PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, 6TH EDITION

SUMMARY
EE1200 - KLASSIEKE EN KWANTUMMECHANICA

August 31, 2010

1
Preface

This booklet contains a summary of those parts of the book Physics for Scientists and Engineers by Paul A. Tipler
that is used for the first-year electrical engineering course “Klassieke en kwantummechanica”, EE1200. We have
restricted the guide to the basic formulas; there are hardly any applications. It is important to note that this guide
is definitely not intended to replace the book. The core educational goal of the course is the understanding of
physical phenomena. Formulas are tools to describe these phenomena in a mathematical manner. However, it is
absolutely useless to apply a formula without knowing what it describes and why it has the given form. This
guide can help you remember the formulas and thus how the phenomenon is described but it can not tell you
why it is done in this way! To know that, you must follow the lectures and use the book. Whenever possible, the
corresponding equation numbers are given between parentheses.

Nota bene: It is not allowed to write any notes in this booklet if it is to be used at toetsen and
exams.

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Constants

Quantity Symbol Value Units

electron charge e 1.602176487 x 10-19 C
speed of light c 2.99792458 x 108 m s-1
Planck’s constant h 6.62606896 x 10-34 Js
Reduced Planck’s constant 1.054571628 x 10-34 Js
Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.3806504 x 10-23 J K-1
electron mass me 9.10938215 x 10-31 kg
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670400 x 10-8 W m-2 K
Bohr radius a0 0.52917720859 x 10-10 m
proton mass mp 1.672621637 x 10-27 kg
neutron mass mn 1.674927211 x 10-27 kg
atomic mass constant mu 1.660538782 x 10-27 kg
permeability of vacuum µ0 !"#"$%-7 N A-2
permittivity of vacuum !0 8.854187817 x 10-12 F m-1
Coulomb’s constant k & " 4$! 0 #
%1 8.98755 x 109 m F-1

Avogadro’s constant NA 6.02214179 x 1023 mol-1

Gravitational constant G 6.67428 x 10-11 N m2 kg-1
Acceleration of gravity at earth’s surface g 9.80665 m s-2

The constants listed here are from:

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/index.html

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A. Summary

1. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

!
1. Let r specify the position of a particle.
!
r & xiˆ ' yjˆ ' zkˆ
î is the unit vector in the x direction, ĵ is the unit vector in the y direction, and k̂ is the unit vector in the
z direction.
!
The velocity, v , of this particle is
!
! dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v & vx ˆi ' vy ˆj ' vz kˆ & & i' j' k
dt dt dt dt
!
and the acceleration, a , of this particle is
!
! dv dvx ˆ dvy ˆ dvz ˆ
a & ax ˆi ' ay ˆj ' az kˆ & & i' j' k
dt dt dt dt
!
d 2r d 2 x ˆ d 2 y ˆ d 2 z ˆ
& & i ' 2 j' 2 k (3-12)
dt 2 dt 2 dt dt

2. When the acceleration of a particle is v constant, the equations for the particle’s motion are:
x (t ) & x0 ' vx 0t ' 21 axt 2
y(t ) & y0 ' vy 0t ' 21 ayt 2
z(t ) & z0 ' vz 0t ' 21 azt 2
x0 , y0 is the position of the particle at time t = 0
vx 0 , vy 0 is the velocity of the particle at time t = 0

3. Constant acceleration of a particle in a gravitational field:

x & x0 ' vx 0t
y & y0 ' vy 0t % 21 gt 2 (3-16)

g = 9.81 is the acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface [m/s2]

4
2. Newton’s Laws

1. Newton’s laws:

First law: An object at rest stays at rest unless it is acted upon by an external force. An object in motion
continues to travel with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.

Second law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force on an object and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object:
!
! Fnet ! !
a& , where Fnet & ( F (4-1)
m

Third law: Forces occur in equal and opposite pairs: if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B
exerts an equal and opposite force on A.

