- Phase ac 3-wire, 2-phase ac, 2, one in each phase
ungrounded
2- Phase ac 3-wire, 2-phase ac, one 2 in ungrounded conductors
conductor orounded
2-Phase ac 4-wire,2-phase ac, 2, one per phase in un-
orounded or unorounded grounded conductors
2-Phase ac s-wire, 2-phase ac, 2, one per phase in any
grounded neutral or ungrounded phase wire
rr nnrnr rndcd
3-Phase ac Anv 3-Dhase 3, one in each phase'
'Exception: Where protected by other approved means

REPRINTED WITH PERIJISSION FROIJ NFPA 7O-1993, NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEO ,COPYRIGHT 1992,
MIONAL FIRE PBOIECIION ASSOCIATION, OUINCY, It4A 0226S THIS REPRINTED I\,IATERIAL IS NOI THE
REftRENCEO SUBJECT WHICH IS FEPRESENTED ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY.

-61-
 IIOTOR BRAIICH{RCI'IT PROTBCT]YT D€YICES

MAXIMUM RANilG OR SETNilG

PERCEI{T OF FULL-LOAD CURREXT

DUAL- rIsTAl{- I]IVE RSE

1{OI{T IME ELEI{E I{T TAI{EOUS
TIIIE
DELAY TIlilE - TRI P
FUS E DELAY BREAKE R

TYPE OF MOTOR FUS E

SINGLE_PHASE. ALL TYPES

(1{0 c0oE LETTER) 300 175 700 250
ALL AC SINGLE-PHASE AND
POLYPHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE
AND SYTICHROiIOUS MOTORS UITH
FULL-VOLJAGE, RESISTOR OR
REACTOR STARTIiIG
(NO CODE LETTER) 300 775 700 250
(c008 LETTER F T0 V) 300 175 700 250
(coDE LETTER I T0 E) 250 175 700 200
(CODE LETTER A) 150 150 700 150
ALL AC SQUIRREL-CAGE AI{D
SYNCHROI'|OUS i|OTORS t{IrH
AUTOTRAl{SFORIiIE R START II{G,
I'l0I MoRE THAN 30 AIIPS
(NO CODE LETTER) 250 175 700 200
iIORE THAN 30 AMPS
(rio c0DE LETTER) - 200 175 700 200
(c00E LETTER F T0 V) 250 175 700 200
(CODE LETTER B TO E) 200 175 700 200
(CODE LETTER A) 150 150 700 150
HIGH.BEACTANCE SQUIRREL.CAGE,
IIOT I{ORE THAN 30 AliPS,
(ilo c00E LETTER) 250 175 700 250
iIORE THAN 30 AMPS,
(iro coDE LETTER) 200 175 700 200
},OUND ROTOR
(iro coDE LETTER) - 150 150 700 150
DC (CONSTANT VOLTAGE)
lIO MORE THAN 50 HP
(iro coDE LETTER) 150 150 250 150
MORE THAN 50 HP
(r{0 coDE LETTER) 150 150 tf5 150

SYilCHROtl0US I,|OTORS 0F THE LOU-TORQUE, LOW-SPEED TYPE (USUALLY

450 RPM OR LO},ER), THAT START UITILOADED, DO NOT REQUIRE A FUSE
RATIiIG OR CIRCUIT-BREAKER SETTING IN EXCESS OF 2OO PERCEiIT OF
FULL-LOAO CURRENT.

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROIU NFPA 70.1993, NATIONAL ELECIRICAL CODEO ,COPYHIGHT 1992,
MIIO}IAL fIRE PROIECIION ASSOCIAIION, OUINCY. MA 02269. THIS REPRIMTED MATERIAL IS NOT IHE
NEFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED ONLY BV THE SIANDARD IN ITS ENTIFETY

-62-
 FULL.LOAD CURRENT IN AMPERES

DIRECT<URREIIIT MOTORS

HP 90v 12 0V 18 0V 240V 50 0v 550V

114 4.0 3.1 2.0 1.6

1t3 52 47 26 20
112 0.8 5.4 3.4 2.7
314 9.6 7.6 4.8 3.8
I 72.2 95 61 41
1-'l12 t3.2 8.3 6.6
2 t7 10-8 8.5
3 25 16 72 .2
5 40 27 20
7-112 58 29 13.6 12.2
t0 t6 38 18 16
15 55 21 24
20 72 34 31
25 89 43 38
30 106 51 46
40 140 67 61
50 173 83 75
60 206 99 90
75 255 123 111
100 341 t64 148
t25 425 205 185
150 506 246 222
200 675 330 294

