TOBACCO

LESSON-4

HEMANT JALUTHRIA +91 9414241421 By-HEMANT JALUTHRIA

1
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of
plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic
pesticide, and in the form of nicotine tartrate it is used in some
medicines. In consumption it may be in the form of smoking, chewing,
snuffing, dipping tobacco, or snus.
There are many species of tobacco, which are all encompassed by the
plant genus Nicotiana. The word nicotiana (as well as nicotine) was
named in honor of Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in
1559 sent it as a medicine to the court of Catherine de Medici.
The usage of tobacco is an activity that is practiced by some 1.1 billion
people, and up to 1/3 of the adult population.

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Tobacco is cultivated similar to other agricultural products. Seeds are
sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then
transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually
harvested in a large single-piece farm equipment. After harvest, tobacco
is stored to allow for curing, which allow for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to
take on properties that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the
smoke.

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CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO
It is cultivated similar to other agricultural products. It is cultivated
annually. Seedlings Are Raised In Cold Frames Or Hotbeds & Then
Transplanted To The Field Until It Matures. Tobacco is grown in warm
climates with rich, well-drained soil. Leaves and stems contain the
addictive alkaloid nicotine. Surprisingly, the seeds are totally free from
nicotine.

Following processing are involved in tobacco cultivation-

1. Sowing
2. Transplanting
3. Harvest
4. Curing

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SOWING
Tobacco seeds are scattered onto the surface of the soil, as their
germination is activated by lights. In some places, seedbeds were
fertilized with wood ash or animal manure ( mainly horse manure).
Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young
seedlings from frost damage, and the seedlings were left alone until
around April.

TRANSPLANTING
After the seedlings have reached a certain height, they are transplanted
into fields. This was originally done by making a large hole in the earth,
then placing the small seedlings in the hole.

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DIFFERENT STAGES FOR
HEMANT TOBACCO
JALUTHRIA +91 9414241421 PLANTS 6
HARVEST
Tobacco is cultivated annually and can be harvested in several ways. In
the oldest method ,the entire plant is harvested once-over by cutting off
the stalk at the ground with a sickle.
In the 19TH century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling
individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the
ground upwards , so a field of tobacco may go through several so called
―pullings‖(toppings). Topping refer to the removal of the tobacco flower
before the leaves are systematically removed and harvested entirely.

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CURING
Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain
compounds in the tobacco leaves, and gives a sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or
fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the "smoothness" of the smoke.
Starch is converted to sugar, which glycates protein, and is oxidized
into advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a caramelization process
that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke
contributes to atherosclerosis and cancer. Levels of AGE's is dependent
on the curing method used.

Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including:-

1. Air curing
2. Fire curing
3. Flue curing
4. Sun curing

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AIR CURED tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to
dry over a period of four to eight weeks.
Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a
light, sweet flavor, and high in nicotine.
Cigar and burley tobaccos are air cured.

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FIRE CURED tobacco is hung in large barns where fires of hardwoods
are kept on continuous or intermittent (occuring at certain intervals) low
smolder( fume, smoke, burn) and takes between three days and ten
weeks, depending on the process and the tobacco. . Fire curing produces
a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing
tobacco, and snuff are fire cured.

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FLUE CURED tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which
were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus: kilns , also traditionally
called Oasts). These barns have flues ( smoke duct in chimney, channel for
conveying heat) run from externally-fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco
without exposing it to smoke, slowly raising the temperature over the
course of the curing. The process generally takes about a week.
This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has
medium to high levels of nicotine

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SUN-CURED tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used
in Turkey, Greece and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental
tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in
cigarettes.