2. Gravitational force at the earth’s surface:

! !
Fg & mg (4-4)
g = 9.81 the acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface [m/s2]

3. Hooke’s law:
! !
F & %k )r general form of (4-7)
k spring constant [N/m]
!
)r extension or compression of the spring [m]

5. Applications of Newton’s Laws

1. Static friction:
f s ,max + * s Fn (5-1)
*s is the coefficient of static friction

2. Kinetic friction:
f k & *k Fn (5-3)
*k is the coefficient of kinetic friction

3. Rolling friction:
fr & *r Fn (5-4)
*r is the coefficient of rolling friction

4. Centripetal acceleration:
v2
ac &
r

5. Drag forces are often modeled with the expression:

Fd & bvn (5-5)
b a constant
v velocity [m/s]
n an exponent usually between 1 and 2

6. Terminal speed:
1/n
, mg -
vt & . /
0 b 1

5
6. Work and Energy

1. Work:
!
s2
! !
W & 3 F 2 ds
!
s1

W work [J]
!
F force [N]
!
s displacement [m]

2. Kinetic energy:
1 p2
K & mv2 &
2 2m
K kinetic energy [J]
m mass [kg]
v velocity [m/s]
p momentum [kg m/s]

3. Power:
dW ! !
P& & F 2v
dt

4. Force and potential energy:

!
F & %4U
If F is directed in the x direction, then Fx & %dU / dx .

5. Potential energy of a spring:

U & 21 kx 2
k spring constant [N/m]
x extension or compression of the spring [m]

6. Gravitational potential energy

U & mgy
m mass [kg]
g acceleration due to gravity at the earth’s surface [m/s2]
y height [m]

7. Conservation of Energy

1. Conservation of energy:
The total work done on a system equals the change in kinetic energy plus the changes in all forms of the
potential energy of the system.
Wext & )Emech ' )Etherm ' )Echem ' )Eother (7-16)

2. Energy dissipated by friction:

)Etherm & f )s (7-24)
f frictional force [N]
)s distance over which this force is exerted [m]

8. Systems of Particles and the Conservation of Momentum

1. Center of mass for discrete particles:

! !
Mrcm & ( mi ri
i

!
ri position of the ith particle [m]
mi mass of the ith particle [kg]

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2. Center of mass for continuous objects:
! !
Mrcm & 3 rdm
!
dm element of mass at position r [kg]
M total mass [kg]
!
rcm position of center of mass [kg]

3. Newton’s law for a system:

! !
( Fi ,ext & Macm
i
!
acm acceleration of a center of mass [m/s2]

4. Momentum:
! !
p & mv (8-1)
!
p momentum [kg m/s]
m mass [kg]
!
v velocity [m/s]

5. Total momentum of a system:

! ! !
P & ( mi pi & Mvcm (8-3)
i

M total mass [kg]

!
vcm velocity of the center of mass [m/s]

6. Change in momentum due to force:

!
! dP
F& (8-4)
dt

7. Elastic collision in one dimension:

v1 i % v2 i & v2 f % v1 f (8-23)
v1 f final velocity of object 1 [m/s]
v1i initial velocity of object 1 [m/s]
v2 f final velocity of object 2 [m/s]
v2i initial velocity of object 2 [m/s]

8. Velocity in center-of-mass
! ! !
u & v % vcm (8-31)
!
u velocity relative to center-of-mass reference frame [m/s]
!
v velocity relative to the original reference frame [m/s]
!
vcm velocity of the center-of-mass reference frame relative to the original frame [m/s]

9. Elastic one dimensional collision in the center-of-mass reference frame

! !
u1 i & %u1 f
! !
u2 i & %u2 f
!
u1i initial velocity of object 1 relative to center-of-mass reference frame [m/s]
!
u1 f final velocity of object 1 relative to center-of-mass reference frame [m/s]
!
u2i initial velocity of object 2 relative to center-of-mass reference frame [m/s]
!
u2 f final velocity of object 2 relative to center-of-mass reference frame [m/s]

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9. Rotation

1. Angular velocity:
d5
6& (9-2)
dt
6 angular velocity is the rate of change of an angle [rad/s]

2. Angular acceleration:
d6 d 25
7& & (9-4)
dt dt 2
7 angular acceleration [rad/s2]

3. Moment of inertia:
I & 3 r 2dm (9-13)
I moment of inertia [kg m2]
r position [m]
dm element of mass [kg]

2
For a solid sphere, I & MR2
5
2
For a spherical shell, I & MR2
3
1
For a rectangular solid, I & M (a2 ' b2 ) , where a and b are the dimensions of the solid
12
perpendicular to the rotation.

