Académique Documents
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CONTENTS
♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 19 – 21
♦ EXERCISE - II ...................................................................................................... 22
♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 29 – 34
♦ EXERCISE - V ..................................................................................................... 34
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Page # 2 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
JEE Syllabus :
Logarithms and their properties
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 3
A. NUMBER SYSTEM
(i) Natural Numbers : The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,..... are called Natural Numbers. The set of
natural numbers is denoted by N. Thus N = {1, 2, 3, 4,......}. N is also denoted by Ι+ or Z+
(ii) Whole Numbers : Natural numbers including zero are called whole numbers. The set of whole
numbers, is denoted by W. Thus W = {0, 1, 2,......}. W is also called as set of non-negative
integers.
(iii) Integers : The numbers..... – 3, – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3..... are called integers and the set is denoted
by Ι or Z. Thus Ι (or Z) = {...–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.........}
(a) Set of positive integers, denoted by Ι+ and consists of {1, 2, 3, ...........}
(b) Set of negative integers, denoted by Ι– and consists of {..........., –3, –2, –1}
(c) Set of non-negative integers {0, 1, 2, 3,...........}
(d) Set of non-positive integers {...., –3, –2, –1, 0}
(iv)Even Integers : Integers which are divisible by 2 are called even integers. e.g. 0, ± 2, ± 4,.....
(v) Odd Integers : Integers which are not divisible by 2 are called as odd integers. e.g. ± 1, ± 3, .......
(vi)Prime Number : Let ‘p’ be a natural number, ‘p’ is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct
factors, namely 1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,......
Remark : (a) ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
(b) ‘2’ is the only even prime number.
(vii) Composite Number : Let ‘a’ be a natural number, ‘a’ is said to be composite if, it has atleast
three distinct factors.
(viii) Co-prime Numbers : Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F.
(Highest common factor) is one. e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5, 6), (7, 8) etc.
These numbers are also called as relatively prime numbers.
Remark : (a) Number which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
(b) ‘4’ is the smallest composite number.
(c) Two distinct prime numbers are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(d) Consecutive numbers are always co-prime numbers.
(ix)Twin Prime Numbers : If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are
called as twin prime numbers. e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}
(x) Rational Numbers : All the numbers those can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are
integers and q ≠ 0, are called rational numbers and their set is denoted by Q.
p
Thus Q = { : p, q ∈ Ι and q ≠ 0}. It may be noted that every integer is a rational numbers. If not
q
integer then either finite or recurring.
(xi)Irrational Numbers : There are real numbers which cannot be expressed in p/q form. These
numbers are called irrational numbers and their set is denoted by Qc or Q’. (i.e. complementary set
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 4 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
Surds : If a is not a perfect nth power, then n a is called a surd of the nth order..
a
In an expression of the form , the denominator can be rationalized by multiplying numerator
b+ c
p
∴ log3 5 = ; where p and q are co-prime numbers
q
⇒ 3p/q = 5 ⇒ 3p = 5q. which is not possible, hence our assumption is wrong and log3 5 is irrational.
12
Ex.2 Simply (make the denominator rational)
3+ 5 −2 2
12(3 + 5 + 2 2 ) 12(3 + 5 + 2 2 )
Sol. The expression = =
(3 + 5 ) − ( 2 2 )
2 2
6+6 5
2(3 + 5 + 2 2 )( 5 − 1) 2(2 + 2 5 + 2 10 − 2 2 )
= = = 1 + 5 + 10 − 2
( 5 + 1) × ( 5 − 1) 4
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 5
(xii) Real Numbers : The complete set of rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers and
is denoted by R. Thus R = Q ∪ Qc. Real numbers can be represented as points of a line. This line is
called as real line or number line
All the real numbers follow the order property
i.e. if there are two distinct real numbers a Negative side Positive side
(c) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational number e.g. 2 + 3
(d) The product of a non zero rational number & an irrational number will always be an irrational
number.
(e) If a ∈ Q and b ∉ Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(f) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational number
(it may be a rational number also).
(xiii) Complex Number : A number of the form a + ib is called complex number, where a, b ∈ R and
Ex.9 If x and y are prime numbers which satisfy x2 – 2y2 = 1, solve for x and y.
