LABORATORY REPORT BIOLOGY OF WEEDS

By :

Anang Yanuar Ramadhan

B1B015015

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION Commented [NB1]: Size 12

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGI FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 APPROVAL SHEET
LABORATORY REPORT BIOLOGY OF WEEDS
By :
Anang Yanuar Ramadhan
B1B015015
Group 3
Class D Commented [NB2]: 1,5 space

This report is prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for Biology of Weeds final laboratory examination
in Biology Faculty
Jenderal Soedirman University
Purwokerto

Accepted and approved

Purwokerto, May 2018

Assistant

Khoerotunnisa
B1J014057

ii
 PREFACE

I would like to express the deepest praise and gratitude to Allah SWT because
of His blessings and mercy this Biology of Weeds laboratory report can be completed.
This laboratory report is prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for Biology of Weeds final laboratory examination in Biology Faculty of
Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto.

I realize that the completion of this report could not be done without guidance
and support from many people. On this occasion I would like to thank :

1. All lecturers and staff of Biology of Weeds, Biology Faculty of Jenderal

Soedirman University

2. All assistants who have helped and guided me on practical works and the
completion of this report

3. All other people who have helped on the completion of this report whom I
cannot mention one by one.

I also realize that the completion of this report is far from perfection.
Therefore, I welcome constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for further
improvement of this report. It is my hope that this report will be useful to all those
concerned with the particular field.

Purwokerto, may 2018

Author

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii

PREFACE ....................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... iv

I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
A. Background ...................................................................................... 1
B. Objevtive .............................................................................................. 2
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................... 3

A. Materials .............................................................................................. 3
B. Methods ................................................................................................ 4
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION................................................................. 5
A. Identification and Classification .......................................................... 6
B. Minimum Area ..................................................................................... 9
C. Important Value Index ....................................................................... 12
D. Plantation Weeds ................................................................................ 15
IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................................. 16
A. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 16
B. Suggestion .......................................................................................... 16

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 17

iv
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Weeds are one of the factors that inhibit plant growth especially in young
gardens. The presence of weeds in the cultivated plant ecosystem can not be avoided,
especially if the plantation is abandoned. This allows the competition of light, CO2,
water, nutrients, growing space used simultaneously. Weed disturbance can cause
dwarf plants, leaves yellowing and low production. Weeds are plants whose presence
is not desirable on agricultural land because it lowers the yield can be achieved by the
production plants. Each weed has a different character and nature so that we need to
identify weeds (Fadiyah, 2010).
Utami (2004) in Mubarak et al., (2014), stated that the existence of weeds Commented [NB3]: italic

