RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete Report of Biotechnology Experiment with the title “Simple

Biogas” which made by:
name : Fatmah Kamaruddin
ID : 1614440002
class : Biology Education ICP
group : I (One)
After checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, this report
was accepted.

Makassar, March 2019

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Suharyanti Amir , S.Pd Ahmad Fathurrahman Hala

151414001

Known by,
Responsibility Lecture

Prof.Dr.ir. Hj. Yusmina Hala, M.S

ID. 19611212 198601 1 002
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Processing cow manure into a friendly alternative biogas energy the

environment is a very profitable way, because it is able to use nature without

destroying it so that the ecological cycle is maintained. Another benefit of

processing cow manure into alternative biogas energy is the production of organic

fertilizer for plants. Biogas is produced by bacteria from organic materials under

conditions without oxygen (anaerobic process). This process takes place during

processing or fermentation. The gas produced consists mainly of CH4 and CO2. If

the CH4 gas content is more than 50%, then this gas mixture is young, the CH4

gas content is burnt. in biogas originating from cow's impurities is approximately

60%. The ideal temperature for the fermentation process for biogas formation is

around 30oC. In addition to obtaining alternative energy substitutes for BBM,

biogas production can support farming businesses in the provision of organic

fertilizers, thereby reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers, so there is

independence in the supply of fertilizers. The number of livestock in the

Regenc reduce fuel consumption. benefits of biogas Increased income by

reducing the cost of fertilizer, and pesticides saving energy, reducing energy costs

for cooking and reducing the consumption of non-renewable energy, namely

BBM. Able to do sustainable agriculture, the use of organic fertilizers and

pesticides is able to maintain soil capacity and balance ecosystem to ensure

sustainable agricultural activities.

 In the past, microbiologists focused on macromolecular cellular components.

In recent years, however, this focus has rapidly shifted, and biological studies can

now be easily carried out at the molecular level. Molecular biology is the study of

life at the molecular level. This rapidly expanding field is based on the ability to

manipulate the genes of an organism. As technology has expanded, so too have

researchers’ abilities to modify an organism’s genetic structure by removing the

genetic material from one organism and combining it with that of another

organism. Most often, genomic manipulation begins with isolating plasmid DNA

and foreign DNA and cutting them with the same restriction enzyme. The foreign

DNA inserts itself into the plasmid and the recombinant plasmid is introduced into

a bacterium. The bacteria are then grown and screened to select the desired gene.

An example of the use of this technology is the exploration of human

genetic structure to identify and ameliorate genetic diseases, particularly through

prenatal diagnosis. Scientists are also interested in the genetic engineering of

hormones. which are normally obtained only in their natural state. Genetically

engineered organisms also help produce vaccines and antibiotic substances and

remediate environmental toxins that threaten human and environmental health.

The role of genetic engineering technology in clinical and forensic science

is commonplace today. For example, profiling is used to resolve paternity

disputes, and it was used to identify the bones of Czar Nicholas, the last Russian

czar, and his family. This technology is also used extensively in criminology as a

tool to help establish guilt or innocence of individuals involved in criminal cases.

The many applications of recombinant technology have brought about significant

advances in medicine, pharmacology, basic research, industry, and agriculture.

B. Purpose

To know how to make biogas as a substitute for fuel.

C. Benefit
After do the experiment we can know how to make biogas as a
substitute for fuel.
.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Biogas is a gas produced from the process of decomposition of organic

materials by microorganisms under rare conditions of oxygen (anaerob). The

biogas components are as follows: ± 60% CH4 (methane), ± 38% CO2 (carbon

dioxide) and ± 2% N2, O2, H2, & H2S. Biogas can be burned like LPG, on a

large scale biogas can be used as an electric energy generator, so it can be used as

an alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly and renewable. The

main biogas energy sources are cattle, buffalo, pig and horse manure

(Hala and Ali, 2019).

Biogas is playing a key role in the emerging market for renewable energy.

It is estimated that a major part of the EU-27 renewable energy target by 2020

will be met by bioenergy, at least 25% of which will be biogas . In addition, the

global capacity for power generation from commercial biogas facilities will more

than double over the next decade, from 14.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2012 to 29.5 GW

in 2022 . Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion processes and landfill

consists mainly of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The substrate used,

fermentation technology and collection method can all affect the production and

composition of raw biogas. Besides CH4 and CO2, raw biogas also contains small

amounts of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), hydrogen (H2), oxygen

(O2), nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The typical properties of biogas

generated from anaerobic digestionplants and landfill sites are summarised and

compared with those of natural gas. Some of the impurities may have significant
negative impacts on the utilisation system, such as corrosion, increased emissions

and hazards for human health. In order to increase the calorific value and reduce

unwanted components, e.g. CO2 and H2S, which are harmful to utilisation

systems, it is important to clean raw biogas and upgrade it to a higher fuel

standard. (Sun et al 2015).