Sol. x2 – 2y2 = 1 gives x2 = 2y2 + 1 and hence x must be an odd number. If x = 2n + 1, then x2 = (2n + 1)2
= 4n2 + 4n + 1 = 2y2 + 1. Therefore y2 = 2n(n + 1). This means that y2 is even and hence y is an even
integer. Now, y is also a prime implies that y = 2. This gives x = 3. Thus the only solution is x = 3, y = 2.
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Page # 6 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
B. DIVISIBILITY TEST :
(i) A number will be divisible by 2 iff the digit at the unit place is divisible by 2.
(ii) A number will be divisible by 3 iff the sum of its digits of the number is divisible by 3.
(iii) A number will be divisible by 4 iff last two digits of the number together are divisible by 4.
(iv)A number will be divisible by 5 iff digit at the unit place is either 0 or 5.
(v) A number will be divisible by 6 iff the digit at the unit place of the number is divisible by 2 & sum of
all digits of the number is divisible by 3.
(vi)A number will be divisible by 8 iff the last 3 digits, all together, is divisible by 8.
(vii) A number will be divisible by 9 iff sum of all it’s digits is divisible by 9.
(ix)A number will be divisible by 11 iff the difference between the sum of the digits at even places and
sum of the digits at odd places is a multiple of 11.
e.g. 1298, 1221, 123321, 12344321, 1234554321, 123456654321, 795432
99..9
Sol. Write the given difference in the form 1025 – 7 = (1025 – 1) – 6. The number 1025 – 1 = is divisible
25 digits
by 3(and 9). Since the numbers (1025 – 1) and 6 are divisible by 3, the number 1025 – 7, being their
difference, is also divisible by 3 without a remainder.
Ex.13 Consider a number N = 2 1 P 5 3 Q 4. Find the number of ordered pairs (P, Q) so that the number ‘N is
divisible by 44, is
Sol. SO = P + 9, SE = Q + 6 ⇒ SO – SE = P – Q + 3
‘N’ is divisible is 11 if P – Q +3 = 0, 11
P – Q = –3 .......(i) or P–Q=8 ....(ii)
N is divisible by 4 if Q = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
From Equation (i)
Q=0 P = –3 (not possible) Q = 2P = –1 (not possible)
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 7
Q=4 P=1 Q = 6P = 3 Q = 8P = 5
∴ number of ordered pairs is 3
From equation (ii)
Q=0 P=8 Q = 2P = 10 (not possible) similarly Q ≠ 4, 6, 8
∴ No. of ordered pairs is 1
∴ total number of ordered pairs, so that number ‘N’ is divisible by 44, is 4
Ex.14 Prove that the square of any prime number p ≥ 5, when divided by 12, gives 1 as remainder.
Sol. When divided by 6, a natural number can give as a remainder only the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Therefore, any natural number has one of the following forms :
6k, 6k + 1, 6k + 2, 6k + 3, 6k + 4, 6k + 5.
it is obvious that the numbers 6k, 6k + 2, 6k + 3, and 6k + 4 are composite. Therefore, the prime
number p ≥ 5 has the form 6k + 1 or 6k + 5.
If p = 6k + 1, then p2 = (6k + 1)2 = 36k2 + 12k + 1.
If p = 6k + 5, then p2 = (6k + 5)2 = 36k2 + 60k + 25 = 12(3k2 + 5k + 2) + 1.
Thus, in both cases, when dividing p2 by 12, the remainder is equal to 1.
a p LCM of (a, p, )
(iv)LCM of , , =
b q m HCF of (b, q, m)
a p HCF of (a, p, )
(v) HCF of , , =
b q m LCM of (b, q, m)
(2) Remainder Theorem : Let P(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and ‘a’
be any real number. If P(x)is divided (x – a), then the remainder is equal to P(a).
(3) Factor Theorem : Let P(x) be polynomial of degree greater than of equal to 1 and ‘a’ be a real
number such that P(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of P(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of P(x),
then P(a) = 0.
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Page # 8 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
1 1 1
(viii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc + +
a b c
1
(ix) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
(x) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(xi) a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2)
(xii) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)
1 1 1
Remark : (1) ab + bc + ca = abc + +
a b c
1
(2) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
(5) Definition Of Indices : If ‘a’ any none zero real or imaginary number and m is positive integer than
am = a.a.a. .........a (m times) where ‘a’ is base ‘m’ is indices
Law of Indices :
1
(i) a0 = 1, (a ≠ 0) (ii) a–m = , (a ≠ 0)
am
(iii) am + n = am . an, where m and n real numbers
am
(iv) am – n = , where m and n real numbers, a ≠ 0
an
q p
(v) (am)n = amn (vi) ap/q = a
Ex.16 Find p and q so that (x + 2) and (x – 1) may be factors of the polynomial f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + px + q.
