Horizontal Stability Check by P-Y Analysis

II.
Foundation (P-y Analysis)
Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis

•
Horizontal Stability Check for Single Pile
•
Horizontal Stability Check for Battered Pile
•
SoilWorks
00. Table of Contents Foundation
01. Learning Objective 3
02. Overview 4
1. Points of Consideration
2. Composition of Modeling
03. Set Work Environment & Define Material Properties 8
1. Start SoilWorks / Import File

2. Define Ground Properties
3. Define Structural Properties
04. Modeling 11
1.
1 Create Ground Layers & Assign Material Properties
2. Specify Foundation Type
3. Specify Applied Loadings
4. Specify Underground Water Level
05. Analysis 16
1. Specify Analysis Cases

2. Analysis
06. Analysis of Results & Analysis Report Generation 19
1. Check Analysis Results

Tuttorials
2. Analysis Report Generation
07 Analysis Guide
07. 21
2 | Foundation Tutorial
SoilWorks
01. Learning Objective Foundation
From this tutorial, the user will understand the workflow associated with the horizontal stability
analysis of a piled foundation through the calculation of horizontal displacements and member
forces. The user will also learn the use of various basic functions and the workflow of SoilWorks
in the process. The Foundation module of SoilWorks will be used as a basis for undertaking p-y
analysis.
The workflow of horizontal stability analysis is as follows:
STEP 01 Define ground material properties
STEP 02 Define p
pile material p
properties
p
Input ground layer thickness, assign ground

STEP 03
properties & input ground water level
Define foundation type

STEP 04
(Pile layout & length)
STEP 05 Specify forces applied to foundation
STEP 06 Define analysis cases & design options

Tuttorials
STEP 07 Execute analysis
STEP 08 Analyze results
[Workflow in SoilWorks]
Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis | 3

SoilWorks
02. Overview Foundation
The following points need to be considered in P-y analysis:
1) Allowable horizontal displacement

Horizontal displacement is limited to within 1% of the pile diameter.
2) Determine horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction.
① Use of the modulus of elasticity of ground
Circular Pile Kh = 0.56 Es / D Es: modulus of elasticity

of ground
Steel H Pile Kh = 0.49 Es / D
D: Diameter of pile
② Undrained strength of clay (Davisson,1970)
Cu: Undrained cohesion

Kh = 67 Cu / D
D: Diameter of pile
③ Use of empirical data
Soil Type Kh (kN/m3)

Very soft silt or clay 2,940 ~ 14,700
Soft silt or clay 14,700 ~ 29,400
Medium stiff clay 29,400 ~ 147,000
Stiff clay over 147,000
Sand (cohesion
(cohesion-less)
less) 29 400 ~ 78,400
29,400 78 400
Relative density of
Loose Medium Dense Dense
sand
Above ground water
Tuttorials
2,156 6,566 17,640

level
[ 사질토지반의 ηh (KN/m3) ]
Below ground water
1,274* 4,410 10,780
level
[Sand’s ηh (kN/m3)]
Soil Type ηh (kN/m3)

Soft normally consolidated clay 196 ~ 3,430
Normally consolidated organic
1,078 ~ 8,036
clay
Peat 29.4 ~ 107.8
[Normally Consolidated Clay’s ηh (kN/m3)]

SoilWorks
④ Use of N value of ground
E0: Modulus of Deformation

D : Diameter of Pile
Modulus of Deformation by Test α

E0 (KN/m2) Normal Earthquake
1/2 of deformation modulus obtained from repeated plate
1 2
loading tests using a steel disc of 300mm in diameter
Deformation modulus measured in boring holes 4 8
Deformation modulus obtained from uni-axial or tri-axial

4 8
p
compression tests of specimens
p
Deformation modulus estimated as E0=2800 N from the N
1 2
value of standard penetration test
[E0 & α Values]
Foundation Type BH Remarks
Shallow foundation
Stability / member
Caisson foundation ( βl <2 )
calculation
Elastic displacement
Caisson foundation ( 1< βl <2 )
calculation
Pil ffoundation
Pile d ti
Steel pipe sheet pile foundation
[Converted loaded width of foundation BH ]