allowed to grow in cultivated plants will reduce 20-80% of the crop. The decrease of
crop yields varies greatly depending on various factors, such as the ability of plants to
compete, weed species, plant age and weed age, cultivation techniques and duration in
competing. According to Arnorld et al,. (1997) in Mubarak et al., (2014), states that
the critical period for removing weeds from potato crops is about four to six weeks
after planting. Low weed density conditions in the 2 to 4 week period are sufficient to
ensure that no yield loss (Mubarak et al., 2014).
Weeds are plants that grow at times, places and conditions that humans do not
want (Riskitavani & Kristanti, 2013). According Muhabibah (2009) in Riskitavani &
Kristanti (2013) weeds are plants that grow in places that are not desired, especially
where human beings intend to cultivate cultivation. Weeds have common properties
that can distinguish with cultivated plants such as high adaptation to disturbed
environments, the number of seeds produced a lot, high competition, dormancy seeds
long time, the ability to survive in the environment of growing environment that is not
profitable larger, able to spread broad / breed vegetatively in addition to generative
breeding (Solahudin et al., 2010).
The existence of weeds in the cultivation area can cause losses both in terms of
quantity and quality of production (Riskitavani & Kristanti, 2013). In agriculture,
weeds can decrease the quantity of crop yields. The decrease in the quantity of the
result is caused by the competition of weeds with plants in fighting for ground water,
sunlight, nutrients, growth and air space causing stunted plant growth. Stunted plant
5
growth will cause the result to decrease. The magnitude of the decline in crop yield
depends on the plant variety, soil fertility, weed type and density, duration of
competition and cultivation action. Indonesia's yield decline due to weeds is estimated
to reach 10-20%. Weeds can also reduce the quality of agricultural produce due to the
mixing of weed seeds with the harvest at the time of harvest or due to the mixing of
weed seeds during processing the results (Solahudin et al., 2010).
The types of weeds that grow usually correspond to plantation conditions.
Newly processed areas, weeds that are found are mostly weeds, while in plantations
that have been planted, weeds are widely available as annual weeds. The spread of
weeds is also determined by the difference in altitude of a place. Places in the
highlands tend to be more populated than in the lowlands (Tjitrosoedirdjo, 1984 in
Syahputra et al., 2010). The spread of weeds from one place to another is caused by
humans, animals, wind, and farming tools (Sukman & Yakup, 1991 in Syahputra et
al., 2010).
Weed ecology is a plant that easily adapts to its changing environment. One of
the factors responsible for the evolution of weeds is the human factor. Humans are a
major cause of environmental change and weeds have the easy nature of defending
against such changes and immediately adapting to the growing environment. Weeds
are encountered in every event of utilization of land and water use. The problems that
arise differ in intensity, depending on place and level of utilization of the place.
Different crops will have different species and weed compositions. Planting crops,
problems that arise will certainly be different from the problem on the pattern of crop
cropping (Barus, 2003).
B. Objective
1. Knowing the biology of weeds, distinguishing weeds of grasses, puzzles, and
broadleaf; identify and classify weed plants.
2. Determine the application of the use of minimum area theory to determine the
size of the squared area required in a weed plant sampling.
3. Conducting relative frequency calculations, relative dominance, relative
density, and significance of weed plants.
4. Undertake an inventory and solve the problems of weed plants that exist in
some plantation areas.

6
 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials
Equipments used in laboratory activity arescissors, knives, plastic bags,
bamboo pegs, raffia straps, stationery, soil tester, air thermometer, and altimeter. Commented [NB4]: justify

Object used in laboratory activity are weed species found in potato and carrot
plantations in Dieng, Wonosobo.

B. Methods

1. Identification and Classification (Acara 1)

a. An example of weed plant from potato or carrot plantation is taken.
b. Each of the two plants of the grasses, puzzles and wide-leaved were taken.
c. The morphological characteristics of the plant parts of the three examples of
weeds (roots, stems, leaves, flowers) are recorded and compared.
d. Weed plants that have been taken then identified and mentioned
nomenclature (classification).
2. Minimum Area (Acara 2)
a. Squares of size 0.25 m x 0.25 m were made and recorded the type of weed
plant present in the square of the designated plant area.
b. Quadratic depth is made to 0.25 m x 0.5 m and noted the addition of existing
types.
c. Quadratic area is made to 0.5 cm x 0.5 m and note the addition of existing
type.
d. The same is done until there is no addition of type or addition of type less
than 10% and plotted in graph.
3. Important Value (Acara 3)
a. Squares of 0.5 m x 0.5 m are made up of 3 squares and placed on the
plantation site randomly.
b. Existing plant species are recorded in the square of the designated plant
area.
c. Relative frequency, relative dominance, relative density, and significance of
weeds are calculated.

7
4. Plantation Weeds (Acara 4)
a. A plantation area with two different types of cultivated crops is noticed (eg
plantation or potatoes).
b. The things that are found in the plantation area which become observation
object are inventoried (cultivation system, plant spacing, weed problem,
weed species, weed domination, environmental condition, environmental
factor).
c. The problem is analyzed and made steps to solve the existing problems.

8
 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Identification and Classification (Acara 1)

a. Results
3.1 Observation Table Identification and Classification of Weeds

No. Species Broad leave Sedges Grasses

1. Oxalis corniculata √

2. Ageratum conyzoides √

3. Poa annua √

4. Drymaria cordata √

5. Cyperus rotundus √

6. Artemisia vulgaris √

7. Cardamine hirsuta √

The classification of weeds found in carrot plantations : Commented [NB5]: author?

