Practical File

Of
Software Project
Management

Submitted to:- Submitted By:-

Prof. Sujata Sharma Aman Raj
Faculty of I.T. BCA VI SEM
(2016-19)
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Index
Page
S.No. Questions
No.

Explain in detail the major constraints of a

1 project with the help of a diagram. 3

2 Explain the Waterfall Model in detail. 5

Explain the process of implementation of

3 software with the help of an example. 7

Explain the concept and working of any one

4 tool of software project management. 10

5 Define the blue print methodology. 13

6 Explain the software testing process. 15

 3

Explain in detail the major constraints of a

project with the help of a diagram.
Ans:-
There are three main interdependent constraints for every project; time,
cost and scope. This is also known as Project Management Triangle. The
project management triangle is used by managers to analyze or understand
the difficulties that may arise due to implementing and executing a project.
All projects irrespective of their size will have many constraints.
The three constraints in a project management triangle are time, cost and
scope.

1 - Time
A project's activities can either take shorter or longer amount of time to
complete. Completion of tasks depends on a number of factors such as the
number of people working on the project, experience, skills, etc.
Time is a crucial factor which is uncontrollable. On the other hand, failure
to meet the deadlines in a project can create adverse effects. Most often,
the main reason for organizations to fail in terms of time is due to lack of
resources.
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2 – Cost
It's imperative for both the project manager and the organization to have
an estimated cost when undertaking a project. Budgets will ensure that
project is developed or implemented below a certain cost.
Sometimes, project managers have to allocate additional resources in order
to meet the deadlines with a penalty of additional project costs.
3 - Scope
Scope looks at the outcome of the project undertaken. This consists of a
list of deliverables, which need to be addressed by the project team.
A successful project manager will know to manage both the scope of the
project and any change in scope which impacts time and cost.
Quality
Quality is not a part of the project management triangle, but it is the
ultimate objective of every delivery. Hence, the project management
triangle represents implies quality.
Many project managers are under the notion that 'high quality comes with
high cost', which to some extent is true. By using low quality resources to
accomplish project deadlines does not ensure success of the overall
project.
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 Explain the Waterfall Model in detail.

Ans:-
This method is very old and trendy which normally used because
simplicity is the key of success of this method. In this method every action
taken is planned in prior in a process of software development. For the
small size of projects waterfall method is very suitable. The specialty of
this method is that every stage has a sequence. After the end of one stage,
the next stage started at that point and the output of every stage converted
in input for the every next steps. So with this reason the second name of
this model is Sequence Model. With the study about system the first stage
started and after that analysis, design, coding, testing
and controlling take place one by one. Every stage
completed one by one in a sequence like waterfall so
this is the reason of this name.

Benefits of waterfall Methodology

 With the reason of simplicity and sequence
system it is very easy to use it.
 User can understand it quickly because simplicity
is the main quality of this method.
 It defines the complete information about every step.
 This model is very helpful in planning and scheduling of projects.
 It reduces the cost of Error correctness.
 Importantly it increases the possibility that the system fulfill the
customer needs.
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Limitations of waterfall Methodology

 Expectations become very quickly in this process which is not
correct.
 Risk factors not involved in this model which is very necessary part
for every model.
 In this method training sessions of user is not necessary.
 We cannot find any error till time testing of software not done.
 Between user and developer the interaction gap is low.

Major outputs in a development project which follows the waterfall model

are following:
S.No. Activity Phase Output Documents
1 Requirement SRS documents
analysis
2 Design phase Data flow diagram
3 Coding Program code
4 Unit Testing Module test report
5 System testing System test report
6 Acceptance testing Final system
documentation
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Explain the process of implementation of