Sol. Since (x + 2) is a factor f(–2) must be zero ∴ – 8 + 40 – 2p + q = 0 ...(1)
Since (x – 1) is a factor, f(1) must be zero ∴ 1 + 10 + p + q = 0 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), by solving we get p = 7 and q = –18
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 9
Ex.17 Show that (2x + 1) is a factor of the expression f(x) = 32x5 – 16x4 + 8x3 + 4x + 5.
1
Sol. Since (2x + 1) is to be a factor of f(x), f − should be zero.
2
5 4 3
1 1 1 1 1
f − = 32 − − 16 − + 8 − + 4 − + 5 . Hence (2x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
2 2 2 2 2
Ex.18 Without using the Remainder theorem, find the remainder when
f(x) = x6 – 19x5 + 69x4 – 151x3 + 229x2 + 166x + 26 is divided by x – 15.
Sol. f(x) can be written as
(x6 – 15x5) – 4(x5 – 15x4) + 9(x4 – 15x3) – 16(x3 – 15x2) –11(x2 – 15x) + (x – 15) + 41
or as f(x) = x5 (x – 15) – 4x4(x – 15) + 9x3(x – 15) – 16x2(x – 15) – 11x(x – 15) + (x – 15) +41
Since the first six terms have x – 15 as a factor, remainder = 41.
Ex.19 Without actual division prove that 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2 is exactly divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.
Sol. Let f(x) = 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2 and g(x) = x2 – 3x + 2 be the given polynomials.
Then g(x) = x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2)
In order to prove that f(x) is exactly divisible by g(x), it is sufficient to prove that x – 1 and x – 2 are
factors of f(x). For this it is sufficient to prove that f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 0.
Now, f(x) = 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2
⇒ f(1) = 2 × 14 – 6 × 13 + 3 × 12 + 3 × 1 – 2 and, f(2) =2 × 22 – 6 × 23 × 22 + 3 × 2 – 2
⇒ f(1) = 2 – 6 + 3 + 3 – 2 and f(2) = 32 – 48 + 12 + 6 – 2
⇒ f(1) = 8 – 8 and f(2) = 50 – 50 ⇒ f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 0
⇒ (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of f(x) ⇒ g(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) is a factors of f(x).
Hence, f(x) is exactly divisible by g(x).
Ex.20 Using factor theorem, show that a – b, b – c and c – a are the factors of
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c (a2 – b2).
Sol. By factor theorem, a – b will be a factor of the given expression if it vanishes by substituting a = b in it.
substituting a = b in the given expression, we have a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2)
= b (b2 – c2) + b(c2 – b2) + c(b2 – b2) = b3 – bc2 + bc2 – b3 + c(b2 – b2) = 0
∴ (a – b) is a factor of a(b2 – c2) + b (c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2).
Similarly, we can show that (b – c) and (c – a) are also factors of the given expression.
Hence, (a – b), (b – c) and (c – a) are factors of the given expression.
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Page # 10 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
Ex.23 Show that an – bn is divisible by (a + b) when n is an even positive integer. but not if n is odd.
Sol. Let an – bn = f(a). Now f(–b) = (–b)n – bn = bn – bn = 0 if n is even and hence a + b is a factor of an – bn
If n is odd, f(–b) = –bn – bn = – 2bn ≠ 0.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ex.27 Show that from the equality + + = follows n + n + n = n in n is odd.
a b c a+b+c a b c a + bn + c n
Sol. Reducing the original equality to a common denominator and cancelling it out,
we get (after some transformations) (a + b) (a + c) (b + c) = 0 ...(1)
But the second equality (which is to be proved) can also be reduced to the form
(an + bn) (an + cn) (bn + cn) = 0. ...(2)
It is quite obvious, that with an odd n equality (2) follows from (1), since if, for instance, a + b = 0,
then a = –b and an + bn = an + (–a)n = an – an = 0.
1
Ex.28 Prove that 1+ b2 + b2b3 + ..... + b2b3 ...... bn = b2 .
1− −
b3
b2 + 1
b 3 + 1 − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − bn
bn + 1
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 11
Pn
Sol. Let us denote the continued fraction on the right by
Qn . We have to prove that
Pn
Qn = 1 + b2 + b2b3 + .... + b2b3 ...... bn.