1. Oxalis corniculata
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Oxalidales
Famili : Oxalidaceae
Genus : Oxalis
Species : Oxalis corniculata

2. Ageratum conyzoides

9
 Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Asterales
Famili : Asteraceae
Genus : Ageratum
Species : Ageratum conyzoides

3. Poa annua
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Liliopsida
Order : Poales
Famili : Poaceae
Genus : Poa
Species : Poa annua

4. Drymaria cordata
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Caryophyllales
Famili : Caryophyllaceae
Genus : Drymaria
Species : Drymaria cordata

5. Cyperus rotundus
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Liliopsida
Order : Cyperales
Famili : Cyperaceae

10
 Genus : Cyperus
Species : Cyperus rotundus

6. Artemisia vulgaris
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Asterales
Famili : Asteraceae
Genus : Artemisia
Species : Artemisia vulgaris

7. Cardamine hirsute
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Ordo : Brassicales
Famili : Brassicaceae
Genus : Cardamine
Spesies : Cardamine hirsuta

b. Discussion

According to Evan (2010), There are several ways to identify weeds that Commented [NB6]: Nothing in the reference

pass. Identification may use one or a combination of weeds with identifiable

material, self-search through keys, compare them to available determinations,
compare them with available illustrations, or consult with experts in the field
concerned. Commented [NB7]: at least 3 sentences in 1 paragraph

Identifying weeds may alter one or a combination of some or all of the

ways such as comparing weeds with herbarium material, direct consultation with
experts in the field discussing, self-seeking by key, comparing with, existing
determination, and comparing with available artists (Everaarts, 1981 in Santoso
et al., 2009). Classification is the process of arranging animals or plants into
11
taxon. The result of this process is a classification system that is meant to express
the relationships between -type errors that enable us to ensure little, but in
information containing as much information as possible. Grouping the plant
species in the taxon room then the characteristics of each different person living
with each other. According to that all elements will be solved in the taxon
description (Tjitrosoedirjo, 1998 in Santoso et al., 2009).
Weeds become one of the plant-disturbing organizations that are also
indispensable in the production system because they can generate costs with
plants to meet the needs of air, air, light, and growing space, so that it can not
erase production. Some weed species become hosts for insect pests and
pathogens (the cause of disease) for major crops (Tjokrowardojo, 2005 in
Syahputra et al., 2010). Examples of weeds consisting of grasses such as Setaria
plicata, Paspalum conjugatum and Axonopuscompressus. The puzzles are
Cyperus kyllingia and Cyperus rotundus. Wide leaves Asystasiagangetica,
Borrerialatifolia, and Richardia brasiliensis (Pratama et al., 2013).
Weeds are divided into three groups: weeds grasses (grasses), broadleave
weeds (broadleave), and weeds (sedges). Weed rumputan or called as
ribbon-weed (Solahudin et al., 2010).
1. Grasses (grasses)
Weeds Tidal grasses are weeds of graminae groups that have the
characteristics of leaf bone parallel to the main leaf bone, the length and width of
the leaves clearly different. The grass has round or flat and hollow stems, in
common with the puzzle because the leaves are similarly narrow, but from the
point of control especially the response to different herbicides. Some species of
annual grass may be problematic because they have a plant-like habitus, such as
Echinochloa crusgalli and E. colona that resemble rice plants in the early stages
of growth. The important annual weeds are Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum
spontaneum, Panicum repens, and Paspalum conjugatum.
2. Weeds broad leaf (broadleaved)
Leaves of wide-leaved weeds are formed on apical meristems and are
highly sensitive to kemikalia. There are stomata on the leaf surface, especially
the bottom surface that allows the liquid to enter. These weeds have buds on the
nodes or the point of clearance of the leaves. These shoots are also sensitive to