The process is called biogas cleaning and upgrading Upgrading biogas to

biomethane is one of the technologies that attract great interest in the bioenergy

industry. For example, in Europe, the total installed capacity for biogas upgrading

grew from less than 10,000 N m3 /h (raw gas) in 2001 to over 160,000 N m3 /h

(raw gas) in 2011 In Sweden, biogas upgraded to vehicle fuel increased from less

than 20% of total biogas production in 2006 to about 50% in 2011. Reviewed the

research progresses and industrial applications on converting biogas into

biomethane. Biogas cleaning and upgrading has also been a highlighted topic in

scientific articles in recent years presented an overview of the research on biomass

upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels. Sharifzadeh emphasised

the importance for upgrading bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in order to

achieve the synergy between CO2 utilisation and biomass production. Xiu and

Shahbazi summarised the state of the art for producing and upgrading bio-oil,

with the focus on the hydrothermal liquefaction process. Reviewed the upgrading

techniques of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China in terms of the

properties of bio-oil and the characteristics of upgrading technologies. Abatzoglou

and Boivin reviewed biogas purification with the focus on the removal of

contaminants, such as H2S, ammonia and siloxanes, while Weiland presented an

overview of the entire biogas chain from feedstock selection, fermentation and

biogas utilisation, to biogas upgrading. With specific focus on The Netherlands,

Bekkering et al. analysed the current status and future options of biogas supply,

including biogas upgrading. reviewed various techniques for biogas cleaning and

upgrading regarding their functioning, operating conditions, efficiency and

bottlenecks. (Sun et al 2015).

Huge quantities of floral waste are available from famous temples across

India. These flowers have a short lifespan and the floral waste is seldom used for

other applications. Conventional methods of floral waste disposal include disposal

in nearby water sources or in the landfill. Both the methods create environmental

pollution and emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to aerobic

decomposition of the waste material. Thus there is a need for an environment-

friendly and energy efficient solution to the problem of floral waste disposal.

Literature shows a limited research work regarding anaerobic digestion of floral

waste for biogas generation. Research studies mention the effectiveness of

anaerobic digestion as alternative and efficient technology, which combines

biofuel production and sustainable waste management. Anaerobic digestion

process of organic waste materials has a potential to produce useful biogas with

considerable methane percentage (50 to 70%) and to reduce the environmental

emissions, otherwise caused by aerobic decomposition of organic waste materials.

Besides this, according to the Kyoto Protocol, methane is one of the key

greenhouse gases with global warming potential 25 times more than the carbon

dioxide potential. Thus, utilization of methane serves the two-fold purpose of

fulfilment of energy needs and also a reduction in the methane emission into the

atmosphere. In addition to reduced methane emissions, biogas technology in the

agricultural sector creates impact on environment, social and hygienic issues.

Anaerobic digestion process has four different operational aspects which include

the pretreatment, digestion, gas upgrading and digestive treatment .

(Kulkarni, 2019).

Multi-disciplinary advances in microbiology, biochemistry, and

engineering science help for better understanding and process control of the

anaerobic digestion phenomen. The total biogas production in India is 2.07 billion

m3 /year, which is very less compared to its estimated potential of 29– 48 billion

m3 /year Ample literature is available regarding the anaerobic digestion of

different waste materials, the methods used for improving biogas output and co-

digestion of different waste materials. But the availability of similar literature

regarding the anaerobic digestion of floral waste is limited. A laboratory scale

experimental study investigates the biogas production potential of various waste

materials, like animal dungs, kitchen wastes and waste flowers. Improvement in

biogas production has been obtained from rice straw using sodium carbonate

pretreatment. Maximum biogas production of 292 ml of CH4 per gram of volatile

solids is obtained by using 0.5 Molar sodium carbonate at 110o C for 2 h duration.

Untreated rice straw produced 130 ml of CH4 per gram of volatile solids, with an

increase in biogas production of 125.38%. Acidic chemical pretreatment causes

hemicellulose solubilization and alkaline chemical pretreatment is more effective

in lignin removal. The alkaline chemical pretreatment creates the saponification

and cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate linkages, increases the porosity and internal

surface area of biomass, and decreases the degree of polymerization and

crystallinity of feedstock. The residual alkali in biomass with alkaline

pretreatment can help to prevent a drop in pH during the acidogenesis step. Biogas

production from paddy straw (PS) increased by 54.4% by applying sodium

carbonate pretreatment. Paddy straw was pretreated with different concentrations

of sodium carbonate by soaking in sodium carbonate solution for durations of 24

h and 48 h to enhance the digestibility. Biogas production from sugarcane bagasse

is increased by 339% due to pretreatment with 0.5 Molar sodium carbonate at

140o C. But the attempts for improvement in biogas production, use of a variety of

chemicals for pretreatment, or the attempts towards a reduction in the

pretreatment cost are not seen from the literature. Also, the techniques for

improving biogas yield such as co-digestion with other substrates and solar

heating of the digester are not experimented with floral waste feedstock. The

research related to these aspects is still in an early stage and there is a need to

explore more widespread, cost-effective and user-friendly methods for generating

biogas from floral waste. The objective of this study is addressed to evaluate the

potential of floral waste feedstock for becoming a practical source of biogas

energy in India. The study further aims to get improved biogas production from

floral waste by using novel alkaline pretreatment, solar heating of digester and

codigestion with food waste. The details regarding the same are discussed in the

following sections (Kulkarni, 2019).