P1 1 P2 b 2 + 1
We have = , =
Q1 1 Q 2 1 .
Therefore we may take P1 = 1, Q1 = 1, P2 = b2 + 1, Q2 = 1. Then, using the method of induction, it is
easy to prove that Pn = 1 + b2 + b2b3 + ...... + b2b3 ...... bn, Qn = 1,
and, consequently, out equality is also true.
x − ab x − bc x − ca 1 1 1
Ex.29 Solve the equation, + + = a + b + c. What happens if + + =0
a+b b+c 1+ a a+b b+c c+a
x − ab x − bc x − ca
Sol. − c + − a + − b = 0
a+b b+c c+a
1 1 1
⇒ (x − (ab + bc + ca)) + + = 0 ⇒ x = ab + bc + ca.
a + b b + c c + a
1 1 1
If + + = 0 ⇒ the given equation becomes an identity & is true for all x ∈ R
a+ b b+c c+a
D. (1) RATIO
(i) If A and B be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is A : B; which may be denoted by
A
the fraction (This may be an integer or fraction)
B
a ma na
(ii) A ratio may represented in a number of ways e.g. = = =...... where m, n,...... are non-
b mb nb
zero numbers.
(iii) To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common denominator.
(iv)R at i o b et we en t wo rat i os may be rep rese nt ed as the rati o of t wo i nt eg ers
a c a/b ad
e.g. : : = or ad : bc.
b d c/d bc
a c e ace
(v) Ratios are compounded by multiplying them together i.e. . . ......= .......
b d f bdf
(vi)If a : b is any ratio then its duplicate ratio is a2 : b2; triplicate ratio is a3 : b3..... etc.
(vii) If a : b is any ratio, then its sub-duplicate ratio is a1/2 : b1/2; sub-triplicate ratio is
a1/3 : b1/3 etc.
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Page # 12 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
(2) PROPORTION
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing them are said to be proportional.
a c
If = , then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d
b d
(i) ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as extremes and ‘b and c’ are known as means.
a+b c +d
(v) If a : b = c : d, then = (Componendo)
b d
a−b c −d
(vi)If a : b = c : d, then = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c +d
(vii) If a : b = c : d, then = (Componendo and dividendo)
a−b c −d
a c e xa + yc + ze + ......
(ix)If = = = ..... , then each =
b d f xb + yd + zf + ......
1/ n
a c e xan + ycn + zen
(x) If = = = ..... , then each = n n
n
b d f xb + yd + zf
( x + y + z ) − ( y + z ) ( x + y + z) − ( x + z ) ( x + y + z ) − ( x + y )
and therefore each = = =
9 9 9
−3 −4 −2
2 2 2
x y z
= = = ⇒x:y:z=3:1:5
3 / 2 1/ 2 5 / 2
a−b b−c c −a
Ex.31 If a(y + z) = b(z + x) = c(x + y), then show that = 2 = 2
x −y
2 2
y −z 2
z − x2
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 13
x2 − y2 y2 − z2 z2 − x2 x 2 − y2 y 2 − z2 z2 − x2 a−b b−c c −a
= = ⇒ = = ⇒ 2 = 2 = 2
a−b b−c c −a a−b b−c c −a x −y 2
y −z 2
z − x2
abc abc abc
2a + 3b + 2a − 3b
Ex.32 If x = , show that 3bx2 – 4ax + 3b = 0.
2a + 3b − 2a − 3b
x x +1 2a + 3b
Sol. Taking the left hand side as , using componendo and dividendo, =
1 x −1 2a − 3b
( x + 1)2 2a + 3b x 2 + 1 2a
Squaring, = and again applying componendo and dividendo = which gives the
( x − 1) 2
2a − 3b 2x 3b
answer on cross multiplication.
2 y + 2z − x 2 z + 2 x − y 2 x + 2 y − z 9x 9y 9z
Ex.33 If = = , then show that = =
a b c 2b + 2c − a 2c + 2a − b 2a + 2b − c
2 y + 2z − x 2 z + 2 x − y 2 x + 2 y − z
Sol. Since = = , each is equal to
a b c
2( 2z + 2x − y ) + 2(2x + 2y − z) − ( 2y + 2z − x )
by a theorem quoted earlier
2b + 2c − a
9x
= on simplification.