12
herbicides. The apical meristem of broadleaf weeds is the part of the rod formed
as an open part that is sensitive to chemical treatment. Therefore, the leaf control
herbicide is more wide than the grass controller.
3. Teki (sedges)
Teki has triangular shaped rods, sometimes spherical and not hollow,
leaves derived from nodia and dark purple. This weed has a very wide rhizome
and tuber system. The prominent feature is the rapidity of forming new bulbs
that can be dormant in certain environments. There are known to be a seasonal
puzzle such as Cyperus difformis, C. iria, and annual puzzles such as C.
esculentus, C. imbricatus, C. rotundus, and C. ceppus grossus. There are also
species such as Fimbrystylis littoralis that are classified as either annual or
annual puzzles. The most difficult to control species are Scirpus maritimus and
C. rotundus.
Based on the results of the lab, there are several weeds found on the carrot
farm. The weeds areOxalis curniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Poa annua,
Drymaria cordata, Cyperus rotundus, Artemisia vulgaris, and Cardamine
hirsuta. Here's an explanation of the weeds:
1. Oxalis curniculata
Leaf weeds include compound leaves that are shaped like a fish's tail fin.
This plant can be used for medicinal plants that are often used. The part used is
usually leaves, leaves Oxalis used as a drug fever, flu, hepatitis, diarrhea, urinary
tract infections, stop bleeding, peluruh menstruation, inflammation of the mouth
and bad breath. Oxalis leaves contain polyphenol compounds and saponins with
low levels so as not to cause allergic effects. Oxalis leaves contain oxalic acid
that gives a sharp acidic taste, if oxalis leaves are consumed in large quantities
(Kasmarini et al., 2016). Commented [NB8]: nothing in the reference

2. Cyperus rotundus
Has the name of the area Grass puzzle, fiber roots, the trunk has a
direction to grow upright with 25 cm high, the trunk is triangular, the stems have
long segments, sympodial branching. The leaves are single, crowed at the base
of the stem forming a root rosette with leaf-covered leaves, ± 30 cm long leaves,
striped leaf blades, parallel leaf parings, pointed leaf tips, leafy base, leaf edges

13
flat. Flower-shaped flowers compound with 3-10 small grains that have 8-25
flowers. The spread of this plant grows wild in the open (Yuliasari, 2016).
3. Cardamine hirsute
Cardamine hirsuta grows in sunny and dry places. This plant is generally
in the spring. Sometimes there are moisture. The shape of the leaves is wavy.
Plant height below 30 cm. Diamater flowers 2-3.5 mm. Stem emerging from the
leaf basal basalt is 5-7 cm in shape rather round. Leaf stem is smaller. In the
interest there are 4 stamens. Usually the trunk is hairy (Rahman, 2002).
4. Poa annua
It is an annual herbaceous plant rooted in fibers, many of the
gland-shaped adventif roots. Length of stem 30-60 cm, branching spread, limp to
erect, opposite leaf location, round to liver or ovate shape; 5-25 mm long,
inflorescence one terminal or small cyme armpits, petals are not hairy with 5
sepals, fruit shaped capsule with 3 3 mm long valve with 5-7 seeds, dark red to
black seeds, more or less round and flat. Benefits as febrifuge, urine-healer,
herpes, asthma, diarrhea, vomiting, anti-leukemia, liver and kidney damage
remedies, headache, constipation, cough and ulcers (Hamdani, 2009).
5. Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris is a weed with the habitus of a chubby shrub,
smooth-haired, erect with a height above 2 m and a sharp smell. Stems woody,
round, branched, white milk. Single leaves, spread out, share pinnate, hairy, 8-12
cm long, 6-8 cm wide, pinnate pinnacle, leaf surface over green, whitish
undersides. Flowers are compound flowers, small, light yellow-shaped humps
arranged in a panicle-shaped series that grows down, out of the armpits of the
leaves. The tip of yellow stem stalks, the two-legged pistil head, is
purple-brown. Fruit small, needle-shaped, brown. The roots are
brownish-yellow.
6. Ageratum conyzoides
A. conyzoides has fasciculate root, presenting a col-oration yellowish to
brown and weakly fixed to the soil. The stem is green in the young plant but it
may present browncolor in older plants. Moreover, the stem is classified as
aerial,has cylindrical shape and is covered by trichomes (Fig. 1E). The leaves are
simple, opposite, oval shape, acute tip, attenuated base and toothed margin,

14
 covered with whitish trichomes. The petiole is straight and has concave-convex
contour. The terminal inflorescences bears about fifteen purple flower-head
7. Drymaria cordata
This trailing annual herb bears numerous glandular hairs; stems often root
at the nodes,stems angular, glabrous to glandular-hairy, withlong simple hairs at
the nodes. Leaves are simple, opposite, orbicular to reniform,
scariousinterpetiolar stipules usually present. Leavesovate to reniform, 6–12
mm long, 8–12 mmwide; petiole 3–7 mm long, glabrous toglandular-hairy.
Pedicels 2–7 mm long,glandular-hairy.Sepals 3–5 mm long, 3-veinedwith
scarious margins.Petals usually bifid, 2–3mm long, white. Capsule ovoid, 1.5–2
mm long.Flowers aresmall, and white. Fruit is a dry capsule containing many
rounded, compressed, roughly coated seeds (Kashyap et al., 2014).