 Development biogas as an alternative energy source is based from the

amount of raw material for making biogas which can be utilized. Besides the

amount a lot, the raw material for making biogas also easy to find. As an example,

even animal droppings, even cows, can used as raw material in making biogas.

Biogas made from cow dung very potential as fuel because has methane content.

Biogas has also been done began to be developed and utilized by some industries

as alternative fuels substitute for oil. But the biogas derived from this cow dung

containing impuritis which is quite high so potentially polluting the environment.

Therefore biogas needs to be purified before used as fuel. At present, the use of

biogas in developed countries has increased. Biogas produced both from liquid

waste and solid waste or generated from the system mechanical biology

processing in place waste treatment. In addition to processing waste that has the

potential to damage sustainability environment, with pure biogas it is also one of

the energy sources environmentally friendly. This study aims to get good quality

biogas through purification by using nylon membrane to reduce the CO2 high

enough so that biogas will be obtained with high methane quality. With high

levels of methane in biogas, then the higher the quality of the biogas produced and

environmentally friendly. (Saleh, 2016).

Transformation is a process whereby small pieces of host cell genomic are

able to enter a recipient cell and become incorporated into a homologous area on

the recipient cell’s genome. Historically, transformation had its origin in the

pioneering experiments of Fred Griffith in London in the late 1920s. Working

with Streptococcus pneumoniae, he noted that when an encapsulated smooth (S)

strain that was lethal for mice was heat-killed and mixed with a living culture of

an avirulent nonencapsulated rough (R) strain and then injected into mice, the

result was fatal. Subsequent isolation of the organisms from the tissues of the dead

mice revealed that the rough avirulent strain had been converted to a smooth,

encapsulated, and lethal strain of S. pneumonia (Sherman and cappuccino 2014).

In the environment even when a host and pathogen are well established in

the same place and time, disease will not develop without a favorable

environment. People have long recognized that environment plays a role in

disease outbreaks, even attributing disease itself to bad air (miasmas) or to excess

rain in the days before the germ theory was established

(Ownley and Robert 2017).

\
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT

A. Place and Date

Day / Date : Monday / March 11th 2019

Time : 09.10 – 10.50 WITA

Place : Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Departement,

Mathematic and Science Faculty Makassar State

University

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a. Mineral water bottle of 1 L

b. Small metal pipe with a diameter of approximately 1 cm

c. Aquarium plastic hose with a diameter of 1 cm

2. Materials

a. Water

b. Water hyacinth or the rest of uncooked vegetables in the kitchen

c. Manure from cows, goats, horses and chickens

d. gasoline faucet

C. Work Procedure
 Water hyacinth was Manure of goat and Water
destroyed hyacinth was united

Enter a water The mixtures enter into

the bottle

Pin aquarium plastic

pin the small metal on the
bottle lid

Pin small metal on the tip

Pin a gasoline faucet
of aquarium plastic
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation Result

Table of observation result of simple biogas

Materials that used for making Biogas after 1 week saved

biogas

1. Goar manure
2. Water hyacinth
3. Water

B. Discussion

In this lab used water hyacinth and goat manure in the biogas

manufacturing process. in the waters of the lake, Eceng Gondok grows on the

shores up to 5-20 m. This breeding is also triggered by an increase in fertility in

the waters (eutrophication), as a result of erosion and sedimentation of land,

various community activities (bathing, washing, toilet / MCK), aquaculture

(floating net cages), water transportation waste and waste agriculture. One of the

most prospective efforts to overcome the Eceng Gondok weeds in the waters is by

using the Eceng Gondok plant as a biogas feedstock. Eceng Gondok can be used
as raw material for biogas because it contains methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide

(CO2), Nitrogen (N2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen Sulfide

(H2S) produced from the decomposition of organic matter microorganisms such

as microbes, fungi and bacteria are carried outOrganic waste from the results of

market activities is one of the alternative ingredients for making organic fertilizer

(compost) and biogas. Some of the benefits of biogas include reducing the volume

of waste that is not utilized, reducing environmental pollution and alternative

fuels.