2b + 2c − a
9y 9z
Similarly, each = and and hence the result.
2c + 2a − b 2a + 2b − c
2+x + 2−x
Ex.34 Solve : =2
2+ x − 2−x
2
Sol. Writing the R.H.S. as and using componendo and dividendo,
1
( 2 + x + 2 − x) + ( 2 + x − 2 − x) 2 +1 2+x 3
= (i.e.) =
( 2 + x + 2 − x)− ( 2 + x − 2 − x) 2 −1 2−x 1
2+x 9 4 10 8
Squaring, = and again applying componendo and dividendo = and hence x =
2−x 1 2x 8 5
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Page # 14 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
If two equations containing three unknown are a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ...(i) a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 ....(ii)
x y z
Then by the rule of cross multiplication = = ...(iii)
b1c 2 − b 2c1 c1a2 − a 2c1 a1b2 − a2b1
In order to write down the denominators of x, y and z in (3) apply the following rule, “write down the
coefficients of x, y and z in order beginning with the coefficients of y and repeat them as in the
diagram”.
b1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 a2 b2
Multiply the coefficients across in the way indicated by the arrows; remembering that informing the
products any one obtained by descending is positive and any one obtained by ascending is negative.
2x + 3y − 8 = 0
Ex.35 Solve by rule of cross multiplication.
3 x − 4 y + 5 = 0
Sol. Note : (i) Write all the terms of L.H.S. with R.H.S = 0 (ii) Negative sign is part of the coefficient.
3 ( −8 ) 2 3 x y 1
= =
( −4 ) 5 3 ( −4 ) (3)(5) − ( −4)( −8) ( −8)(3) − (5)(2) 2( −4) − (3)(3)
x y 1 x y
(i.e.) = = or = = 1 and hence x = 1, y = 2.
− 17 − 34 − 17 1 2
Ex.36 Solve : 2x – 3y + 4z = 0; 7x + 2y – 6z = 0; 4x + 3y + z = 37
Sol. From the first two equations we have
( −3 ) 4 2 −3 x y z x y z
= = or = = = k (say)
2 ( −6 ) 7 2 10 40 25 2 8 5
Then x = 2k, y = 8k, z = 5k
Substituting these values of x, y, z in the third equation, k (8 + 24 + 5) = 37 ⇒ k = 1
Hence x = 2, y = 8, z = 5
F. INTERVALS
Intervals are subsets of R and generally its used to find domain or inequality. If a and b are two real
numbers such that a < b then we can defined for types of intervals
Open Interval (a, b) {x : a < x < b} i.e. extreme points are not includes
Closed Interval [a, b] {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e. extreme points are includes
It can possible when a and b are finite
Semi-Open Interval (a, b] {x : a < x ≤ b} i.e. a is not include and b is include
Semi-Closed Interval [a, b) {x : a ≤ x < b} i.e. a is include and b is not include
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 15
G. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER
The logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ is the exponent indicating the power to which the base
‘a’ must be raised to obtain the number N.
This number is designated as logaN.
Hence ogaN = x ⇔ ax = N, a > 0, a ≠ 1 & N > 0
If a = 10, then we write log b rather than og10b
a = e, we write n b rather than ogeb
The existence and uniqueness of the number ogaN follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’, we have an identity :
1 oga M
(iv) og β M = oga M (v) ogbM = (base change theorem)
a β oga b
1
Remark : ogba.ogab = 1 ⇔ ogba = ogba. ogcb. ogac = 1
oga b
x
ogyx. ogzy. ogaz = ogax. eln a = a x
Logarithmic equations : oga x = oga y possible iff x = y i.e. oga x = oga y ⇔ x = y
Always check the validity of the given equation i.e. x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
Common and natural logarithm : og10N is referred as a common logarithm and ogeN is called as
natural logarithm of N to the base Napierian and is popularly written as n N. Note that e is an irrational
quantity lying between 2.7 to 2.8 Note that en x = x.
Characteristic & Mantissa : The common logarithm of a number consists of two parts, integral and
fractional, of which the integral part may be zero or an integer (+ve or –ve) and the fractional part a
decimal, less than one and always positive.