Tuttorials
Through trial & error,
a) Fist assume the pile’s property, β.

b) Estimate the ground deformation modulus, E0 within the range of 1/ β at the design
ground surface.
c) Calculate the converted loaded width, BH of pile.
d) Use the equations and

e) Calculate β.
f) Repeat the steps from a) to f), if the result from the step e) differs from the value
assumed in the step a) by more than 1%.
SoilWorks
The following shows the model of bridge pier foundations subjected to horizontal loadings:
The ground properties are also tabulated.
1) Composition of Modeling
3×3
3×5 D=2000mm
D=1500mm
Alluvial Layer
Weathered Soil
Weathered Rock
Soft Rock
[Composition of Modeling]
2) Material Properties
 Ground Properties
Weathered
Name Alluvial Layer Weathered Soil Soft Rock
Rock
Model Type Sand Sand Sand Soft Rock
Unit Weight
rt(kN/m3)
16 17 20 23
Saturated Unit
Weight 18 19 22 25
General rsat(kN/m3)
Parameter
Cohesion
(kN/m2)
- - - 3000
Tuttorials
Angle of Internal
Friction (degree)
25 26 28 35
Sandy Soil Sandy (Reese Sandy (Reese
Material Type Weak Rock
(API) et al
al.)) et al
al.))
(Initial, Mean)
Horizontal Reaction - 16,000 43,000 140,000
Kh (kN/m3)
Additional Strain at 50% Stress - - - 0.0005

Parameter
Unit Ultimate Skin
Friction 20 30 50 300
(kN/m2)
Unit Ultimate Bearing
Capacity 600 4,000 6,000 6,000
(kN/m2)

SoilWorks
 Pile Data
Name Cast In Place 1500 Cast In Place 2000
Element Type Cast In Place Cast In Place
Diameter
1.5 2.0
(m)
Modulus of 27,000,000
27,000,000
Elasticity(kN/m2)
Poisson’s Ratio 0.18 0.18
Unit
23.5 23.5
i ht(kN/ 3)
Weight(kN/m
W
 Foundation Type Data
Name Pier 5 -1500 (15 piles) Pier5 – 2000 (9 piles)
B (m) 11 0
11.0 15 0
15.0
L (m) 18.0 15.0
H (m) 2.5m 2.5
Depth to
underside
0.0 0.0
of Pile Cap
(GL.-)
Pile Length
13.0 13.0
(m)
Tuttorials
No of Piles 15 9
Layout
SoilWorks
03. Set Work Environment & Define Material Properties Foundation
1. Start SoilWorks / Import File
Import a CAD file, which has been prepared for the analysis geometry.
SoilWorks provides 7 modules,

Ground, Slope, Rock, Soft Select the SoilWorks execution icon from the desktop.
Ground, Foundation, Seepage 1. Project Manager > select Foundation
andDynamic.
2. Click
3
3. Set the units for defining the initial variables to kN,
kN m,
m sec and click 
4. Click
The force and

1
dimension units are
automatically converted
whenever changes are
made in the modeling
process. But the time
unit will not be converted.
So the unit needs to be
checked when time
related parameters are
defined.
4
Tuttorials
[Starting SoilWorks’ Foundation Module]

SoilWorks
2. Define Ground Properties
The command entered From the Main Menu, select Foundation > Property > Ground Material Property
in the Command (command: gm) 
Window may be used to
1. Enter ‘Alluvial Layer’ in Name.
directly invoke the menu.
2. Select ‘Sand’ for Model Type.
Modulus of elasticity is 3. Wet Unit Weight: enter ’16’

