INTRODUCTION TO

TRIGONOMETRY

GRADE 10
TRIGONOMETRY
- It is a branch of mathematics that
deals with the properties and
applications of ratios associated with
angles.
 TRIGONOMETRY
- measurement of triangles

TRIGONO + METRY
GREEK
WORDS TRIGONON METRON
‘triangle’ ‘measurement’
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APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
▪ SURVEYING
▪ NAVIGATION
▪ ASTRONOMY
▪ FIELDS OF LIGHT, SOUND, AND ELECTRICITY
▪ PERIODIC PHENOMENA (vibrating strings, wave
motion, alternating current, pendulum)
▪ NATURAL PHENOMENA (tides, earthquakes)
▪ BUSINESS CYCLES
▪ BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS (heartbeats, brainwaves)
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BRANCHES OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪Plane Trigonometry
▪Spherical Trigonometry

5
BRANCHES OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪Plane Trigonometry
–studies the properties
of triangles in a plane
and is two dimensional

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BRANCHES OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪Spherical Trigonometry
–concerned with relations that
exist among the sides and
angles of a spherical triangle
(a portion of the surface of a
sphere bounded by the arcs
of three great circles which
intersect) 7
 A BRIEF HISTORY
OF TRIGONOMETRY
Objectives:
▪Enumerate the mathematicians who
contributed to the development of trigonometry
▪Describe the contributions made in the
development of trigonometry
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪GREEKS
- origin of trigonometry
- astronomy
- describing the positions of the
planets with respect to one another and
with respect to the stars
- SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY 9
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪HIPPARCHUS OF NICAEA
(140 B.C.)
- a mathematician and astronomer
- founder of trigonometry
- first to construct an accurate
table of ratios of sides of a right
triangle for various angles 10
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪CLAUDE PTOLEMY
(A.D. 120 - 180)
- constructed a table of
trigonometric ratios for angles
between 0 degrees and 180
degrees using a half a degree
- Almagest (his greatest work)
- proponent of the geocentric theory
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪NASIR EDDIN
(1201-1274)
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
- an Arab Astronomer who wrote
the first treatise on trigonometry
that was independent of the topic
of astronomy
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪HINDUS AND ARABS

-introduced the concepts of
tangents and cotangents
-constructed table of half-
chords which are equivalent to
sines, and discovered many
new theorems. 13
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪GEORG VON PURBACH

(1423-1461)
-used Arabic numerals to prepare a
table of sines of unprecedented
accuracy, advancing the mechanics
of trigonometry past the Greek and
Arabic marks 14
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪JOHANN MULLER
(1436 - 1476)
- also known as REGIOMONTANUS
- introduced the use of Arabic
algebraic and trigonometric methods,
reproducing the tables in printed form
- also translated the Almagest
15
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY
▪GEORG JOACHIM ISERIN
(1514 - 1576)
- also known as RHAETICUS
- German Astronomer and mathematician and the
first to relate the trigonometric functions to angles
rather than to the arcs of circles and prepared the
best trigonometric tables during his time
- he was the first to define the six circular functions
as the ratios of the sides of a right triangle
16
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪FRANCIOS VIETE
(1540-1603)
- simplified the exposition of trigonometry
through his systematic use of albegra
- he further extended the circular function
table (up to seven decimal places every
second) which was prepared by
Rhaeticus 17
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪BARTHOLOMAEUS
PITISCUS (1600)
- a professor in Mathematics at
the University of Heidelberg
- wrote the first textbook to bear
the title TRIGONOMETRY
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪WILLIAM OUGHTRED
(1574-1660)
- an English mathematician
- published a textbook on
mathematics in 1631 in which he
introduced the abbreviations sin,
cos, and tan for sine, cosine, and
tangent, respectively 19
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪JOHANN BERNOULLI
(1667-1748)
- he is known for his
contributions to infinitesimal
calculus and educating Leonhard
Euler in the pupil's youth
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪LEONHARD EULER
(1707-1783)
- considered the most prolific writer of
mathematical subjects of all time
- produced over 60 large volumes of mathematical
works in his book Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum
where trigonometric functions were first defined as
ratios rather than lengths
- explored the properties and identities of
trigonometric functions applying analytical methods
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY

▪ABRAHAM DE MOIVRE
(1667-1754)
- the main contribution to mathematics is
in the field of trigonometry
cos nx + i sin nx = (cos x + i sin x)n
- his work entitled Miscellanea Analytica,
a treatise on trigonometric theorems with
special reference to infinite series
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