The integral part is called the characteristic and the decimal part is called the mantissa. It should be
noted that, if the characteristic of the logarithm of N is p then number of significant digit in N = p + 1
if p is the non negative characteristic of log N. Number of zeros after decimal before a significant figure
start is p – 1
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Page # 16 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
log5 13
2−
1 2 log5 9
Ex.37 Compute
27
Sol. Using in succession the laws of logarithms and exponents we compute the radicand:
log 5 13
2−
1 2 log5 9 1 1 1
= . ( 27 ) 2 log9 13 = . (3log3 13 )3 / 8 = 3–3. 133/8
27 27 27
whence it is clear that the given number is equal to 3–3/2. 133/16.
3
a
Ex.38 Compute logab if logab a = 4.
b
3
a 1 1 4 1
Sol. By the laws of logarithms we have logab = logab a – logab b = − logabb
b 3 2 3 2
It remains to find the quantity logab b. Since 1 = logab ab = logab a + logab b = 4 + logab b
3
a 4 1 17
It follows that logab b = –3 and so logab = − . (–3) =
b 3 2 6
1 1
Ex.39 Compute the value of + .
log 2 36 log 3 36
1 1 1
Sol. + = log362 + log363 = log366 =
log 2 36 log 3 36 2
Ex.40 If logx–3(2x – 3) is a meaningful quantity then find the interval in which x must lie.
Sol. x – 3 > 0, x – 3 ≠ 1 and 2x – 3 > 0 ⇒ x > 3, x ≠ 4 and x > 3/2 ⇒ (3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
Ex.41 For x ≥ 0, what is the smallest possible value of the expression log(x3 – 4x2 + x + 26) – log(x + 2) ?
( x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 26) ( x 2 − 6 x 2 + 13)( x + 2)
Sol. log = log = log (x2 – 6x + 13) [∵ x ≠ – 2]
( x + 2) ( x + 2)
= log{(x – 3)2 + 4} ∴ Minimum value is log 4 when x = 3
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 17
2 a 2 b5
Ex.42 Given log2a = s, log4b = s and log 2 (8) =
2
. Write log2 as a function of 's' (a, b, c > 0, c ≠ 1).
c s3 + 1 c4
s3 + 1
Sol. Given log2a = s ....(1) log2b = 2s2 ....(2) log8c2 = ....(3)
2
2 log c s3 + 1
⇒ = ⇒ 4 log2c = 3(s3 + 1) ....(4)
3 log 2 2
to find 2 log2a + 5 log2b – 4 log2c ⇒ 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1)
1 2 1
Ex.43 If log25 = a and log 225 = b, then find the value of log + log in terms of a and b (base
9 2250
of the log is 10 everywhere).
Sol. log 25 = a; log 225 = b
2 log 5 = a ; log(25 · 9) = b or log 25 + 2 log 3 = b ⇒ 2 log 3 = b – a ....(1)
2
1 1
nowlog + log = – 2 log 9 – log 2250 = – 4 log 3 – [log 225 + log 10]
9 2250
= – 2 (b – a) – [b + 1] = – 2b + 2a – b – 1 = 2a – 3b – 1
Ex.44 Compute log6 16 if log12 27 = a
4 4
Sol. The chain of transformations log6 16 = 4 log6 2 = =
log2 6 1 + log2 3
shows us that we have to know log2 3 in order to find log6 16. We find it from the condition log12 27=a:
3 3 3 3 log2 3
a = log12 27 = 3 log12 3 = = = =
log3 12 1 + 2 log3 2 1 + 2 2 + log2 3
log2 3
2a 4(3 − a)
which means that log23 = (note that, obviously, a ≠ 3). We finally have log6 16 = .
3−a 3+a
Ex.45 If log6 15 = α and log12 18 = β, then compute the value of log25 24 in terms of α & β.
1 + log3 5 2 + log3 2
Sol. α= ;β=
1 + log3 2 1 + 2 log3 2
Let log3 2 = x and log3 5 = y
1 + y = α (1 + x) .........(1) 2 + x = β (2x + 1) .........(2)
2−β α (1 + β) − (2 β − 1)
From (2) x = .........(3) Putting this value of x in (1) y = .........(4)
2β −1 2β −1
3x + 1 5−β
Now log25 24 = . Substitute the value of x and y to get log25 24 =
2y 2α + 2 αβ − 4β + 2
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Page # 18 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
7
Ex.46 Suppose that a and b are posi ti ve real numbers such that l og 27 a + l og 9b = and
2
2
log27b + log9a = . Find the value of the ab.