REPRIN]ED WITH PERIlIISSION FFOM NFPA 70.1993, NATIONAL ELESTFICAL CODEO ,COPYRIGHT 1992,
NATIOML FIRE PROTECIION ASSOCIATION, OUIiICY. MA 0226C ]HIS REPRINTED MAIERIAL IS NOT THE
REFEFENCED SUEJECT WIICH IS BEPBESENTEO OI{LY AY THE STANDARD II{ IIS ENTIFETY.

-63-
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

TERMINAL MARKINGS:

TERIIIINAL l,lARKIilGS ARE USED T0 TAG TERI'|Ii|ALS T0 UHICH

CONNECTIOI{S ARE TO BE MADE FROl,l OUTSIDE CIRCUITS.

FACING THE END OPPOSITE THE DRIVE (COMMUTAIOR END) THE

STANDARD DIRECTION OF SHAFT ROTATIOI'I IS COUNTER CLOCKI{ISE.

A-1 AND A-2 INDICATE ARMATURE LEADS.

S-1 ANO S-2 INOICATE SERIES-FIELD LEADS.
F-1 AND F-2 INDICATE SHUI'IT-FIELD LEADS.

SHUNT Uoultlo liloToRs

TO CHANGE ROTATION, REVERSE

EITHER ARMATURE LEADS OR
SHUNT LEAOS, DO NOT REVERSE
BOTH ARMATURE AND SHUNT
LEADS.

TO CHANGE ROTATION, REVERSE

EITHER ARMATURE LEADS OR
SERIES LEADS, DO NOI
REVERSE BOTH ARMATURE AND
SERIES LEADS.

SHUltlT

COMPOUND I{OUND MOTORS

TO CHANGE ROTATION, REVERSE

EITHER ARMATURE LEAOS OR
EOTH THE SERIES AND SHUiIT
LEADS. OO NOT REVERSE ALL
THREE SETS OF LEADS.

l{oTE: STAIIIDARD RoTATIo]{ FoR 0.C. GEiIERAToR IS CLoCKWISE

-64-
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

TO REVERSE THE ROTATIOl{ OF DIRECT CURRE]IIT MOTORS:

DIR€CT CURRENT MOTORS ARE REVERSED BY CHANGING THE DIRECTIOI{

OF THE FLOU OF THE CURRENT THROUGH THE ARi{ATURE, OR FIELD.

A COMPOUND D-C ilOIOR CONNECTED TO A DOUBLE-POLE,

DOUELE THROI', TRANSFER Sl,ITCH.

HOLDIiIG COIL SHUiIT - FIELD

-65-
,/.
 FULL.LOAD CURRENT IN AIUPERES

SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURFENT iIOTORS

HP 1 15V 200v 208V 230V

1/6 44 25 24 22
114 58 33 g2 29
1t3 72 4'l 4 35

112 98 s6 54 49
3t4 13.8 79 76 69

16 92 88 8

t-1 12 20 r15 tl t0

2 24 r38 15.2 12

3 34 t96 167 17

5 56 322 308 2g

7-1t2 80 46 44 40

t0 100 575 55 50

THE VOLTAGES LISTED ARE RATEO MOTOR VOLTAGES THE LISTED CURRENTS
ARE FOR SYSTEM VOLTAGE RANGES OF 1 10 TO 120 AND 220 TO 240

REPRINTED W]H PEBMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1993, NATIONAL ELECIRICAL CODEO,COPYRIGHT 1992,
NATIONAT FIFE PROTECIION ASSOCIATION, OUINCY MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIALIS NOT THE
REFERENCEO SUBJECI WHICH IS REPRESENTEO ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN IA ENTIBETY.

-66-
SINGLE-PHASE USING STANDARD THREE-PHASE STARTER

AUX. 61 6s oc
NOT USED

*.'
r-2

220 VOLT

CONl{ECT IONS

-67-
 SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

sEc. 1
MAIN I'INDING
<l--
STARTING
l,/INDING
sEc. 2
Ii{AIN t{INDING
F- -)
c-s

TO REVERSE IiITER_
CHANGE 5 AND 8
CLASSES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS:

1. SPLIT-PHASE

A. CAPACITOR-START
8. REPULSION-START
C. RESISTAiICE-START
D. SPLIT-CAPACITOR

Z. COilMUTATOR

A. REPULSION
B. SERIES

TI BLUE T3 ORANGE T5 BLACK

T2 }'HI TE T4 YELLOU Tg RED

NOTE: SPLIT-PHASE MOTORS ARE USUALLY FRACTIONAL HORSEPOI{ER.