4. Parallel axis theorem:

I & I cm ' Mh 2 (9-14)
h displacement from the center of mass [m]

5. Torque about an axis:

8 & Ft r (9-16)
8 torque [Nm]
Ft tangential force [N]
r radial distance from the axis to the point of application of the force [m]

6. Newton’s law for rotation:

8 & I7 (9-19)

7. Kinetic energy of rotation:

1
K rot & I6 2 (9-12)
2

10. Conservation of Angular Momentum

1. Angular momentum for a point particle:

! ! !
L &r9p (10-8)
!
L angular momentum [kg m2 s-1] or [J s]
!
r distance from center of rotation [m]
!
p momentum [kg m s-1]

2. Angular momentum of a system rotating about a symmetric axis:

! !
L & I6 (10-9)
I moment of inertia [kg m2]
!
6 angular velocity [rad/sec]

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3. Change in angular momentum due to a torque:
!
! dL
8& (10-10)
dt

4. Quantization of angular momentum:

L & "(" ' 1) , " & 0,1,2,...
Planck’s constant [J s]

14. Oscillations

1. Newton’s law for a mass-spring system: (14-2)

d2x
%kx & m
dt 2
k spring constant [N/m]
m mass [kg]

2. Solution to the mass-spring equation:

x(t ) & A cos(6t ' : )
6 angular frequency [rad/s]
: phase factor
A amplitude [m]

3. Angular frequency for a mass-spring system: (14-8)

k
6&
m

4. Equation of motion for a pendulum:

d 2;
%mg sin ; & mL 2
dt
m mass [kg]
g acceleration of gravity at the surface of the earth [m/s2]
L length of the pendulum [m]
; angle [rad]

5. Angular frequency for small amplitude pendulum: (14-27)

g
6&
L

6. Differential equation for a damped oscillator:

d2x dx
m 2 'b ' kx & 0
dt dt
m mass [kg]
b damping factor [N s/m]
k spring constant [N/m]

7. Frequency of damped oscillations: (14-48)

1
6 & 60 1 % 2
4Q
w0 frequency of undamped oscillations [rad/s]

9
8. Amplitude of damped oscillations: (14-41)
A & A0e %( b /2 m )t & A0e %t /28
8 = m / b decay time [s]

9. Quality factor: (14-45)

Q & 608
8 = m / b decay time [s]
60 angular oscillation frequency [rad/s]

10. Differential equation for a damped driven oscillator:

d2x dx
m 2 'b ' m602 x & F0 cos 6t
dt dt
60 frequency of undamped oscillations [rad/s]
F0 driving force [N]

11. Amplitude for a damped driven oscillator: (14-55)

F
A&
m 2 (602 % w2 )2 ' b26 2

12. Resonance width for a damped driven oscillator: (14-51)

)6 1
&
6 Q
Q quality factor

15. Wave motion

1. Wave equation: (15-10)

<2 y 1 <2 y
&
<x 2 v2 <t 2
v wave velocity [m/s]

2. Solutions to the wave equation have the form:

y & f ( x % vt ) right moving wave
y & f ( x ' vt ) left moving wave

3. Velocity of wave on a string: (15-3)

F
v&
*
F tension [N]
* linear mass density [kg/m]

4. Harmonic waves:
y & A sin(kx % 6t )
A amplitude [m]
k = 2$ / = , is the wave number [m-1]
6 = 2$ f , is the angular frequency [rad/s]

5. Speed of a harmonic wave: (15-17)

=
v& f= &
T
f frequency [Hz]
= wave length [m]

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 6. Sound intensity in dB: (15-33)
I
> & 10 log
I0
I0 = 10-12 W/m2

16. Superposition and Standing Waves

1. Superposition:
Two solutions of the wave equations can be added to produce another solution of the wave equation.

y3 & C 1 y1 ' C 2 y2
y1 , y2 and y3 are solutions to the wave equation
C 1 and C 2 are arbitrary constants

2. Adding two waves with the same amplitude, frequency and wavelength:
1 1
y3 & y1 ' y2 & A sin(kx % 6t ) ' A sin(kx % wt ' : ) & 2 A cos( : )sin(kx % wt ' : )
2 2

3. Phase difference due to path difference: (16-9)

)r
: & 2$
=
: phase difference
)r path difference [m]
Constructive interference: : & 2$ n n & 0,1,2,...
1
Destructive interference: : & 2$ (n ' ) n & 0,1,2,...
2

4. Standing wave condition for waves fixed at both ends: (16-10)

=n
L&n n & 1,2,3...
2
L length within which the wave is confined [m]
=n wave length of mode n [m]

5. Standing wave condition for waves fixed at one end: (16-12)

=n
L&n n & 1,3,5...
4
L length within which the wave is confined [m]
=n wave length of mode n [m]

6. Standing wave:
yn ( x , t ) & An sin(kn x )cos(6nt ' : n )

7. Goniometric relation for adding two waves:

1 1
sin(51 ) ' sin(52 ) & 2cos (51 % 52 )sin (51 ' 52 )
2 2

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