3
7 1 1 7 2 1 1 2
Sol. log27a + log9b = ⇒ log3a + log3b = ; log27b + log9a = ⇒ log3b + log3a =
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
1 1 7 2 25
adding the equation log3(ab) + log3(ab) = + =
3 2 2 3 6
5 25
log3(ab) = ⇒ log3(ab) = 5 ⇒ ab = 35 = 243
6 6
Ex.47 Let x = (0.15)20. Find the characteristic and mantissa in the logarithm of x, to the base 10. Assume
log102 = 0.301 and log103 = 0.477.
15
Sol. log x = log(0.15)20 = 20 log
100
= 20[log 15 – 2] = 20[log 3 + log 5 – 2] = 20[log 3 + 1 – log 2 – 2]
Ex.48 Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7
Sol. log7 N = x (where 3 ≤ x < 4) ⇒ 73 ≤ N < 74 ⇒ number of integers are 2058
( ) ( )
Ex.50 If log 2 log 2 ( log 3 x) = log 2 log 3 ( log 2 y) = 0 then find the value of (x + y).
x if x ≥ 0
=
=
–x
− x if x < 0
x
0
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 19
(x + y) + (x – 2y) 2 = 2x – y + (x – y – 1) 6 then
(A) x = 1, y = 1 (B) x = 2, y = 1 (C) x = 5, y = 1
(D) x & y can take infinitely many values
Sol.
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Page # 20 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
log a
− 3log27 ( a +1) − 2a
2 3
21 / 4
2
16. The ratio simplifies to
7 4 log 49 a
− a −1
12. The number of real roots of the equation ( A –a–1
) a
2
(B) a2 + a – 1
|x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is (C) a – a + 1 2
(D) a2 + a + 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Sol.
Sol.
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 21
18. If 3 2 log3 x – 2 x – 3 = 0, then the number of values 21. The number log27 is
of ‘x’ satisfying the equation is (A) an integer (B) a rational number
(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2 (C) an irrational number (D) a prime number
Sol. Sol.
19. Number of real sol uti on of the equati on 22. Anti logarithm of 0.75 to the base 16 has the
value equal to
log10 ( − x ) = log10 x 2 is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
(A) none (B) exactly 1 (C) exactly 2 (D) 4
Sol.
Sol.
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Page # 22 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
2
log3x + log3y = 2 + log32 and log27(x + y) = is
3
(A) (6, 3) (B) (3, 6) (C) (6, 12) (D) (12, 6)
Sol.
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 23
(v) a2 (b – c) + b2 (c – a) + c2(a – b)
Sol.
2 −1
(i)
2 +1
Sol. 4. Factorize
(i) 1 + x4 + x8
Sol.
1
(ii)
1+ 2 + 3
Sol.
(ii) x4 + 4
Sol.
in terms of a and b.
Sol.
1
(ii) a3 – +4
a3
Sol.
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Page # 24 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
7. Solve the following linear equations 9. If 4A + 9 B = 10C , where A = log164, B = log 3 9 &
(i) | x | + 2 = 3 C = logx 83, then find x.
Sol. Sol.
(iii) x| x | = 4
Sol. 11. If a = log12 18 & b = log24 54, then find the value
of ab + 5(a – b).
Sol.
(iv) | x |2 – | x | + 4 = 2 x2 – 3 | x | + 1
Sol.
log a log b log c
12. If = = , show that aa bb cc = 1.
b−c c −a a−b
Sol.
(v) |x – 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4
Sol.
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 25
1
16. log3 log9 x + + 9 x = 2x
2
Sol.
22. 5x . x
8 x −1 = 500
2
18. log10 x + log10 x2 = log10
2
2–1
Sol.
Sol.
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Page # 26 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
23. If log10 2 = 0.3010 and log10 3 = 0.4771, then find 26. Find all real number x which satisfy the equation
(a) the number of integers in 615
2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2(2 2 x) = 1.
Sol.
Sol.
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 27
(b) If k
log2 5
= 16, find the value of k (log2 5 ) .
2
(b) If loge log5 [ 2x − 2 + 3] = 0
Sol. Sol.
7293 9 −1.27 − 4 / 3
30. Simplify : (a) log1/3 4
Sol.
logb (logb N )
logb a
34. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the
(b) a equation.
Sol. log3x . log4 x . log5x=log3 x . log4 x+log4 x . log5x . log5x . log3x
Sol.