THE MAJORITY OF ELECTRIC MOTORS USED UASHI'{GIiI
Ii{ACHII{ES, REFRIGERATORS, AiID ETC. ARE OF THE SPLIT-
PHASE TYPE.

TO CHANGE THE SPEED OF A SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR THE NUMBER OF

POLES MUST 8E CHANGED.

1. AOOITIOiI OF RUNNIIIG UINDIT{G

Z, TUO STARTIl{G UII{DII{GS, AND TUO RUNI{IiIG UINDII'IGS
3. C0r'rsE0uENT P0LE C0NNECTI0NS.

-68-
 SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

SPLIT-PHASE: SOUIRREL CAGE

A. RESISTAiICE START:

STARTING WINDING
RUiIiIIiIG YINDIiIG
!, ---------{> -------{>
TO
LINE Tr
RESISTANCE CS

cEr{TRIFUGAL SUITCH (CS) 0PE1{S AFTER REACHTT{G 75U 0F

RUNNING t{INDIiIG STARTIiIG WINDING

+ ----'---+>

N0TE: 1. A RESISTAT{CE START MOTOR HAS A RESISTAT{CE

COIIIiIECTED II{ SERIES UITH THE STARTIl{G
t|llNOING.

2, THE CAPACITOR START MOTOR IS EMPLOYED WHERE

A HIGH STARTING TORQUE IS REQUIRED.

-69-
 FULL.IOAD CURRENT

TWO.PHASE ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS (4 WIRE)

II{DUCTIO]I TYPE
SQUIRRET-CAGE Ar{0 vOUilD R0r0R
AMPERES

HP 1t5V 230V 460V 57 5V 23 00v

112 4 2 I 08
u4 4.8 2.4 1.2 1.0
I 6.4 3.2 1.6 13
1.1t2 I 4.5 2.3 18
2 11.8 5.9 3 2.4
3 8.3 4.2 3.3
5 13.2 6.6 5.3
7-1t2 19 I 0
10 24 t2 10
15 36 18 t4
20 41 23 19
25 59 29 24
30 69 35 z8
40 90 45 36
50 113 50 {5
00 133 67 53 l4
75 166 03 06 18
100 ztE 109 67 z3
125 270 135 108 28
150 312 156 125 32
200 416 208 167 43

FOR 90 Al{D 80 PERCEI{T POUER FACTOR THE AEOVE FIGURES SHOULD BE

iIULTIPLIED BY 1.1 A1'10 1.25 RESPECTIVELY.
BEPRINTED WI]H PERIT,IISSION FROM NFPA 70.1993, NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEO ,COPYBIGHT 1992
NAIIOML FIRE PffiECNON ASSOOANON, OUII{CY, MA 02269. THIS BEPRINTED MATEEIAL IS NOT THT
FEFERENCED SUBJECT WHrcil IS REPRESTI{IED ONLY BY IHE SIANDARO IN ITS ENNRETY.

-70-
 TWO-PHASE, FOUR WIRE

STANDARD THREE PHASE STARTER

OVER LOAD
HEATER .
---------------,

AUX.

* 1{O HEATER OF HEATEH OVERLOAO

RELAY NECESSARY FOH T4

-71-
 TWO-PHASE MOTORS

PHASE

3&4

-4 PHASE
"8"

PHASE --- T

TO REVERSE THE OIRECTION OF A Tt{O PHASE, THREE I{IRE MOTOR

INTERCHANGE THE Tt,o oUTSIDE M0T0R LEADS, 1 AND 2.

/t-

TO REVERSE THE DIRECTION OF A TIJO PHASE, FOUR TIIRE MOTOR

TNTERCHANGE THE LEADS IN ONE PHASE.