B. Minimum Area (Acara 2)

a. Result

Table 3.2 Number of Weeds species in Minimum Area Method

Number of
No. Plot size Percentage
species
1. 0,25 x 0,25 m = 0,0625 m2 6 6/6 x 100%= 100%
2. 0,25 x 0,50 m = 0,125 m2 7 1/7 x 100% = 14,28%

3. 0,50 x 0,50 m = 0,25 m2 9 2/13 x 100% =15,38%

4. 0,50 x 1 m = 0,5 m2 10 1/14 x 100% = 7,1%

5. 1 x 1 m = 1m2 10 0/10 x 100% = 0%

Calculation :

a. Plot size I(0,25 x 0,25)m2

Number of species :6

Number of new species

Percentage of additions = Number of early species
x 100%
6
= x 100%
6

= 100%
15
b. Plot size II(0,25 x 0,50)m2

Number of species :7

Number of new species

Percentage of additions = x 100%
Number of early species
1
= 17
x 100%

= 14,28%
c. Plot size III(0,50 x 0,50)m2

Number of species :9

Number of new species

Percentage of additions = Number of early species
x 100%
2
= 13
x 100%

= 15,38%
d. Plot size IV(0,50 x 1)m2

Number of species :10

Number of new species

Percentage of additions = x 100%
Number of early species
1
= x 100%
14

= 7,1%
e. Plot size IV(0,50 x 1)m2

Number of species :10

Number of new species

Percentage of additions = x 100%
Number of early species
0
= x 100%
10

= 0%

M (x,y) : (9, 0,5)

X = 10% x the last area of plots =

Y =10% x the last number of types =

16
 Graphic 3. 1 Minimum Area

b. Discussion

One of the key aspects of vegetation analysis including weeds is the

representation of the survey. The size of the survey area where sampling is carried out
should not be lower than the minimum area. This is to avoid false results due to loss of
flora data. This assumes much more importance in science weeds, where appropriate
weed weeds, management strategies and weed evaluation of environmental impacts
should always be based on weed representative surveys. The concept of "minimum
area" or minimum area of plant has been studied by vegetation scientists. The
minimum area is the surface where the species-area curve becomes horizontal. A plant
community requires for the development of a minimal area. Furthermore, Pignatti
(1959) in Cristaudo et al., (2015) states that the minimum area is the area in which an
association can be declared most correct. The minimum area can be defined as the
smallest area in which the species composition of the plant community is adequately

17
represented. Therefore, the minimum area is an important structural value of plant
associations, and also has a practical value for detecting significant minimal areas to
obtain sufficiently indicative data from plant communities (Cristaudo et al., 2015).
According to the above definition, the concept of minimum area has become
the center of plant ecology, and several studies have studied it because of the
species-area relationship that can explain how species richness (ie total species) in
habitat change differs from the sampling area (Nikolic et al., 2008 in Cristaudo et al.,
2015). As a result, much useful information is used to collect different types of natural
vegetation, such as subtropical fall forest, including tree species, shrub communities
and grasslands. The minimum area is required to achieve a qualitative assessment
(Gounot, 1969 in Cristaudo et al., 2015), which allows the comparability of vegetation
from different geographical areas, where it is necessary to meet the minimum surface
area conditions of the sample.
After the location of the practicum is determined, then specified area / number
of sample plots. Determining the extent / quantity of plots of squares minimal samples
can be determined by constructing a species curve (Soekisman et al., 1984 in
Syahputra et al., 2011). After we have obtained the data on the number of weed
species, it then makes a minimum area curve to determine the extent / number of
sample plots used in the practicum (Tjitrosoedirjo et al., 1984 in Syahputra et al.,
2011). The total area of the practicum for the calculation of the minimum area is
sampled 10% of the total area. This determination is based on the consideration that
each observation station is homogeneous (Djufri, 2012). According to Wahyuningtyas
et al., (2013) that the minimum area is fixed on the basis that the addition of the plot
area does not result in an increase in the number of species by more than 5-10%.
The minimum width is done in this practicum to determine the size of the
squared area required in a weed plant sample. Minimum width is done 4 times. The
first plot of 0.0625 m2 size was 6 species, the second plot with the area of 0.125 m2 was
1 species, the third plot with the area of 0.25 m2 was 2 species, the fourth lot with the
are 0,5 m2was 1 species and the total species was 10 species. The minimum area is 0.5
m2 plot.