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Page # 28 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
35. Find the value of the expression 39. Find ‘x’ satisfying the equation
2 3
4log10 x +1 − 6log10 x − 2.3log10 x +2
2
6
+ . = 0.
log4 ( 2000) log5 ( 2000)6
Sol.
Sol.
( 3 − 6 )− 6 log 8 ( 3 − 2 )
36. Calculate : 4 5 log 4 2
Sol.
1 3
+3
( )
log 9 log 6 3
. 7 −(125 ) .
81 5 2
log25 7 log25 6
37. Simplify 2
409 40. Given that log2a=s, log4b=s 2 & logc 2 (8 ) = .
s +1
3
Sol.
a 2 b5
Write log2 as a function of ’s’ (a, b, c > 0, c ≠ 1).
c4
Sol.
log1 / 5 ( 21 ) 4 1
38. Simplify 5 +log +log1/ 2 .
7+ 3 10+2 21
2
Sol.
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42. Given that log2 3 = a , log3 5 = b , log7 2 = c , 43. Prove that ax - by = 0 where
express the logarithm of the number 63 to the
x= log a b & y = log b a . a > 0, b > 0 & a, b ≠ 1.
base 140 in terms of a , b & c.
Sol. Sol.
Sol.
Sol.
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Page # 30 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
x+y
= N where N is a natural number, find the
2
value of N.
Sol. 5. If log10 2 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4471. Find the
number of integers in :
(a) 5200
Sol.
(b) 615
Sol.
4. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log10 3.456;
log10 0.3456 & log100.003456.
Sol.
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7. Let ‘L’ denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024. 11. x + log10(1 + 2 x) = x . log105 + log106.
and ‘M’ denotes the number of digits in 610 Sol.
(Given log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771)
and ‘N’ denotes the number of positive integers which
have the characteristic 2, when base of the logarithm
is 6. Find the value of LMN.
Sol.
15. log 4 + 1 +
1
( )
log 3 = log x 3 + 27 .
2x
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Page # 32 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
Sol. Sol.
x
2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find
y.
Sol.
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4 4 2 2
log2 1 + + log 2 1 − = 2 log − 1 .
x x + 4 x −1
Sol.
3 25. Solve :
( ) ( )
log4 (x + 2)2 + 3 = log4(4 – x)3 + log4 (6 + x)3.
2 log3 x+ x − 1 = log9 4 x − 3 + 4 x −1
Sol. Sol.
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Basic Mathematics & Logarithm Page # 35
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C
9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. D
17. D 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. C
2+ 2 − 6
2. (i) 2 −1 (ii)
4
1 2 1 1
3. (i) (x – 2y) (x2 + y2 – xy) (ii) a − + 1 a + 2 − a + + 2 (iii) (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
a a a
(iv) (x + 2) (x2 – 2x – 5) (v) –(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
a4
4. (i) (x4 – x2 + 1) (x2 + x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) (ii) (x2 – 2x + 2) (x2 + 2x + 2) 5.
b4
6. a1 = a2 = a3 = ..................... = an = 0
7. (i) x = ± 1 (ii) x = 5 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = –3, 3 (v) x = – 1 8. 0 9. x = 10
10. abc=1 11. 1 13. (a) log2 3 (b) log7 11 14. x = 16 or x = – 4
1 1
15. 8 16. {1/3} 17. {–4} 18. , 19. {10–5 .103}
20 5
1
20. 1, 5, 21. x = 16 22. x=3 23. (a) 12 (b) 47
25
xy + 2 xy + 2y − 2
27. 12 28. (a) , (b) 625
2y 2y
29. (a) x = 16 or x = – 4 (b) x = 5 30. (a) –1, (b) logbN 31. (a) 8, (b) x = 3
1
32. (a) 2 33. 2 34. 3721 35. 36. 9 37. 1
6
1 25 1 + 2ac
38. 6 39. x= 40. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1) 41. 42.
100 2 2c + abc + 1
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Page # 36 Basic Mathematics & Logarithm
2 − 2
2. (a) x = 5 (b) x = 10 (c) x = 2 or 2 (d) x = 2–log a where base of log is 5. 3. 507
4. (a) 0.5386l 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 5. (a) 140, (b) 12
1 1 1 1
6. (a4, a, a7) or 4
, , 7 7. 23040 8. x=2 9. x = 2 or
a a a 32
10. x=1 11. x = 1 12. x = 100 13. x=5 14. x=1 15. x ∈φ
7 3 + 24
26. 0, , 27. p–q+1
4 2
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