Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000

REVISION NO.: 2

EXAMPLE 3-004
PLANE – THICK-WALLED CYLINDER

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
In this example, a thick-walled cylinder is subjected to a 1 ksi internal pressure as
suggested in MacNeal and Harder 1985. Both plane strain and plane stress
conditions are separately considered in this example.

A 10-degree segment of the cylinder, 1 inch thick, with a 3-inch inner radius and
a 9-inch outer radius, is modeled using a 5x1x1 mesh. The radial displacement
and the radial, tangential and longitudinal stress components at the inside face of
the cylinder are compared with hand-calculated values. Note that radial
displacement values for the plane strain condition are also published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Six different models using four different poisson’s ratios and two different
meshes are considered in this example. The following table lists the models used.

Model Poisson’s Ratio Mesh

A 0.3 5x1x1
B 0.49 5x1x1
C 0.499 5x1x1
D 0.4999 5x1x1
E 0.49 20 x 1 x 1
F 0.49 160 x 1 x 1

Each of the six models is run twice: once using the plane strain element and once
using the plane stress element.

The Ux and Uy degrees of freedom are active for the analysis. All other degrees
of freedom are inactive. The incompatible bending modes option is used for all
models in this example.

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 1
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Material Properties Section Properties
E = 1,000 k/in2 Inner radius = 3 in
ν = 0.49, 0.499, 0.4999 Outer radius = 9 in
Thickness = 1 in

9.00
6 .7 5
Sym

5 .2 0
4 .2 0
3 .5 0
3 .0 0

10°
Free
Radius Sym

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAP2000 TESTED

 Analysis using plane stress elements
 Analysis using plane strain elements
 Plane surface pressure load

RESULTS COMPARISON
Formulas for the independent results for plane strain are derived from Article 44,
entitled Thermal Stresses in a Long, Hollow Cylinder in Timoshenko 1956. The
independent results for the radial displacement for poisson’s ratios of 0.49, 0.499
and 0.4999 are also presented in MacNeal and Harder 1985. The hand-calculated
radial displacements based on formulas derived from Timoshenko 1956 are the
same as those given in MacNeal and Harder 1985.

The plane stress results are based on formulas given in item 1a of Table 32 on
page 504 in Roark and Young 1975.

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 2
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

Plane Strain
Output Model, Poisson’s Ratio and Percent
Parameter Mesh SAP2000 Independent Difference*

A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 0.004539 0.004582 -1%

B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 0.004971 0.005040 -1%
Radial displ
in C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 0.004990 0.005060 -1%

At inner face D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 0.004992 0.005062 -1%

E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 0.005036 0.005040 0%
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 0.005040 0.005040 0%
A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 -0.818 -1.000 -18% (-15%)
B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 -0.816 -1.000 -18% (-15%)
Radial stress
ksi C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 -0.816 -1.000 -18% (-15%)

At inner face D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 -0.816 -1.000 -18% (-15%)

E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 -0.937 -1.000 -6% (-5%)
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 -0.960 -1.000 -4% (-3%)
A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 1.277 1.250 2%
Tangential B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 1.348 1.250 8%
stress C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 1.352 1.250 8%
ksi
D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 1.353 1.250 8%
At inner face
E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 1.274 1.250 2%
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 1.255 1.250 0%
A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 0.138 0.075 84% (5%)
Longitudinal B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 0.260 0.123 111% (11%)
stress C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 0.268 0.125 114% (11%)
ksi
D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 0.268 0.125 114% (11%)
At inner face
E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 0.165 0.123 34% (3%)
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 0.144 0.123 17% (2%)
* Percent differences in parenthesis are relative to the maximum theoretical tangential stress, 1.250 ksi

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 3
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

Plane Stress
Output Model, Poisson’s Ratio Percent
Parameter and Mesh SAP2000 Independent Difference*

A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 0.004610 0.004650 -1%

B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 0.005168 0.005220 -1%
Radial displ
in C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 0.005194 0.005247 -1%

At inner face D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 0.005197 0.005250 -1%

E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 0.005217 0.005220 0%
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 0.005220 0.005220 0%
A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 -0.819 -1.000 -18% (-14%)
B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 -0.818 -1.000 -18% (-15%)
Radial stress
ksi C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 -0.818 -1.000 -18% (-15%)

At inner face D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 -0.818 -1.000 -18% (-15%)

E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 -0.938 -1.000 -6% (-5%)
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 -0.960 -1.000 -4% (-3%)
A,  = 0.3, 5x1x1 1.259 1.250 1%
Tangential B,  = 0.49, 5x1x1 1.285 1.250 3%
stress C,  = 0.499, 5x1x1 1.286 1.250 3%
ksi
D,  = 0.4999, 5x1x1 1.287 1.250 3%
At inner face
E,  = 0.49, 20x1x1 1.253 1.250 0%
F,  = 0.49, 160x1x1 1.244 1.250 0%
* Percent differences in parenthesis are relative to the maximum theoretical tangential stress, 1.250 ksi

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 4
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

COMPUTER FILES: Example 3-004a-strain, Example 3-004a-stress

Example 3-004b- strain, Example 3-004b- stress
Example 3-004c- strain, Example 3-004c- stress
Example 3-004d- strain, Example 3-004d- stress
Example 3-004e- strain, Example 3-004e- stress
Example 3-004f- strain, Example 3-004f- stress

CONCLUSIONS
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable comparison with the independent
results when an adequate mesh is used. As the mesh is refined, the SAP2000
results converge to the theoretical results.

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 5
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

HAND CALCULATION

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 6
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EXAMPLE 3-004 - 9
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EXAMPLE 3-004 - 12
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 13
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

EXAMPLE 3-004 - 14