not used for P-y analysis, 4. Saturated Unit Weight: enter ’18’
so it need not be entered.
5. Internal Friction Angle: enter ’25’
6. Material Type: select ‘Sandy Soil (API)’
7. Unit Ultimate Skin Friction: enter ’20’
8. Unit Ultimate Bearing Capacity: enter ‘600’
9. Click
10. Repeat the steps from 1 to 10 to define the properties for ‘Weathered Soil, Weathered
Rock and Soft Rock’. (Refer to Page 6)
11. Click
6 ~ 8
3 ~ 5
Tuttorials
11
9
[Define Ground Properties]
SoilWorks
3. Define Structural Properties
From the Main Menu select Foundation > Property > Structural Property
(command: sp)
1. Enter ‘Cast In Place 1500’ in Name.
2. Select ‘Cast-in-place Pile’ from the Element Type selection.
3. Standard: select ’NONE’
4. Select ‘Concrete’ from Material > Material Type
The diameter of the pile
is used to automatically 5. Concrete grade: select ‘User Defined’
calculate the section 6. Under the Section Data tab, Section > D (diameter): enter ’1.5’ 
Stiffness.
7. Under the Material Data tab, Properties > enter Modulus of Elasticity: ’27,000,000’,
Poisson’s Ratio: ’0.18’, Unit Weight: ‘23.5’
8. Click
9. Enter ‘Cast In Place 2000’ in Name.
10. Under the Section Data tab, Section > D (diameter): enter ’2.0’
11. Click
12. Click
2 ~ 3 6 7
4
5
8
Tuttorials
10
12
11
[Define Structural Properties]

SoilWorks
04. Modeling Foundation
1. Create Ground Layers & Assign Material Properties
Main Menu > Foundation > Model > Soil Layer Information (command: dsli )
Assign the defined ground properties to ground layers.
1. Select ‘Single Layer’.

2. In the Soil Layer Data table, Row 1, enter Name: ‘Alluvial Layer’, Depth: ‘7.7’ and
Ground Property: ‘Alluvial Layer’
3. On Row 2, enter Name: ‘Weathered Soil’, Depth: ‘9.6’ and Ground Property:
‘Weathered Soil’
4. On Row 3, enter Name: ‘Weathered Rock’, Depth: ’12’ and Ground Property:
‘Weathered Rock’
5. On Row 4, enter Name: ‘Soft Rock’, Depth: ’20’ and Ground Property: ‘Soft Rock’
6. Click
7. Click
2 ~ 5
6
Tuttorials
[Assign Ground Properties to Ground Layers]
SoilWorks
From the Main Menu, select Foundation > Model > Foundation Type
(command: FDI)
Specify the foundation structure data to be incorporated into the ground conditions.
1. To define the foundation type, enter ‘Pier5-D1500’ in Name.

2. Enter the pile cap foundation slab size and elevation in the table. B = 11.0, L=18.0,
H=2.5, Depth of Underside=0.0
3. For the pile layout, select ‘Cast in Place 1500’ for Structural Property.
4. Pile Length: enter ’13’
5. Number of rows in X direction: enter ‘3’
6. Check off Foundation Left Distance in order to locate the foundation slab from the
center.
7. Equal Interval: enter ‘3.75’
8. Pile placement in the Y direction: enter the number of rows ‘5’
9. Check off Foundation Top Distance in order to locate the foundation slab from the
center.
11. Select ‘Grid Arrangement’ for pile Layout Pattern.
12. Click
13. Check the pile layout diagram to the right.
14. Click
15. For the pile layout, select ‘Pier5-D2000’ for structural data.
16. Enter the pile cap foundation slab size and elevation in the table. B = 15.0, L=15.0,
H=2.5, Depth of Underside=0.0
17. For the pile layout, select ‘Cast In Place 2000’ for Structural Property.
18. Pile Length: enter ’13’
19. Number of rows in X direction: enter ‘3’
Tuttorials
20. Check off Foundation Left Distance in order to locate the foundation slab from the
center.
22. Pile placement in the Y direction: enter the number of row ‘3’
23. Check off Foundation Top Distance in order to locate the foundation slab from the
center.
25. Select ‘Grid Arrangement’ for pile Layout Pattern.
26. Click
27. Check the pile layout diagram to the right.
28. Click
29. Click

