Guedea 1

Rose Guedea

Cooper, 2

AP Lang, Soapstone

22 August, 2018

Dunbar-Oritz Roxanne “An Indigenous People's History of the United States” pp. 32-55

Speaker: The Author Roxanne Dunbar-Oritz is probably female historian of some kind. She is

very knowledgeable on the subject of Columbus and what the colonists did. She has a

bias against discrimination that she mentions throughout the article.

Occasion:These chapters were probably written fairly recently, after concern about what we

have done to the Native Americans were raised. She most likely wrote this because of

her knowledge about the about what america was originally like.

Audience:The author is probably directing the piece to high school or college students based on

the difficulty and complexity of the read. She also probably wanted people who wanted a

more indepth account of the people that came and the action done to both the natives

and the settlers that were seen as good enough.

Purpose:The author probably wrote these book in order to spread the knowledge about the past

and our prejudice and to most likely convince us to not allow it to happen again.

Subject: The chapters focus on the way Europeans conquered the land in America despite

people already using it. The author presents the subject chronologically and uses

various examples to give credit to what the author says and beliefs.

Tone: The article of the town is mainly factual. The effect of the tone is that it helps allow you to

believe what the author is saying and leaves little doubt in the information that is told.

Momaday, N. Scott. “The Becoming of the Native: Man in America Before Columbus.” 1993

Conversations in American Literature, ​Eds. Robin Dissin Aufses, et al, Bedford/St.

Martins, 2015, pp. 199-203

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Speaker:Scott Momaday is a man who is well educated and takes pride in his ancestors.

Throughout his telling of what he believed the history before Columbus was he shows

his pride in the stories he tells about his history.

Occasion:Momaday wrote the Essay fairly recently in order to showcase his point of view on the

history before Columbus came and what Columbus might have seen. Momaday most

likely wrote his essay as part of one of the books he wrote.

Audience: The author probably wanted readers to have an interest in what was pre-Columbian

and the stories passed down through generations. He probably wanted an audience that

would also be interested in the past and the history of America.

Purpose:The author probably wrote this piece to showcase and interest people in the history

that was not written down.

Subject: The author focuses on America and the tribes before Columbus came. He focuses on

sharing what is known about that time period and the stories and ideas that were passed

down through his ancestry to the current day.

Tone:The author's tone throughout the piece is calm and knowledgeable. Throughout the piece

you are interested in his stories and his knowledge about the past.

Nunn, Nathan and Nacy Qian. “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and

Ideas” ​The Journal of Economic Perspectives ​Vol. 24 (Spring 2010), September 19,

2012 American Economic Association pp. 163-188

Speaker: Nathan and Nacy are highly educated individuals who appear to be in their 20s or 30s.

They have done plenty of research that they refer back to throughout the article showing

their education. Nathan is a male and Nacy is a female though they make no reference

in their gender in the article. They also show that they are highly organised and that most
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likely they are able to keep a very factual point of view throughout all their research, and

only make subtle claims that express their personal opinions.

Occasion:The time of the piece is in the early 2010s showing all of the research done on the

effect of the exchange of both diseases and food. This article was written to inform the

audience some of the less obvious but no less dramatic changes caused by the

Columbian Exchange. This article was also made to show all the research done on

diseases spread by the Columbian Exchange both in the New and Old World. It also

shows the effect the food from the New world had on the nutrition standards of the Old

world.

Audience:The authors are directing the piece to people on their peer level or below who have

some level of college or high school education and an interest in the Columbian

exchange. The audience most likely would have an already good understanding of some

of the consequences of the Columbian exchange including the deaths caused by the Old

World diseases.

Purpose:The author's purpose was to share researched knowledge on a topic that is not well

known in order to share their own and others research.

Subject:Qian and Nunn focus mainly on the effects of the food in the New World and its effects

on not only nutrition but also in the actual makeup of some of their cultures most well

known cuisines. They also focus briefly on the effect of various population in

correspondence to the introduction of new diseases.

Tone: The author's’ attitude toward the subject is mainly factual. This tone gives more credit to

their point of view, while also making it seem like they gave the most clear cut point of

view.

Weatherford Jack “Examining the reputations of Christopher Columbus” ​The Jatibonicù Taino

Tribal Band of New Jersey: US Regional Taino Tribal Affiars Office​ ​Clergy and Laity Concerned
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​ ttp://www.hartford-hwp.com/Taino/docs/columbus.html​, accessed 22 August 2018

(CALC) h

12:32

Speaker:Jack Weatherford is a male who works for a university. He talks about the myths that

surround Columbus and people still see him as a man to be celebrated despite the fact

he didn’t actually discover America and he never proved the world was round. I believe

Weatherford has a bias against the idea that Columbus is celebrated despite not doing

anything good.

Occasion:He wrote this article for Baltimore Evening Sun and for his book. I believe this article

was written fairly recently, to help others understand the falsehood of Columbus’s

esteemed reputation.

Audience: I believe this article is directed to individuals interested in how true Columbus

accomplishments actually are. It is probably meant for people interested or researching

about Columbus.

Purpose: He wrote this article probably to provide his thoughts and feelings at Columbus's great

reputation. The author probably wanted to get more people interested in what actually

we are celebrating on Columbus day.

Subject: The author focuses on the effects of Columbus's expedition and many of the things that

he is accomplished for but never actually did. He also focuses on his actions that refute

any claim that Columbus in anyway helped people or knowledge in anyway except from

a greed standpoint.

Tone: The author's tone throughout the article is negative towards the fact that we celebrate

Columbus for achievements that he never committed. The author in many ways makes

you agree with him, and also somewhat shifts your thoughts to the fact we hold

Columbus in the same estem as MLK jr.

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Zinn, Howard “Chapter 1: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress” ​A People's History of

the United States​, ​History Is a Weapon,

Speaker: Howard Zinn is a man who has a good education, good morals, and seems to have

lived through multiple conflicts. He is a man who wants to know all perspectives on a

certain issue and then decide which position he supports.

Occasion: The reason he wrote this piece was that it would become part of a book detailing the

effects that columbus and explorers had on America. He wrote this chapter fairly recently

using various sources to highlight and back his point throughout the piece.

Audience: He obviously intended the piece to be read by a student of some kind learning or

wanting to learn more about Columbus and the effects he had on Americas society. He

also wanted to spread knowledge about some of the important tribes in America and

increase their knowledge on all the different people who wrote about the Indians.

Purpose: Zinn in many ways wanted this piece to open people's eyes and understand what

were the consequences of one of America's most famous “Heros” and understand what

he truly did to other people. He also wanted the audience to realise how advanced the

Indians society was when the explorers came and destroyed it.

Subject: Zinn throughout this chapter focuses on the untold stories and deaths created by

explorers coming to America. He focuses on accounts and entries about the people,

using their own words, about their actions and the actions that others did, to help explain

the true impact that all these people had on the Indians and show how truly little guilt or

thought was given about the consequences of their actions.

Tone: The author's tone towards the subject was I believe anger or discuss on the actions that

they freely admitted and even wrote down. He also shows multiple accounts from

multiple sources not only the ones that were carrying out the actions but from bystanders

as well.
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