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 TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different
methods. Below are examples including, but not limited to, such forms
and usage-
BEEDI are thin, often flavored, south Asian cigarettes made of tobacco
wrapped in a tendu leaf, and secured with colored thread at one end.
CHEWING TOBACCO is one of the oldest ways of consuming
tobacco leaves. It is consumed orally, in two forms: through sweetened
strands, or in a shredded form. When consuming the long sweetened
strands, the tobacco is lightly chewed and compacted into a ball. When
consuming the shredded tobacco, small amounts are placed at the bottom
lip, between the gum and the teeth, where it is gently compacted, thus it
can often be called dipping tobacco. Both methods stimulate the saliva
glands, which led to the development of the spittoon (a container, formerly
common in public places such as bars, into which tobacco chewers spit)
CIGARS are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco,
which is ignited so its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth.
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CIGARETTES are a product consumed through inhalation of smoke
and manufactured from cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and
reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled or
stuffed into a paper cylinder.
CREAMY SNUFFS are tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil,
glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube.
It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand
names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, Ganesh. It is
locally known as "mishri" in some parts of Maharashtra.
DIPPING TOBACCOS are a form of smokeless tobacco. Dip is
occasionally referred to as "chew", and because of this, it is commonly
confused with chewing tobacco, which encompasses a wider range of
products. A small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed
between the lower or upper lip and gums.
GUTKA is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or
savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other
countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-
size packets. HEMANT JALUTHRIA +91 9414241421 14
HOOKAH is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe
for smoking. Originally from India, the hookah has gained immense
popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water
filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits or
cannabis.
KRETEKS are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves
and a flavoring "sauce". It is also known as clove cigarettes. It was first
introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal eugenol
(It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially
from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil and bay leaf. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in
organic solvents. It has a spicy, clove-like aroma) of cloves to the lungs.

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ROLL-YOUR-OWN, often called rollies or roll ups, are very popular,
particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose
tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all bought separately. They are
usually much cheaper to make.
PIPE SMOKING typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for
the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that
ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed
into the chamber and ignited.

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H H
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SNUFF is a generic term for fine-ground smokeless tobacco products.
Originally the term referred only to dry snuff, a fine tan dust popular mainly in
the eighteenth century. Snuff powder originated in the UK town of Great
Harwood. There are two major varieties: European (dry)
and American (moist)—though American snuff is often called dipping tobacco.
SNUS is a steam-cured moist powder tobacco product that is not fermented,
and does not induce salivation. It is consumed by placing it in the mouth against
the gums for an extended period of time. It is a form of snuff used in a manner
similar to American dipping tobacco, but does not require regular spitting.
TOPICAL TOBACCO PASTE is sometimes recommended as a treatment
for wasp, hornet, fire ant, scorpion, and bee stings. An amount equivalent to the
contents of a cigarette is mashed in a cup with about a 0.5 to 1 teaspoon of
water to make a paste that is then applied to the affected area.
TOBACCO WATER is a traditional organic insecticide used in
domestic gardening. Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by
boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer
period. When cooled, the mixture can be applied as a spray, or 'painted' on to
the leaves of garden plants, where it kills insects.

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HORNET WASP

FIRE ANT

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 TYPES OF TOBACCO
AROMATIC FIRE-CURED, it is cured by smoke from open fires. In
the United States, it is grown in northern middle Tennessee, central
Kentucky and in Virginia. Fire-cured tobacco grown
in Kentucky and Tennessee are used in some chewing tobaccos, moist
snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends.
Another fire-cured tobacco is Latakia, which is produced from oriental
varieties of N. tabacum. The leaves are cured and smoked over
smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs (bush)
in Cyprus and Syria.