software with the help of an example.
Ans:-
The process of implementation of a software may be define as a process of
translation old software to new software with a new developed software
who have extra functions and making it operational without any
interruption in an organization functioning system. The time period which
starts from the acceptance of the tested design to its satisfactory operated it
covers all the time period. The software implementation is a very big
operation and for the implementation of a software better planning is must
require. The planning of implementation of software should be
implemented from a short point and after the success it implemented on
whole area. For the implementation of a new software a good knowledge
is must require and some requirement of a system are hardware, file
conversion actions and some personal needs of software.
Activities involved in software implementation
When old software and new software is modified and implemented then it
contains three basic actions.
 Personal training - For the implementation of new software, the
training of users and operators is necessary part. The training activity
plays a major part in operating and maintaining the software by user.
Thus we can say that operators and user both require training.
 Software operator training - Most software run smoothly
depends on the computer user. The training of computer
operator gives the satisfaction that he can do every action and
data entry. In the process of training a list of problem can be
figured out and solution can be provided to then so that they
can solve their problems on their base and build the knowledge
about this. If they get unusual problem they can contact the
concerned person. With the help of training they become
friendly with software and solve can their problem easily.
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 User training - User training helps the user in operating the

system in efficient way. During the training a manual is given
to every user so that they can understand the problem and
solved it. The content of training is about the use of data that
how they can edit, add, query and delete the records. If a user
have not sufficient capability of working on system then many
kind of errors and problems can occur.
 Conversion - With the help of conversion process a old software can
be replaced with new software. The process of conversion is useful
in only that case where new software is fully tested and report is
positive. It involves many kinds of actions which are:
 From old to new software system all files and data base
converted.
 Providing the user training of the each staff of the
organization which has the right of using new software.
 Conversion of forms. This may involve discarding old data.
 Converting administration. In the process of converting
administration process the role of each member is divided
according the needs and the responsibility is also divided
according to their job regarding new software.
 Post implementation Review - After the process of implementation
and conversion of software some reviews are taken by the user and
the experts. This is the normal process of getting the following
points:
 What is the working of a software system?
 How it has been accepted by the user?
 Area of updating
Performance of a software measured with the help of a post
implementation review. It helps in deciding that software gets the
specification with how much efficiency.
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We have three types of implementation method which are given below:

 Fresh implementation - Fresh implementation of software may be
defined as a process where a manual record are replaced with new
software. During the process of fresh implementation some problems
come in the form of conversion of files, user training, accurate
system of files etc.
 Replacement implementation - When an old software is replaced
with a new software implementation that the name of this process is
Replacement implementation. This process is very difficult and a
proper planning is needed for this, otherwise many problems can
arise.
 Modified implementation - When an old software is replaced by
new software with some alteration then this process is called
modified implementation. We can easily handle this type of
implementation because area of modification is not so large in files.
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Explain the concept and working of any one tool

of software project management.
Ans:-
Project management is one of the high-responsibility tasks in modern
organizations. Project management is used in many types of projects
ranging from software development to developing the next generation
fighter aircrafts. In order to execute a project successfully, the project
manager or the project management team should be supported by a set of
tools.
These tools can be specifically designed tools or regular productivity tools
that can be adopted for project management work. The use of such tools
usually makes the project managers work easy as well as it standardizes
the work and the routine of a project manager.
Following are some of those tools used by project managers in all
domains:
Project Plan
All the projects that should be managed by a project manager should have
a project plan. The project plan details many aspects of the project to be
executed. First of all, it details out the project scope. Then, it describes the
approach or strategy used for addressing the project scope and project
objectives. The strategy is the core of the project plan. The strategy could
vary depending on the project purpose and specific project requirements.
The resource allocation and delivery schedule are other two main
components of the project plan. These detail each activity involved in the
project as well as the information such as who executes them and when.
This is important information for the project manager as well as all the
other stakeholders of the project.
Milestone Checklist
This is one of the best tools the project manager can use to determine
whether he or she is on track in terms of the project progress.
The project manager does not have to use expensive software to track this.
The project manager can use a simple Excel template to do this job. The
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milestone checklist should be a live document that should be updated once