-72-
 FULL LOADS CURFENT
THflEE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS
INDUCTION TYPE SYNCHFONOUS TYPE
SQUIRREL-CAGE AND WOUND.ROTOR -UNITY POWEB FACTOR
AMPEBES AMPEFES

HP 1 15V 200v 208V 230V 460! 575V 2300v r30v 160V 575V 2300v

1/2 4 23 22 2 1 I
z'/t 56 32 31 28 14 1.1

72 41 40 36 18 14
1Vz t04 60 57 52 26 21
2 136 7A 75 68 27
'11 0 106 96 48 20

152 76 61
7Vz 2s3 242 220 110 90
10 32.2 308 28.0 14 0 1l0
t5 48.3 462 42.0 21 0 17.O

20 62.1 594 54.0 270 22.O

25 742 744 680 34.0 270 530 26.O 21 0

30 920 880 800 400 32.0 63.0 320 260

40 1'19 € 114 4 040 52,0 41 0 830 4't o 330
50 149 5 143 0 130 0 650 520 104 ( 520 420
60 177 1 169 4 154,0 770 620 160 123 ( 61 0 490 12.O

75 220 A ,-11 2 192,O 96.0 770 200 155 ( 780 62.0 15 0

100 >_45 2 272I 248 0 't24.( 99.0 260 ,-o2 ( '101 0 8t0 200
125 143.2 t12.O 156.( 125 0 31 0 '126 0 101.0 250
150 +'t4.c t96-O |60 0 180.( 144.O 370 lo2 ( 15.1 0 '121.O 300
200 t2s o t80 0 240.( 192.O 490 201.0 161.0 400
THE VOLTAGES LISTED ARE RATED MOTOR VOLTAGES CORRESPONDING NOMINAL
SYSTEM VOLTAGES ARE r 10 TO 120,220JO 240,440 TO 480. AND 550 TO 600 VOLTS
.FOR 90 AND 80 PERCENT POWEF FACTOR, THE ABOVE FIGUHES SHALL BE I\,IULTIPLIED
BY 1 1 AND 1 25 RESPECTIVELY

IEPqI!{TED WITH PERMISSION FROIV NFPA 70.1993, NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEO .COPYRIGHT 1992,
IU{NO$T NRI PNONCIION ASSOCIATION, OUINCY MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED IIIATERIAL IS NOI THE
AS€RT}ICID SUBJECT WHICH IS BEPBESENTED ONLY BY THE SIANDABD IN ITS ENTIRETY

-73-
 FULL-LOAD CURRENT AND OTHER DATA

THREE PHASE A.C. MOTORS

MOTOR MOTOR SIZE SIZE HEATER SIZE SIZE

HORS E POVE R AUPERE EREAKER STARTE R AMPERE UIRE COl{DUI T

lt2 230V 2 15 00 3 7Z 3/ 4"

460 I 15 00 2 l2 3/4
3/4 230 2.8 15 00 4 t2 3/4
460 1.4 15 00 3 l2 3/4
1 230 3.6 15 00 5 L2 3/4
460 1.8 15 00 3 t2 3/ 4
1+ 230 5.2 15 00 I lz 3/4
460 2.6 15 00 4 l2 3/4
2 230 6.8 15 0 9 72 3/4
460 3.4 15 00 5 t2 3/4
3 230 9.6 15 0 t2 l2 3/4
460 4.8 15 0 7 t? 3t4
5 230 !5 .2 15 I 20 t2 3/4
460 7.6 15 0 10 LZ 3/4
7+ 230 22 40 1 30 10 3/4
460 t7 30 1 15 72 3/4
10 230 28 50 2 35 10 3/4
460 t4 30 1 20 t2 3/4
15 230 42 70 2 50 8 1
460 27 40 z 25 10 3/4
20 230 54 100 3 70 6 7
460 ?7 50 2 35 10 3/4
25 230 68 100 3 80 4 1+
460 a4 50 2 40 I I
30 230
460
80
40
125
70
3
3
100
50
3
I
u
1

40 230 104 175 4 150 1 1+

460 52 100 3 70 6 1

50 230 130 200 4 775 0 2

460 05 150 3 80 4 t,
* OVERCURFENT DEVICE MAY HAVE TO BE INCREASEO.SEE NEC CODE 430.152

-74-
 FULI-LOAD CURRENTAND OTHER DATA

THREE PHASE A.C. MOTORS

ltoT0R 1'l0T0R SIZE SIZE HEAT ER SIZE SIZE

HORSEPOUER AMPERE BREAKE R STARTER A}IPERE TI RE COl{DUI T

60 23 0V 154 250 5 200 000

460 77 200 4 100 3 1+

75 230 792 300 5 250 0000 2+

460 96 200 4 125 z t+
100 230 240 400 5 300 350ilCl,l 3
460 tz4 200 4 175 0 2

LZ5 230 3L2 500 6 400 500llc]il 3

460 156 250 5 200 000 2

150 230 360 600 6 450 7 0 0l,lCM 4

460 180 300 5 225 0000 2+

iIOTE:

1. WIRE SIZE I'ILL VARY DEPENDING OI'I TYPE OF INSTJLATION.

2. THE PRECEEOING CALCULAIIONS APPLY TO INDUCTIOI'I TYPE,

SQUIRREL-CAGE, AND rdoUND-R0T0R MoToRS oillY.
3. THE VOLTAGES LISTED ARE RATEO IIOTOR VOLTAGES;
CORRESPONDI]'IG NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGES ARE 22OV TO 240V,
AitD 440V T0 460V.

4. HERTZ: PREFERRE0 TERI'lIN0LOGY F0R CYCLES PER SEC0N0.

5. F0Rl.{ COIL: COIL MADE UITH RECTAI{GULAR 0R SQUARE UIRE.
6. MUSH CoIL: CoIL MAoE tdITH RoUND WIRE.
7. SLIP: PERCEI{TAGE DIFFEREIICE BETUEEl{ SYI{CHROI{OUS Al{D
OPERATING SPEEDS.

8. SYCHRO]I|OUS SPEED: l.lAXIMUlil SPEED FOR A.C. ilOTORS OR

(FREQUEIICY x 120) / POLES

9. FULL L0A0 SPEEO: SPEED AT UHICH RATED H0RSEPOUER IS

OEVELOPED.

10. P0LES: ]{UMBER POLES SET UP INSI0E THE M0T0R

0F iIAGNETIC
BY THE PLACEiIEI{T A]{D COI{iIECTIOI{ OF THE HIt{DINGS.

-75-
 THREE PHASE A.C. MOTOR WINDINGS AND CONNECTIONS

,s-
3.

' rHE Mosr tMpoRTANT pART oF ANy MoroR ts rHE

NAME-PLATE. CHECK THE DATA GIVEN ON THE PLATE
BEFORE MAKING THE CONNECTIONS.
' to cttltrtcE RorATtoN DtREcIoN oF 3 pHAsE MoroR,
SWAP ANY 2 T-LEADS.

-76-
 THREE WIRE STOP.START STATIOI{

fIRII{G DIAGRAII
o-t o-2 0-3

c0t{T R0L
TNAilSfORI,lE R
o-3
480 V.
H2; - H4

OVERLOAO
HEATER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAI.I

I()TE:

-77-
 TWO THREE WIRE STOP.START STATIONS

lrIRIilG DIAGRAII q_1 6-

+ IllrI
START START

OVE RLOAD
HEAT E RS

30 A.C.
480-V
i{0T0R

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAiI

-78-
 HAND OFF AUTOMATIC CONTROT

o-1
uIRrirG DTAGRAIi I

SCHEI,IATIC DIAGRAIiI

30 A.c.
480-V
l,l0TOR

-79-
 JOGGING WITH CONTROL RELAY

START
___l_

L3

JOG
RELAY

START
f -----r--l
l-

JOGGING CIRCUITS ARE USED WHEN MACHINES MUST BE OPERATEO MOMENTARILY

FOH INCHING, (AS IN SET UP OB MAINTENANCE) THE JOG CIRCUIT ALLOWS THE
STAHTER TO BE ENERGIZED ONLY AS LONG AS THE JOG BUTTON IS DEPBESSED

-80-
 TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS

TO EETTER UiIOERSTAITID THE FOLLOUIl'IG FORI{ULAS REVIEW THE RULE OF

TRAilSPOSITIOl{ IN EQUATIOiIS.

A IIULTIPLIER I,IAY BE REIiIOVED FROIi{ Ol{E SIDE OF AI{ €QUATIOiI BY

XAKII{G IT A DIVISOR 01{ THE OTHER A DIVISOR IiIAY BE
SIOE, OR
REXOVED FROiI ONE SIDE OF AII EQUAIIOI{ BY MAKING IT A MTJLTIPLIER ON
THE OTHER SIDE.

1.

PoYER (p) = PoUER (s) 0R Ep x

Es X Is
'Ip
Eo x ID _ r.
- n
Es

-
VoLTAGE (p) x rURilS (s) VoLTAGE (s) x TURilS (p)
OR

EsxTp

A. B.

D.