BRIGHTLEAF TOBACCO, It is commonly known as "Virginia

tobacco", often regardless of the state where they are planted. Prior to
the American Civil War, most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured
dark-leaf. This type of tobacco was planted in fertile lowlands, used a
robust variety of leaf, and was either fire cured or air cured. Most
Canadian cigarettes are made from 100% pure Virginia tobacco.
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BURLEY TOBACCO is a light air-cured tobacco used primarily
for cigarette production. In the United States it is produced in an eight state
belt with approximately 70% produced in Kentucky.
Some of the heavier leaves are used in pipe blends and also for chewing. It
has low sugar content & high nicotine.
Cured leaves vary in colour from light tan to reddish and brown.
White Burley similar to Burley tobacco is the main component in chewing
tobacco, American blend pipe tobacco, and American-style cigarettes.
TURKISH TOBACCO OR ORIENTAL TOBACCO is highly aromatic,
small-leafed variety of tobacco which is sun-cured. Historically, it was
cultivated primarily in Thrace and Macedonia, now divided among
Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, and Turkey, but it is now also
grown on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, in Egypt, in South Africa, and
elsewhere. Turkish tobacco is sun-cured, which makes it more aromatic and,
like flue-cured tobacco, more acidic than air or smoke-cured tobacco, thus
more suitable for cigarette production. Turkish tobacco has a much milder
flavor and contains less nicotine and fewer carcinogens than other varieties.
In order to get the full flavor, it is mixed with more robust tobacco such
as Virginia tobacco. HEMANT JALUTHRIA +91 9414241421 21
NICOTIANA RUSTICA, known in South America as Mapacho. It is a very
potent variety of tobacco. The high concentration of nicotine in its leaves
makes it useful for creating organic pesticides. Growing in the rainforest it
contains up to twenty times more nicotine than common varieties. The
tobacco is stalk cut. Curing usually accomplished by the sun in the field.
Nicotiana rustica leaves have a nicotine content as high as 9%,
whereas common tobacco leaves contain about 1 to 3%.
PERIQUE Perhaps the most strongly flavored of all tobaccos is the Perique,
from Saint James Parish, Louisiana. When the Acadians made their way into
this region in 1755, the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes were cultivating a
variety of tobacco with a distinctive flavor. A farmer called Pierre Chenet is
credited with first turning this local tobacco into the Perique in 1824 through
the technique of pressure-fermentation. Considered
the truffle of pipe tobaccos, the Perique is used as a component of many
blended pipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the
freshly moist . Perique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this
purpose. It is traditionally a pipe tobacco, and is still very popular with pipe-
smokers, typically blended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength, and
coolness to the blend.
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LATAKIA TOBACCO (ARABIC: ‫( تبغ الالذقية‬is a specially
prepared tobacco originally produced in Syria and named after the port city
of Latakia. Now the tobacco is mainly produced in Cyprus. It is cured over a
stone pine or oak wood fire, which gives it an intense Smokey-peppery taste
and smell. Too strong for most people's tastes to smoke straight, it is used as
a "condiment" or "blender" (a basic tobacco mixed with other tobaccos to
create a blend), Latakia is the result of a curing process involving fire curing
the leaves over controlled fires of aromatic woods and fragrant herbs. It is
probably the most well known spice tobacco. Latakia is mainly grown in
Cyprus and northern Syria. After the leaves are harvested and dried, they are
hung in tightly closed barns and smoke-cured. Small smoldering fires of oak
and pine fill the barn with smoke, and covering the leaves with smoke
particles.
Latakia produces a very rich, heavy taste, with an aroma that has a
―smoky‖ characteristic. Latakia is an indispensable ingredient of traditional
English mixtures. The content can vary from a few percent to about 40-
50%, or even more. A few smokers like it at 100%. This would tend to be
harsh, not because Latakia is a strong tobacco, but because it burns very dry.
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 IMPORTANCE OF TOBACCO
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE – It is a principal cash crop of national
importance. it has been playing a important role in nation’s economy.
Tobacco can never be underestimated due to the revenue earning
potentiality of the crop.

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES- Being a labour intensive crop

provides employment to more than 60 lakhs people who are engaged in
the farming, curing, redrying, packaging, manufacturing, distribution,
export and retailing activities. Bidi industry alone providing employment
to around 44 lakhs which is stopping the influx(entry, arrival) of rural
labour to urban centers.

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MEDICINAL USE- Tobacco was initially perceived as a medicine. it
was considered a suitable treatment for many complaints, such as scurvy
and chronic amnesia ( loss of memory); some believed that it prevented
them for catching the plague. ―Solansole” –a medicine extracted from
tobacco is used in the manufacture of cancer and cardiac drugs.

CEREMONIAL USE – Before all religious ceremonies, tobacco was

offered to the spirits. the universal method of inviting people to feasts or
notifying them of ceremonies was the delivery of a small amount of dry
tobacco by a runner sent out for that purpose. Tobacco also was used as a
peace treaties between tribes and agreements between individuals.

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