or twice a week.
Gantt chart
Gantt chart illustrates the project schedule and shows the project manager
the interdependencies of each activity. Gantt charts are universally used
for any type of project from construction to software development.
Although deriving a Gantt chart looks quite easy, it is one of the most
complex tasks when the project is involved in hundreds of activities.
There are many ways you can create a Gantt chart. If the project is small
and simple in nature, you can create your own Gantt chart in Excel or
download an Excel template from the Internet. If the project has a high
financial value or high-risk exposure, then the project manager can use
software tools such as MS Project.
Project Management Softwares
With the introduction of computer technology, there have been a number
of software tools specifically developed for project management purpose.
MS Project is one such tool that has won the hearts of project managers all
over the world. MS Project can be used as a standalone tool for tracking
project progress or it can be used for tracking complex projects distributed
in many geographical areas and managed by a number of project
managers.
There are many other software packages for project management in
addition to MS Project. Most of these new additions are online portals for
project management activities where the project members have access to
project details and progress from anywhere.
Project Reviews
A comprehensive project review mechanism is a great tool for project
management. More mature companies tend to have more strict and
comprehensive project reviews as opposed to basic ones done by smaller
organizations.
In project reviews, the project progress and the adherence to the process
standards are mainly considered. Usually, project reviews are
accompanied by project audits by a 3rd party (internal or external). The
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non-compliances and action items are then tracked in order to complete

them.
Delivery Reviews
Delivery reviews make sure that the deliveries made by the project team
meet the customer requirements and adhere to the general guidelines of
quality. Usually, a 3rd party team or supervisors (internal) conduct the
delivery review and the main stakeholders of the project delivery do
participate for this event. The delivery review may decide to reject the
delivery due to the quality standards and non-compliances.
Score Cards
When it comes to performance of the project team, a scorecard is the way
of tracking it. Every project manager is responsible of accessing the
performance of the team members and reporting it to the upper
management and HR. This information is then used for promotion
purposes as well as human resource development. A comprehensive score
card and performance assessment can place the team member in the
correct position.
Conclusion
A project manager cannot execute his/her job without a proper set of tools.
These tools do not have to be renowned software or something, but it can
pretty well be simple and proven techniques to manage project work.
Having a solid set of project management tools always makes project
managers' work pleasurable and productive.
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Define the blue print methodology.

Ans:-
Most of the time blue print term is used in construction companies. A blue
print may be defined as a paper which has information of design, technical
drawing, documenting etc. on it. In the simple words we can say that blue
print is a copy which has the plan of a building structure. Normally the
detail of every plan is known as blue print. The output of the design efforts
containing the following:
 With the help of blue print we can get the information that how
every parts related to each other.
 Specification for any new pieces.
 Definition for any new data.
Every software design has a goal that he provides a detail for the design
which has all the information. With the help of that information a trusted
system may be build. For getting the system design a systematically
approach is used. We have two types of approaches.
 Functional oriented approach - In functional oriented design the
design consists of module definition where each module supported a
functional abstraction. Modularization is the base of functional
oriented design. The decomposition is centered on the item
identification of the large system functions and the elaboration in a
top down manner. The processes in a system are decomposed in to
components called module. The goal of the functional oriented
design is to specific numbers of module could be developed, altered
and reused on self-basis in the final program.
 Object oriented design approach - Object oriented methodology
plays a major role in object oriented design when code planning
made then the programmer have only object in this mind rather than
procedure. For representing an entity an objects use an encapsulated
data or procedures grouped together. By the interaction of these
objects an object oriented program is described. For making the
structure system classes and objects are used in object oriented
design. It also uses a notation that expresses classes and objects
referred to as logical decomposition as well as modules and
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processes which are referred to as physical decomposition. During

the process of software design the major activity is to use four
software design concepts.
 Abstraction
 Hiding information
 Functional independence
 Modularity
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Explain the software testing process.

Ans:-
Software testing may be defined as a process whose objective is to find the
problem in implementation of a program. Execution of this program is
very much needed for the software project. According to IEEE testing
means,
The process of exercise or evaluating a system or its component by manual
or automated means to
 Audit about the necessary needs completed by software testing.
 Get the value of difference between proposed result and actual
result.
For making the simple process of software testing it is required that
activities are broken in small size. Generally this method is used and
system is divided in sub systems. All those sub system tested individually
before the process of system testing start. Under the process of software
testing three steps are taken. Individual module is the main part of focus
during unit testing step. After the unit testing, all individual modules are
combined with each other. After this step software testing process start and
developer have focus on complete software system.
Unit testing
This is the first step of the process of software testing and on this step
programmer confirm about the function performed by the module. The
software have smallest unit which is called module. After the development
of source code unit testing start and it verifies for the right syntax. The
primary goal of the unit testing is to get the minimum unit which will be
able to taste and confirm that it works or not. Every single module tested
separately. After testing all individual modules are combined with each
other. Some tests are taken under the process of unit testing process which
is:
 Nature test of module - In the test of a module nature we verify that
the flow of information is positive in tested module under that
situation which is specified for the unit test.
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 Performable test - This checkout point have the objective to

