Chemist

ryInv
esti
gat
ory
Proj
ectOnDy ei
ngOf
Fabri
cs
 Name:Raj
anUpadhy
ay
Cl
ass:XI
I-A
School
:kendri
yav
idy
alay
a
i
tar
anaalwar(
RAJ)
Academi
cYear
:2019-2020

Acknowl
edgement

Iwouldli
ket oexpressadeepsenseofthanks
andgrat
itudetomychemi st
ryteacherMr.
Mahendr aKalraforgui
dingmeimmensel y
thr
ought hecourseofmyproject
.Their
const
ruct
iveadvi
ceandconstantmoti
vati
on
havebeenresponsi
blef
orthesuccessf
ul
completi
onofmypr oj
ect
.
Mysincerethankstomypar entsforthei
r
motivat
ionandsupport.Imustt hankmy
cl
assmatesforthei
rtimelyhel
pandsuppor t
forcompilat
ionofthi
spr oj
ect.
 Cont
ent
s

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
2.Obj
ect
ive
3.Requi
rement
s
4.Pr
ocedur
e
5.Concl
usi
on
6.Bi
bli
ogr
aphy

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Dyesarecoloredsubst anceswhichcanadhere
tothesur
faceofmat er ial
sandar eusedtogive
col
ortopaper, f
ood-stuf fs,andvari
oustext
il
es
suchascotton,wool, sy ntheti
cfi
bres,
sil
ketc.
Forexample,ali
zari
n,indi go,congored,et
c.
Chemical
ly,ady econt ains:
i
. Somegr oup( suchasazo, i
ndi
goid,
tr
iphenyl
met hyl,
anthr
aquinone,et
c.)
whichisresponsibl
eforthecolorofthe
dye.
i
i
. Somegroups(suchas–NH2,-
SO3H,-
COOH,etc)whi
chmakesthedyesti
ckto
thef
abr
icbyformati
onofsomesalt
.
Dyeingisthepr ocessofaddi
ngcolorto
text
il
epr oductslikefi
bres,
yar
nandf abr
ics.
Thetemper atureandt i
mecontrol
l
ingaretwo
keyfactorsindy eing.
Thepri
marysourceofdye,
histor
ical
l
yhas
beennatur
e,wi
ththedyesbeingextr
act
ed
fr
om plantsandanimals.Sincethe18thcentur
y,
humanspr oducedart
if
icial
dy estoachievea
broaderrangeofcol
orsandt orenderthedy es
mor establ
etoresi
stwashingandgener al
use.
Thedy edf abricsappeart obecol oredbecause
apar ticulardy eabsor bsradiationsofsome
specificwav elengthsf r
om thev i
sibl
er egionof
electromagnet icradiati
onswhi chfallont he
surface.Ther emai ningradiations
(compl ement arycolors)oflightar ereflected.
Thecol orwhi chweobser vei sduet ot he
refl
ect edl i
ght.Forexampl e,i
fady eabsor bs
thelightint hewav elengthregion
correspondi ngt or ed,thenitwoul dappear
green, whi chist hecompl ement ar
ycol orofr ed.
Similar l
y,ifady eabsor bsbluecol or,itwoul d
appearor ange.
Met
hodst
oappl
ydy
e
Dyesareappli
edtotext
il
egoodsbydyei
ng
fr
om dyesolut
ionsandbypri
nti
ngfr
om dye
past
es.Methodsincl
ude:
1.Di
rectappl
i
cat
ion
2.Yar
ndy
eing

Char
act
eri
sti
csofady
e
1. I
tmusthav
easui
tabl
ecol
or.
2. I
tmustbecapabl
eofbei
ngf
ixedt
othe
mat
eri
al.
 3. Whenfixeditmustbefastt
odetergents,
soaps,
water,dry
-cl
eani
ngsolv
ents,li
ght
anddil
uteacids.

