Project Work

Submitted By
Name: Bijeta Kumal
Section: B
Class:12
Exam Roll:

Submitted To: Dharan Adarsha Higher Secondary

School
Department Of Physic
2075 B.S
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project work report has been prepair and submitted for
partial fulfillment for Grade 12 of physic as curruculum of
national Examination board. This report is an energy and
pollution. Pratical knowladge is must to achivement of skills
on planning, studding, presenting and analyzing
independently. In fact , it is a complete study of professional
and educational development. So firstly I would like to
extend my gratitude to National Examination Board for
including such subject on our syllabus.
I express my sincere gratitude to Netra prasad subedi
Campus Chief for his precious suggestion and
encouragement at project work.
I express my sincere gratitude shovit yadav, who encourage
me to complete this study. And as well as my friends and
family During project work for collection data and
information was helped by them.
Similarly I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
Dharan Adarsha Higher Secondary School family
guidance before the project work.

Name:
Signature:
CONTENTS
No. Title Page No.
1) Energy
* Forms of energy
i) Mechanical energy 1

a) potential energy 1

b) Kinetic energy 2

ii)Thermel energy 2

iii)Chemical energy 3

iv)Nuclear energy 3

a)Nuclear fission 3

b)Nuclear fusion 4

v)Biomass energy 4

vi)Wind energy 5

* Important of energy 6

* Energy crisis 6

*Types of energy 7

i) Renewable energy
ii) Non-renewable energy

*Energy Situation in Nepal 8

2) Pollution 10
*Types of pollution

i. Air pollution 10
ii. Water pollution 11
iii. Land pollution 11
iv. Noise pollution 12
*Effect of pollution 12

*Methods to control pollution 13

*APPENDIX 14
 ENERGY
 Energy is known as the ability to do work. It may exist in various
forms thermal, nuclear, kinetic, potential, chemical or other various
forms.
 Energy exist in nature showing the phenomenon of conservation i.e.
“ Energy can never be created nor be destroyed but can be transfer from
one form to another.” It is also called first law of thermodynamics.
Like, Hydroelectricity Mechanical to Electrical
Electrolysis Chemical to electrical and vice versa
 Unit of Energy(SI system)- Joule

There are many forms of energy but some of them

are given below.
1) Mechanical energy
a) Potential Energy:
Potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its
position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge or
other factors.

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 B) Kinetic Energy:
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it
possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a
body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.

2) Thermal Energy:
Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated
by the movement of tiny particles within an object. The faster these
particles move, the more heat is generated.

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 3) Chemical Energy:
Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical
substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to
transform other chemical substances. Examples include batteries, food,
gasoline, and etc.

4) Nuclear Energy:
The energy developed during nuclear fission of fusion especially generating
heat and electricity is called nuclear energy. In nuclear power plants use
heat produced by splitting atoms in a reactor to convert water into steam
and produce electricity.

a) Nuclear fission
Whan a heavier nucleus is bombarded with slow neutrons, It splits into
lighter nuclei with the release of a large amount of energy. This process is
called Nuclear fission.

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 b) Nuclear fusion:
when to or more loght nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus under
certain condition, there is a tremendous amount of energy released in the
form of heat and light, This is called nuclear fusion.

5) Biomass Energy:
The term "biomass" refers to organic matter that has stored energy through
the process of photosynthesis. It exists in one form as plants and may be
transferred through the food chain to animals' bodies and their wastes, all of
which can be converted for everyday human use through processes such as

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combustion, which releases the carbon dioxide stored in the plant material.
Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products,
dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. Biomass has become
one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two
decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity. It is
such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and
indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total
energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for
cooking and heating.

6) Wind energy:
The wind is a clean, free, and readily available renewable energy source.
Each day, around the world, wind turbines are capturing the wind’s power
and converting it to electricity. This source of power generation plays an
increasingly important role in the way we power our world.

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 IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY
Energy growth is directly linked to well-being and prosperity across the
globe. Meeting the growing demand for energy in a safe and
environmentally responsible manner is a key challenge.

 Energy can be store.

 Energy can convert one form to another.
 Help in used if latest technological advances.
 Revenue can be earn from selling of energy.
 Rise assessment of alternative renewable energy.

ENERGY CRISIS
The energy crisis stems from the foreseeable end of the cycle of oil, gas and
coal, which, in addition, have been producing a considerable increase in
greenhouse gases (GHG).

Causes Energy crisis:

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  OVERCONSUMPTION
 OVERPOPULATION
 AGING INFRASTRUCTURE
 ENERGY WASTE

Energy crisis effects:

 ENVIRONMENTAL
 ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-POLITICAL

Energy crisis solutions:

 Energy transition to renewable energy sources
 Energy efficiency and conservation

TYPES OF ENERGY
There are two types of energy. They are;
a) Renewable Energy:-
Renewable energy is energy that is collected
from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human
timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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 b) Non Renewable Energy:
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource
of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a
quick enough pace to keep up with consumption. Example: Fossil Fuels,
Nuclear power plant etc.

Energy Situation in Nepal

Nepal’s economic and social development is being hampered by its
inadequate energy supply. The country does not have its own reserves of
gas, coal or oil. Although its most significant energy resource is water, less
than one percent of the potential 83,000 megawatts of hydropower is
currently harnessed. Firewood is the predominant energy carrier, counting
for more than 70 percent of consumption. However, its use is inefficient
and poses a threat to the country’s forests. At the same time, the indoor
pollution caused by open hearths in homes presents a hazard to health.
Mains electricity is generally only available in urban areas and some 30
percent of the population do not have access to it (CBS 2011).

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Source:
WECS 2014, Energy Data Sheet, Water and Energy
Commsission Secretariat (WECS), Government of Nepal, June 2014.
CBS, 2011 Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010/11, Statistical Report
Volume 1, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission
Secretariat, Government of Nepal.

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 POLLUTION
 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form
of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

The major types of pollution are given as:

1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Land Pollution
4. Noise Pollution

1. Air pollution:
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances
including gases, particles, and biological molecules are introduced
into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to
humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals
and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both
human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

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2. Water Pollution:
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of
human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans
when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For
example,re leasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water
bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead
to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use the
same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water
pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due
to water-borne diseases.

3. Soil Pollution:
Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by
the presence of human-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil
environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural,
chemicals Improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals
involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks,
from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the
contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within
and underlying the soil.

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4. Noise Pollution:
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is
the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or
animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by
machines, transport and propagation systems. When average noise level
exceeded the 45dB it is called to be noise pollution (WHO).

EFFECT OF POLLUTION
 Many people died in Minamata, Japan due to contamination of
Mercury in near water resources.
 In Bhopal, India over 5 hundred thousand people were affected with
methyl isocyanate mixing in air.
 Depletion of ozone layer resulting skin diseases and cancer.
 Rapid increase in Global warming
 Higher sound level gives mental and ear problems.

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 Methods To Control Pollution
 Country should move for the sustainable development.
 Decreasing the consumption of non renewable resource like fossils,
petroleums, coals etc.
 Recycling and combusting harmful products like plastic, chemicals
etc.
 Managing quiet city and specifying industrial areas
 People awareness about environmental pollution and it’s effects.

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 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

1) What is energy? What are the types of energy?

2) Why energy is important for us?
3) What are the use of energy?
4) What is pollution? Explain the types of pollution?
5) What are the diffrence between Renewable energy and non-
renewable energy?
6) What is nuclear energy and explain the types?

The End

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