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Contents
Design of refractory lining
Flat wall
Cylindrical wall
Critical thickness of insulation
Key words: Refractory design, Heat flow, Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Lining thickness
Design of refractory lining
In high temperature furnaces, it is often required to design the refractory lining which is compatible with
the physico‐chemical‐thermal requirements on one side and energy saving on the other hand. Mostly,
furnaces are multi‐layered lining with refractory materials of different thicknesses and thermal
conductivities. Whereas the refractory lining facing the reaction chamber should meet different
physical, chemical and thermal requirements, like high refractoriness, low porosity, chemically inertness
etc.; refractory lining facing the metallic shell must have insulating properties preferably material of low
thermal conductivity. In the design of the multi‐layered lining, the thickness of each layer is an
important issue. Optimum thickness would not only save cost of the refractory but also control the
weight of the vessel.
Several reactors in high temperature furnaces like matte smelters, converters, rotary kiln etc. carry out
processes at high temperatures and hence are lined with the refractory materials. An optimum thickness
of the lining would be desirable for minimum losses and optimal cost. In most of the reactors the walls
are either rectangular or cylindrical. In the following one dimensional heat flow through flat and
cylindrical walls of refractory material is considered at steady state. It is considered that the
temperature gradients are across the thickness of the wall whereas the other faces are at uniform
temperatures.
Flat wall
Consider heat flow through a flat wall of thickness ∆x as shown in the figure.
eat flow through a flat wall of thickness as shown in the figure.
Figure 29.1: Heat flow through a flat wall
For a constant area along the heat flow path and constant thermal conductivity of the material, the heat
flow can be written at steady state as
KA
Q T T . (1)
K A
Q T T T T (2)
In equation 2, β is constant. The relations 1 and 2 are valid only for temperatures and temperature
differences within the conducting body. When conduction across a body is considered, T and T are the
surface temperatures just within the surface of the body. Large temperature drops may occur between
the surfaces of the refractory facing the combustion chamber of the furnace or environment. Newton’s
law of cooling must be used to determine the surface temperature of the refractory.
Consider a simple series wall constructed of material of different thermal conductivities K , K and K
having thicknesses Δx , Δx andΔx . T is the furnace temperature and T is the surrounding
temperature. T , T , T and T are the interface temperatures as shown in the figure:
Figure 29.2: One dimensional heat flow across a multilayered wall
As seen in the figure furnace temperature T is higher than temperature of the refractory surface facing
the combustion chamber of furnace which is T . In such a situation we have to consider the heat flow
from the combustion chamber furnace to the refractory surface. Similar is the case with the exterior
wall of the refractory. Here temperature T is greater the environment temperature T . In both cases
heat flows by convection and heat transfer coefficient should be used to determine respective surface
temperatures. In the fuel fired furnaces the reaction chamber is heated by the transfer of heat of
products of combustion. As such T can be determined using heat transfer coefficient for forced
convection heat transfer. Similarly metallic shell of the furnace is exposed to the environment and
transfer of heat from shell to environment occurs by free convection and as such free convective heat
transfer coefficient should be used.
Since no heat is produced in the composite wall, the unidirectional heat flow Q is constant at steady
state
K A K A K A
Q h A T T T T T T T T h A T T . (3)
In equation 3, h and h are heat transfer coefficients. Note that T , T , T and T are interface
temperatures and there is no air gap between wall 1 of thickness Δx and wall 2 of thickness Δx and
between ∆x and ∆x . We may say contact thermal resistance is zero. Since heat flow is constant,
temperature of the refractory becomes a function of ∆x and K. The solid continuous line shows the
temperature gradient in the composite wall.
By solving equations 3 simultaneously we get.
T T
Q (4)
∑
A A K A
Note is thermal resistance due to convection. The equation 4 describes the heat flow through a
A
composite wall lined with the refractory material of different thicknesses and thermal conductivities.
Cylindrical wall
Heat conduction through the wall of a hollow cylindrical furnace can be mathematically described by the
following equation at steady state
T T T
r 0. (5)
Q Z
Figure29. 3: One dimensional heat flow through a hollow cylinder
The temperature inside the surface of the cylinder is T and outside the surface of the cylinder is T
such that temperature difference T T drives the heat. If the length of the cylinder is very long
compared to its diameter, it can be considered for an axis‐symmetric cylinder that heat flows in the
radial direction. For one dimensional flow of heat at steady state, equation 5 reduces to
T
r 0. (6)
Boundary conditions are
T T
⁄
(8)
T T
Heat flow Q is
L T
Q K
.
For some purposes, heat flow through the thickness of the pipe wall or the insulation is required with
the inside and outside areas, A π d L and A π d L . In terms of area equation 9 becomes
A A T
Q K A
.
A
Figure 29.4: Temperature distribution in a composite cylindrical wall of different diameters at steady
state.
As no heat is produced in the composite wall, steady state heat flow for the length of the cylinder L is
K L K L
Q h 2π r T T ⁄
T T ⁄
T T h 2π r T T (9)
Adding thermal resistance in series
T T
Q ⁄ ⁄ (10)
L LK LK L
The equation 10 determines the heat flow in a composite wall. The temperature profile is as shown in
the figure by the solid line.
Critical thickness of insulation
Consider a single layer of insulation which is put around a cylindrical pipe of length L. The inner
temperature of the insulation is fixed at temperature T and the outer surface is exposed to an
environment temperature T
Equation 10 for a single layer of insulation is
L T T
Q ⁄ (11)
K
⁄
As r increases increases which means there is an increasing resistance to radial conduction.
K
Q L T T
K
0. (12)
K
Solving equation 12, we get
K
r ,
where r is critical radius of insulation at which heat loss is maximum. This suggests that heat loss does
not decrease always with the increase in insulation thickness. Heat loss could increase by increasing the
thickness of the insulation beyond r because outer surface area increases and hence heat losses due
to convection increases.
References:
1) J.P. Holman .Heat Transfer, P 346.
2) R. Schuhmann: Metallurgical Engineering, Volume 1 Engineering Principles
3) D.R.Poirier and G.H.Geiger: Transport phenomena in materials processing