calculate the time period of response, started time, last time and
during the whole process time and communication between links.
 Local data structure test - Storage of local data is checked under
this step that all the data and information collected in systematic way
or not.
 Boundary test - This test is performed for the surety that the
information provided by the software is true or not under those
conditions which are given by the users.
 Independent path test - Under this test it is checked that the given
task is properly executed or not and working ok. Only with the help
of this test can check it.
 Error handling test - The error which occurred during the process
is properly handled or not. This type of information provided under
this test.
Process of unit testing
In the process of unit testing there is need to required data or information
about other module. With the help of driver and stubs we can easily get. A
programmer which gives the test and passes it to where module tested is
called driver. Which programs used to replace module and subordinates of
the module being tested is called stubs. Stubs and driver are the need of
unit testing process. Quantity of stubs and drives can be reduced if they
have the quality of simplicity.
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Integration test
Integration testing is the next step of software testing. In this test much
kind of modules which are individual tested are combined with each other
in to subsystem which is then tested. The main objective of unit testing is
to get the information about the independent module working condition is
positive but the main drawback of unit testing has no such condition which
gives the guaranty that these modules provide the positive result after the
attachment as a whole system. So this is reason of performing integration
test. We need to check following errors which can affect the integration of
module.
 Outside data can create the problem.
 Out of module testing could be away from the expectation.
 It is possible that integration result is not in favor of that process or
module.
Generally integration testing has use two method.
Top down Integration Testing
This type of method has a wide area of thought. It's needed a high level
module after testing and integrated first. Under this approach module
replaced and providing new stubs. This process continues at that level till
time it integrates all modules and tested. In this approach high level logic
and flow of data used which decrease the drivers need.
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BENEFITS
 Firstly up level modules tested.
 Both approach "breadth and depth" supported.
 One driver at the most is required.
DRAW BACKS
 Low level modules take long time for verification.
 Not proper data find in the stub for feedback in the favor of calling
module.
 Level of supporting is low for the limited functionality.
 Complicates test management required for the stub.
Bottom up Integration Testing
This approach gives the importance to lower level modules. In this level
modules tests first and with the help of a driver integrated first. We can
add one or more modules combined or jointed with each other. After the
integration of all the modules this process became closed.
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BENEFITS
 When we start this process with actual module then stubs not
required.
 Low level module verified early in this approach.
DRAW BACKS
 Complicates test management required for drivers.
 Release of limited functionality supported by low level.
 Verification of high level module time taken.
System testing
The system testing process is the base of a software system. The main
objective of system testing is that the software satisfied the client
requirement. System testing is a series of that entire test with fully exercise
which base is computer system. Every task has a separate objective and
series of different test its clear that all part of system are combined with a
systematic way and doing their work very well. There are three types of
testing in system testing.
1. Recovery Testing - The base of designed in Recovery testing is that
type we can observed easily that how much quick a system covers its
points if the system became fail. We have many kind of program
which recovers quickly from the errors and started at time or
operated at given time. A fault has much cause but recovery testing
clarified that system covered all fault and performing well. A human
always desired that a system have the capacity to recover very fast
without human touch. The recovery system determined that the
repair condition is acceptable or not.
2. Security testing
o A protective application made in software, with the help of
this application it provide safety from local and those person
who have not right to use the system.
o With the help of security testing other computer cannot get the
benefit to access this and its information.
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3. Stress testing - Stress testing cannot be performed in normal

condition. With the help of this a system use in that condition when
demand increased or decreased quickly.
o How an input function performed when the speed of input
became more than expectations.
o More excessive search and hunting of data on click is also
involved in stress testing.