AIPERES (p) x ruRts (p) AilPERES (s) x TURI{S (s)

OR

IsXTs

B.

c. D.

- 81-
 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS

INDUCTANCE NEGLIGIBLE

v: DROP IN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

R- RESTSTANCE pER FT. OF CONDUCTOR (OEMS FT.) /
I- CURRENT IN CONDUCTOR (AI,iPERES)
L= ONE-9IAY LENGTH OF CIRCUIT (FT.)
D= cRoss sEcTroN AREA OF CONDUCTOR (CTRCULAR MrLS)
K- RESISTTVTTY OF CONDUCTOR @75.C
A, K-12.9 FOR COPPEF CONDUCTOBS
B. K-21.2 FOF ALUMINUM CONDUCTOBS

., 2K X LX I
D

2 THREE-ttJIRE SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS:

V= 2KXLXI
D

TI{RE E

2KxLxIx 0.g66
D

2KXLXI X-
7

D 2

NOT F 1. FoR LIGHTING L0A0S: VoLTAGE DRoP BETI{EEil ONE

OUTSIDE CONDUCTOR AND IIEUTRAL EQUALS ONE-HALF OF
DROP CALCULATED BY FORMULA FOR TI'O-tl,IRE CIRCUITS
2. FOR M0T0R LEADS: VOLTAGE DROP BET}JEEN ANY TWO
oulsrDE coNDUcToRs EQUALS 0.866 TIMES DRop
DETERMINED BY FORMULA FOR TWO-t{IRE CIRCUITS.

-82-
 o
fH
J
d
.4 >o
0zL
U zc<o q
OUE
o<
=J AZOq Z
FU F O
.EEe ]J]H<F
o<o@
zo=zzz
HHFOOH
UZo >F=
cH94=E
l<u
do d )-
<ucu6 F
!J
oJ . )uzzzo
zoutEloz
@=z H FOOE<
J@o FOOL=H
<zzq u
OH
z zets
HO<
tH<zqtsz
@E <gLO
o eoezo
<UFFH4=
F q@FLOO
q <zLd
AZT HOL
zz oz
N6< cdo
<f . = uo
izo UFG>dEU
o >1.<G edez
=
HOOOF
o<
J9 oo uq J
cc, d zzts @ LLU]JOf
q
q zoHHq
lF f zuouoFz
@-a Q <O GOUH
=
cz
o .oH3= EH=L
F>O
ucL=<z
Z
o90
r FJDg
<oLoF=<
z UU
qc.o Z
<HOH
oc T=<F
F d ol
I oJ6
U
O UF
I
z o=6
4 4NdO F
u
J
f
|9
oz
= e
>o=
JO
OF =
G
L.q o
lol
o z
aoJr
90 F
uzz
e
<Fq
ET
doE J
r Ho a
z
!
0Fo
zJu
Hoq
q>-

-83-
 o o@N@6+@@N@OOO
vNoddN..€@o
..oooddNooooo
.iNo?@daNosoF@dlN

I o €o?@oNo
oNt@€oo@oq<
F ..ooodN@ooo@<dNoo
J N@ddNOOr€dNNO*O@d
o o
@@@N@OO€O
..q@6N@O€O<€O
.NOddNo6oddNooooo
9dNO9@HdNOlO@OHiN

X
<odooo U
o @'oooioo6oooo
.<q@€NN@+@@OC@N@q
N o<tsddN6q@OoidN l

o qFo+N@@O@O
or..6@NF6S9O@@FF
.odNoNoddNooo@otsd
€Ns@6dNOq@@diHNN{
F
zu a
@.
o
e s=
YE
o.ootsoooo
,oo@FoooN@oooo
ca ao@FdHNooFdidNNoo
f e

o
o oooo+o€No+o@
o
J
@ doNddN..qo@F@q+@
+@..oooddooooF+ooo
J ,.iN*@dHNO<@ddNNO@id
)
J
r o *@€ooo
o !9a@N.OOOOOOOOO
.oot@sNN@{@@oN@9
.iNorddNo@FddNol@diN

o
o €oooooooo
oNooioooooooooo I
@
'.o6@qoN@F@OONOAOOON
DFaHOOOHdNO@OiHNO@Od
X
q@oooooooooo ooo
zl c N.€OdONOoOOOOOOOO
fl .9d@No@+@<NN€s@€ONOq
rdNotsHHNOOFddNOq@ddN
X
ol
ilzl @ @@oo6000000
ooo l
fl ,oo@@6oo€roo6o@F
.@@doNoriNoootsioooots
;lel N 6HN<@iNN<@@dNN+o@HNN
<t
ll I
ooooooo o
ol
>t SF
ooooooooooooo
te oo@6ooNoooo@ooooo
o@odosFdiNooFdiNN6tsd