SoilWorks
13
2
3 4
5 ~ 7
8 ~ 10
11
12
14
15
16 27
17 18
19 ~ 21
22 ~ 24
25
26
29
28
[Specify Foundation Type]
The piles are numbered in A, B & C in the bridge alignment direction and are assigned
Tuttorials
numerical numbers in the perpendicular direction.
From the
F th automatically
t ti ll generated
t d pile
il llayout,
t
the coordinates, lengths and restraints at the
head and tip of individual piles can be modified.
SoilWorks
3. Specify Applied Loadings
Specify loadings applied to the foundation.
From the Main Menu, select Foundation > Load / Boundary > Foundation Load
(command: FDL)
1. From the foundation load definition window, enter in Load Set ‘Design Load’ followed
by:
Vx (horizontal force in the bridge alignment direction) ’3,140’,
Vy (horizontal force perpendicular to the bridge alignment direction) ‘0’,
P (vertical force) ‘-89,187’,
MX (moment about the bridge alignment direction) ‘0’,
MY (moment about the direction perpendicular to the bridge alignment direction)
‘24,120’,
MZ (moment about the vertical direction) ‘0’, and
select ‘Normal’ for Load State, specify ‘0’ for No. of Repetitions, and press the Enter
key.
2. Click
1
Tuttorials
[Specify Applied Loadings]

SoilWorks
4. Specify Underground Water Level
From the Main Menu, Foundation > Load / Boundary > Water Level
(command: WL )
1. Enter ‘Water Level’ in Boundary Set.

2. Specify ‘3.5’
3.5 for Water Level.
3. Click
[Specify Underground Water Level]

Tuttorials
SoilWorks
05. Analysis Foundation
1. Specify Analysis Cases
From the Main Menu, select Foundation > Analysis Control > Analysis Case
(command: ac)
1. Click in the analysis case definition window.
2. Enter ‘D=1500(3-5)’ in Name.
3. Select ‘p-y Nonlinear Analysis’ for Analysis Method.
4. Click Analysis Control Data
5. Number of Load Steps: enter ’10’
6. Maximum Number of Iterations: enter ’10’
7. Number of Divisions for Pile Element: enter ‘100’
8. Click
9. Among the defined foundation types, select ‘Pier5-D1500’ and drag & drop into the
‘Data used in Analysis’ box.
10. Select ‘Water Level’ from the Boundary Set of All Input Data and drag & drop into the
11. Select ‘Design Load’ from the Load Set of All Input Data and drag & drop into the
12. Click
13. Click in the analysis case definition window.
14. Enter ‘D=2000(3-3)’ in Name.
15. Select ‘p-y Nonlinear Analysis’ for Analysis Method.
16. Click Analysis Control Data
17. Number of Load Steps: enter ’10’
18. Maximum Number of Iterations: enter ’10’
19. Number of Divisions for Pile Element: enter ‘100’
20. Click
21. Among the defined foundation types, select ‘Pier5-D2000’ and drag & drop into the
‘Data used in Analysis’ box‘.
Tuttorials
22. Select ‘Underground Water Level’ from the Boundary Set of All Input Data and drag
& drop into the ‘Data used in Analysis’ box.
23. Select ‘Design Load’ from the Load Set of All Input Data and drag & drop into the
24. Click
25. Click

SoilWorks
1 13
25
[Define Additional Analysis Case] 6
7
2
4
3
10
11
8
12
[Specify Analysis Case] [Specify Analysis Controls]
17
18
14 19
16
15
21
22
Tuttorials
23
Drag & Drop
24 20
[Specify Analysis Case] [Specify Analysis Controls]
SoilWorks
2. Analysis
Analysis will be carried out using the Analysis Cases.
From the Main Menu, select Foundation > Run > Analysis (command: ra)
1. Ensure ‘D=1500 (3-5)’ and ‘D=2000 (3-3)’ are checked on.
Any data generated 2. Click 
during the process of
analysis is displayed at
the bottom of Analysis
Execution Manager.
1
Especially, use caution
when Warnings appear
as the analysis results
may be erroneous.
Analysis data is saved in
a text file format in .OUT
file in the same folder as
Save file.
[Analysis]
Tuttorials