Ty
pesofdy
e
Thedyesarecl
assi
fi
edbydy
emanuf act
urer
s
formarket
ingi
ntot
hefol
l
owingt
ypes:
1.Aciddyes:Thesear eazody esandar e
charact
eri
zedbyt hepresenceofacidic
groups.Thepr esenceofsolubleand
servesasther eacti
vepointsforfi
xingthe
dyet ot
hefibre.Theyar echi
eflyusedfor
dyeingwool,silkandny l
on.Forexample,
OrangeIandOr angeII
.
2.Basicdyes:ThesedyescontainNH2or
NR2.Inaci
dicsolut
ions,
theseform water
sol
ublecati
onsanduset heanionicsi
tes
onthefabri
ctogetusedf ordyei
ngwool ,
si
lkandny l
on.Forexample,ani
li
neyell
ow,
butt
eryell
ow.
3.Di
rectdyes:Thesear eal
soazodyesand
ar
eusedt odyef abr
icsdir
ect
lybyplaci
ng
i
naqueoussol uti
onofthedye.These
dyesat
tachtot hefabri
csbymeansof
hydr
ogenbondi ng.
4.Dispersedyes:Thesedy esar eappli
edin
theform ofdispersi
onofmi nuteparti
cles
ofthedy einasoapsol uti
oni nthe
presenceofphenol orbenzoicacid.These
dyesar eusedtody erayons,Dacron,nylon,
polyester
setc.Forexampl e,cel
lit
onfast
pinkBandcel li
tonfastblueB.
5.Fibr
eracti
vedy es:Thesedyesarelinked
tothefi
breby–OHor–NH2gr ouppresent
onthefi
bre.Thesedy esinducefastcolor
onfabri
cswhichi sret
ainedforalonger
ti
me.Thesedy esareusedf ordyei
ng
cott
on,woolandsi l
k.
6.Insolubl
edyes:Thesedyesar
edirect
ly
synthesi
zedonthefibr
e.Thefabr
ictobe
 coloredissoakedi nanal kal
inesolut
ion
ofphenol andt hent r
eatedwi thasolution
ofdiazotizedami netopr oduceazody e.
Thecol orinducedbysuchdy esisnotso
fast.Thesedy esar eusedf ordy ei
ngof
cotton,si
lk, polyesternylon,etc.For
exampl e,nitroanil
inered.
7.Vatdy es:Thesedy esarewater-insoluble
andbef oredy eingthesearereducedt o
color
lesscompoundsi nwoodenv atsby
alkal
i
ner educi ngagents.Thefibr eist hen
soakedi nthesol uti
onofthedy e.Fi breis
thenexposedt oairoranoxidizingagent .
Bydoingsot hecol or
lesscompoundget s
reoxi
dizedt ocol or
eddy eonthef abric.
Forexampl e,indigo.
8.Mor dantdyes:Thesedyesar eappli
ed
aft
ert r
eati
ngthefabri
cwi t
hpr eci
pit
ates
ofcer t
ainsubst
ances(mor dantmaterial
)
whicht hencombineswiththedy etoform
acol or
edcompl excal
ledlake.Someof
themor dantsar esaltsofalumini
um, i
ron
andt annicacids.Dependi ngonthe
mor dantused, thesamemor dantdyecan
givediffer
entcol orsandshades.For
exampl e,al
izari
ngi vesredcolorwit
h
aluminium andbl ackv i
oletwit
hiron
mor dant.Mor dantdy esareusedfor
dyeingofwool ,si
lkandcot t
on.

OBJECTI
VE
Tody
ewool
andcot
tonwi
thmal
achi
tegr
een.

REQUI
REMENTS
500ml beakers,
tri
podstand,
wiregauze,gl
ass
rod,
spatula,
wool cl
othandcott
oncloth.
Chemicalsrequi
red:
Sodium car
bonate,
tanni
c
aci
d,t
artaremeti
cacid,
andmal achi
tegreendye.

PROCEDURE
1.Preparat
ionofsodi
um car
bonat
esol
uti
on:
Takeabout0.5gofsoli
dsodi
um
carbonat
eanddissol
veiti
n250mlof
water.
2.Prepar
ati
onoftar
taremet
icsol
uti
on:Take
about0.
2goftart
aremeti
canddissol
veit
 i
n100ml ofwat
erbyst
ir
ri
ngwi
tht
hehel
p
ofgl
assr
od.
3.Prepar
ationoftanni
caci dsol
ution:Take
100ml ofwaterinabeakerandaddabout
1.
0goft annicacidt
oit.Heatthesoluti
on.
Onheatingaclearsol
utionoftannicacidi
s
obtai
ned.
4.Preparati
onofdy esol
ution:Takeabout
0.1gofmal achi
tegreendy eandaddtoit
4ooml ofwater
.Onwar mingaclear
solut
ionofthedy er
esult
s.
5.Dyeingofwool :Takeabout200ml ofdye
soluti
onanddi piti
nthewoolenclothtobe
dyed.Boilthesolut
ionf
orabout2mi nutes.
Afterthatremovetheclot
handwashi t
withhotwat er3-
4times,squeezeandkeep
i
tfordr yi
ng.
6.Dyeingofcott
on:Cott
ondoesnotabsor
b
malachit
egreenreadi
l
y,t
her
efor
eit
requir
estheuseofamordant
.Fordyei
nga
 cottonclothdipi ti
nsodi um carbonate
soluti
onf orabout10mi nutesandt hen
ri
nsewi t
hwat er.Thenputt heclothinhot
tannicacidsolut i
onf orabout5mi nutes.
Nowt akeoutt heclothf rom tannicacid
soluti
onandkeepi tintartaremeticsolut
ion
forabout5mi nutes.Remov etheclothand
squeezei twithspat ulator emov emostof
thesol ut
ion.Nowpl acet heclothinboili
ng
soluti
onoft hedy ef orabout2mi nutes.
Remov eandwasht hedy edcloth
thoroughlywithwat er,
squeezeandkeepi t
fordry i
ng.
7.Dy eingofcott
ondirect
ly:Takeanot her
pieceofcottoncl
othandpi titdi
rectlyi
nto
boili
ngsoluti
onofthedye.Keepi tdipped
forabout2mi nut
es.Remov et hecloth,
washwi thwater,
squeezeandkeepi tfor
drying.
Comparethecol
orofthiscl
othwi
tht
hat
dyedbyusingmordant
.
 OBSERVATI
ONS
1.Thecolorofwoolcl
othdy
eddi
rectl
yby
di
ppinginhotsol
uti
onofmal
achit
e
greendyeisf
ast.
2.Thecolorofcot
tondy edcl
othdirect
ly
(wi
thoutusingmordant)bydippi
ngin
hotsol
utionofmalachit
egreenisnot
sofasttowashingandisoflow
i
ntensi
ty.
3.Thecolorofcot
tonclot
hdyedindirectl
y
byusingmordantandthenbydipping
i
nhotsoluti
onofmalachit
egreeni s
fastt
owashingandisofhighintensit
y.