The use of water hyacinth is very useful in the form of utilizing water

hyacinth as a raw material for biogas which is an alternative fuel. The use of water

hyacinth will not be detrimental, besides being able to help absorb toxins in the

waters, it can be used for processing into biogas which later can be a source of

income for the surrounding community. Water hyacinth is no longer known as a

detrimental plant but can be of economic value if it is used appropriately.The

amount and quality of the biogas produced varies depending on the type and

amount of raw materials used, the composition of inputs and the time of

fermentation. The variables that became object in this study were the types of

organic waste remaining market activities ie vegetable waste and chicken

intestine, comparison of levels of organic waste with dirty water which had been

diluted (30: 70, 50: 50, 70: 30) and fermentation time ie 5 days, 9 days, 12 days,

15 days, 18 days and 21 days. The results showed that organic waste from cow

intestine produced biogas with better quality compared to vegetable waste. Biogas

produced contains gasmethane (CH4) with the largest composition in the

comparison of input composition of chicken and cow dung 70: 30 of 54.03 (%

volume of biogas) and fermentation time for 21 days.

There are several factors that influence biogas production, as follows,

Anaerobic / Airtight Conditions Biogas is produced from the fermentation process

of organic matter by anaerobic microorganisms. The biogas treatment plant must

be airtight. Stuff Raw Material Raw materials in the form of organic materials

such as livestock manure, agricultural waste, waste materials, and organic waste

that are protected from inorganic materials. The filling material must contain 7-

9% dry material with 1: 1 dilution (raw material: water). C / N balance The C / N

balance contained in organic matter greatly determines the life and activity of

microorganisms with an optimum C / N balance of 25-30 for decrepit

microorganisms. Degree of Acidity (pH)

The degree of acidity is very influential on the life of microorganisms. The

optimum degree of acidity for the life of microorganisms is 6.8 - 7.8. Temperature

Biogas production will decline rapidly due to sudden temperature changes in the

biogas treatment plant. To stabilize the temperature we can make biogas

installations in the soil. Starter Starters are needed to speed up the process of

reforming organic matter to become biogas. Starters which are commercially

available microorganisms that have been sold can also be used as organic

activated sludge or rumen fluids.

The principle of making biogas is the anaerobic decomposition of organic

matter (closed from free air) to produce gas which is mostly in the form of

methane gas (which has flammability) and carbon dioxide, this gas is called
biogas. The anaerobic decomposition process is aided by a number of

microorganisms, especially methane bacteria. A good temperature for the

fermentation process is 30-55oC, where at that temperature microorganisms are

able to optimally reorganize organic ingredients. In general, there are two

technologies used to obtain biogas. First, a very common process, which is

livestock manure fermentation, uses a digester specifically designed under

anaerobic conditions. Second, the newly developed technology is by directly

capturing methane gas from the location of the waste pile without having to make

special digester.

Some of the advantages of using the anaerobic digester include. Benefits of

Waste Management Anaerobic digester is a natural waste treatment process.

Requires smaller land compared to the process of aerobic composting or garbage

accumulation, this accordance with the theory that Anaerobic digestion process of

organic waste materials has a potential to produce useful biogas with considerable

methane percentage (50 to 70%) and to reduce the environmental emissions,

otherwise caused by aerobic decomposition of organic waste materials. Besides

this, according to the Kyoto Protocol, methane is one of the key greenhouse gases

with global warming potential 25 times more than the carbon dioxide potential.

Thus, utilization of methane serves the two-fold purpose of fulfilment of energy

needs and also a reduction in the methane emission into the atmosphere. In

addition to reduced methane emissions, biogas technology in the agricultural

sector creates impact on environment, social and hygienic issues (Kulkarni, 2019)
 Reducing the volume or weight of the waste disposed Reducing pollutant

seepage.Energy Benefits, Clean energy production process Obtain high-quality

and renewable fuels Biogas can be used for various use Environmental Benefits

Significantly reduce emissions of methane and carbon dioxide Remove odors

Produce clean compost and nutrient-rich fertilizers Maximizing the recycling

process Eliminating coliform bacteria to 99% so as to minimize contamination of

water sources economic benefits More economical than other processes in terms

of process cycles. The main part of the biogas production process is a closed tank

called a digester. The design of the digester varies according to the type of raw

material used, temperature used and construction materials.

 CHAPTER V
CLOSSING

A. Conclussion

Based in this practicum we can conlude that Generally all types of organic

materials are processed to produce biogas. Eceng Gondok can be used as raw

material for biogas because it contains methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen

Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen, Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) produced from the

decomposition of organic matter microorganisms such as microbes, fungi and

bacteria are carried out. It remains only that homogeneous, both on and liquid

organic materials are suitable for the biogas system simple. When organic waste

decay methane gas will be produced (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), however

only CH4 is used as material burn.

B. Suggestion

In the next practicum the experiment can better so we can get the good

value
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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