SoilWorks
06. Analysis of Results & Analysis Report Generation Foundation
1. Check Analysis Results

Check P-y analysis results for the analysis cases.
From the Result Tree, select Foundation > Result Display

1. Select Foundation Type.
2. Select Analysis Case.
3. Select a p
pile to be checked.
4. Select the checking direction.
5. Check the analysis results: Horizontal Displacement, Moment, Shear Force & Ground
Reaction relative to depths.
6. Use the Result Tree or Post Dialog tabs to check the results in tables.
1 ~ 4
1
Tuttorials
3
4
[Check Analysis Results]
[Post Dialog Analysis Results]
SoilWorks
06. Analysis of Results & Analysis Report Generation Foundation
2. Analysis Report Generation

Generate a report of the results of P-y analysis.
From the Main menu, select Foundation > Run > Report (command: rr)
1. Select Foundation Analysis Result Report.
2. Click 
Foundation Analysis
3. After g
generating
g the report,
p double click Foundation Analysis
y Check under the
Result Report can be
generated only after p-y Design & Report tab to check the analysis report.
analysis in Post Mode.
The report is produced in
the MS-Words format
and saved in the same 1
folder of the analysis file.
2
Tuttorials

SoilWorks
07. Analysis Guide Foundation
This tutorial has reviewed P-y nonlinear analysis to check the horizontal stability of bridge
foundations.
For a given ground condition, SoilWorks can simultaneously check a number of foundation types,
which enables the user to effectively design foundations with alternatives. The results are
concisely reported, which include the support capacity, settlements and pile forces.
Tuttorials

Horizontal Stability Check by P-Y Analysis

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II.

Foundation (P-y Analysis)

Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis

00. Table of Contents Foundation

01. Learning Objective 3

03. Set Work Environment & Define Material Properties 8

1. Start SoilWorks / Import File

1. Specify Analysis Cases

06. Analysis of Results & Analysis Report Generation 19

1. Check Analysis Results

2. Analysis Report Generation

01. Learning Objective Foundation

The workflow of horizontal stability analysis is as follows:

STEP 01 Define ground material properties

Input ground layer thickness, assign ground

Define foundation type

STEP 05 Specify forces applied to foundation

STEP 06 Define analysis cases & design options

STEP 07 Execute analysis

STEP 08 Analyze results

Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis | 3

02. Overview Foundation

The following points need to be considered in P-y analysis:

1) Allowable horizontal displacement

2) Determine horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction.

① Use of the modulus of elasticity of ground

Circular Pile Kh = 0.56 Es / D Es: modulus of elasticity

② Undrained strength of clay (Davisson,1970)

Cu: Undrained cohesion

③ Use of empirical data

Soil Type Kh (kN/m3)

2,156 6,566 17,640

Soil Type ηh (kN/m3)

Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis | 4

02. Overview Foundation

E0: Modulus of Deformation

Modulus of Deformation by Test α

Deformation modulus measured in boring holes 4 8

Deformation modulus obtained from uni-axial or tri-axial

Foundation Type BH Remarks

Steel pipe sheet pile foundation

[Converted loaded width of foundation BH ]

Through trial & error,

a) Fist assume the pile’s property, β.

d) Use the equations and

02. Overview Foundation

Additional Strain at 50% Stress - - - 0.0005

Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis | 6

02. Overview Foundation

Name Cast In Place 1500 Cast In Place 2000

Element Type Cast In Place Cast In Place

Poisson’s Ratio 0.18 0.18

 Foundation Type Data

Name Pier 5 -1500 (15 piles) Pier5 – 2000 (9 piles)

L (m) 18.0 15.0

H (m) 2.5m 2.5

03. Set Work Environment & Define Material Properties Foundation

1. Start SoilWorks / Import File

SoilWorks provides 7 modules,

The force and

[Starting SoilWorks’ Foundation Module]

Horizontal Stability Check by P-y Analysis | 8

03. Set Work Environment & Define Material Properties Foundation