-85-
 THREE PHASE CONNECTIONS

E(P)

STA R

NEUT RAL
VOLTAGE FROi{ "A",
OR
GROUiIO
T0 GRoultto = E(c)
VOLTAGE BETI{EEN A-8, A-C, OR
B-c = E(P)
E(P)=E(G)xr.73
E(P) E(G)=E(P)/1.73
PoWER=3xE(G)xIxCoSe
E(P)

DELTA

I(!r) = CURRENI 0F
I(P1 = 6gPSttt 0F 'uINDING
PHASE

DELTA "E" = STAR "E" X 1.73

I(l{) STAR "E" = DELTA "E" / I.73
STAR "I" = DELTA "I'X 1.73
DELTA "I" = STAR ''I" / 1.73

r(u) PoHER=3XE(U)XCOS0
r(P) =r(u)x1.73

K(1) = A + I + C
K(2)=66+ac+bc
BXC - K(2)
a=-
K(1) a

AxC Il3)
B=
K(1) b

AXB
. = llii - K(2)
c

-86-
il
"<

-87-
 TRANSFORMER COiTNECTIONS

SERIES CONIIIECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS

HIGH VOLTAGE

IIYII}
x3 x2 xll . lx3 x2
IIIYII x1
IYil
x3 x2 xl
b
c

1{0TE; SINGLE-PHASE TRAiISFORIIIERS SHOULD BE THOR0UGHLY CHECKED

FOR IMPEDANCE. POLARITY, AND VOLTAGE RATIO BEFORE
I]tlSTALLAT I0il .

-88-
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

SERIES COITINECTION OF tOW VOLTAGE wlNDINGS

LOU VOLTAGE

DE LTA- STAR

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOU VOLTAGE

STA R - STAR "X.

f,OTE: FOR ADDITM P0LARITY THE H-1 AilD THE X-1 BUSHIIT|GS
ARE DIAGOIIALLY OPPOSITE EACH OTHER.
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

SERIES CONNECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOI{ VOLTAGE

DELTA-DELTA

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOU VOLTAGE

"<:
DE LTA - STAR

NoTE: FoR SUBTRACTIVE PoLARITY THE H-1 AND THE X-1 BUSHINGS
ARE DIRECTLY OPPOSITE EACH OTHER.

-90-
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TWO PHASE-FOUR WIRE

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOI', VOLTAGE

TI{O-PHASE FOUR-!,IRE IS TRANSFORMED TO TWO-PHASE FOUR-WIRE OF A

DIFFERENT VOLTAGE WITH NO CONNECTION BETWEEN THE Ttl,O PHASES.

LOH VOLTAGE

THE II',0 PHASES ON THE LOW VOLTAGE SIDE ARE ELECTRICALLY

CONNECTED. WITH BALANCED LOAD THE CURRENT IN THE COMMON
T'IRE IS 1.41 GREATER THAN THE CURRENT IN EITHER OF OUTSIDT
YIRES.

-91-
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TWO PHASE.THREE wlRE

HIGH VOLTAGE l_L

LOU VOLTAGE

BOTH PHASES ARE ELECTRICALLY CONNECTED BY THE COMI,|ON. THE

IS SOI{ETII'IES GROUIIDED. UITH THE BALAIICED LOAD THE
COtll,l0l{
CURREIIIT I1{ THE COIII'ION IS 1.41 TI''ES THAT IiI THE OUTSIOE LEGS.

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOY VOLTAGE
IN THIS oPEI{ DELTA coililEcTlol{ THE UiIITS HILL TRAltlsFoRlil 86x 0F
THEIR RATING.

IT IS l{0T I|ECESSARY THAT THE II,IPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS BE

IDEiITICAL AS TITH THREE UNIT BANKS.
REGULATION OF OPEN-DELTA BAiIK IS NOT AS GOOO AS A CLOSED-DELTA
BAiIK.

-92-