18
C. Important Value Index (Acara 3)
a. Result

Table 3.3 Number of Weeds in squares (plot observation)

Plot observation Number of

No Species species
P1 P2 P3

1 Oxalis corniculata 26 3 2 31

2 Ageratum conyzoides 22 13 21 56

3 Drymaria cordata 12 13 7 32

4 Cyperus rotundus 12 11 5 28

5 Poa annua 7 6 9 22

6 Artemisia vulgaris 1 - - 1

7 Cardamine hirsuta 2 3 9 14

Table 3.4 Data Analysis Results

No Species F FR (%) K KR (%) INP (%)

1 Oxalis corniculata 1 15,87 41,33 15,65 31,52

2 Ageratum conyzoides 1 15,87 80 30,3 46,17

3 Drymaria cordata 1 15,87 42,67 16,16 52,03

4 Cyperus rotundus 1 15,87 37,33 14,14 30,01

5 Poa annua 1 15,87 42,67 16,16 32,03

6 Artemisia vulgaris 0,3 4,76 1,33 0,5 5,26

7 Cardamine hirsuta 1 15,87 18,67 7,07 22,94

Total

19
Calculation:
a) Frequency
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬
 Frequency=
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐭
3 3 1
F1 = = 1 F4 = = 1 F6= = 0,33
3 3 3
3 3 3
F2 = = 1 F5 = = 1 F7= = 1
3 3 3
3
F3 = = 1
3
 Total Frequency = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0,33 + 1 = 6,33
𝐀 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
 Frequency Relative = x 100 %
𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
1 1
FR1 = x 100 %= 15,87 % FR5 = x 100 %= 15,87 %
6,3 6,3

1 0,3
FR2 = x 100 %= 15,87 % FR6= x 100 %= 4,76 %
6,3 6,3

1 1
FR3 = x 100 %= 15,87 % FR7= x 100 %= 15,87 %
6,3 6,3

1
FR4 = x 100 %= 15,87 %
4,3

b) Density
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬
 Density =
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞

31 32
K1 = = 41,33 K5 = = 42,67
0,75 0,75

60 1
K2 = = 80 K6= = 1,33
0,75 0,75

32 14
K3 = = 42,67 K7= = 18,67
0,75 0,75

28
K4 = = 37,33
0,75

20
 Density Total = 264

𝐀 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
 Density Relative = x 100 %
𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
41,33 42,67
KR1 = x 100 % = 15,65 % KR5 = x 100 % = 16,16%
264 264
80 1,33
KR2 = x 100 % = 30,3 % KR6 = x 100 % = 0,5%
264 264
42,67 18,67
KR3 = x 100 % = 16,16 %KR7 = x 100 % = 7,07%
264 264
37,33
KR4 = x 100 % = 14,14 %
264
c) Value Index (INP)
 Value Index = FR + KR
INP1(Oxalis corniculata) = 15,87% + 15,65% = 31,52 %
INP2(Ageratum conyzoides)= 15,87% + 30,3% = 46,17%
INP3(Drymaria cordata) = 15,87% + 16,16% = 32,03%
INP4(Cyperus rotundus) = 15,87% + 14,14% = 30,01%
INP5(Poa annua) = 15,87% + 16,16% =32,03%
INP6(Artemisia vulgaris) = 4,76 % + 0,5% = 4,81%
INP7(Cardamine hirsuta) = 15,87% + 7,07% = 22,94%

21
b. Discussion

Frequency is a type that indicates the spread of a species within an area.

Evenly distributed species have large frequency values, on the contrary species
that have small frequency values that have uneven distribution patterns.
Frequency describes the distribution or distribution and life of a plant species to
an area. Frequency can be calculated from the appearance of each plant species in
each observation area (Restiani & Inka, 2014). Commented [NB9]: nothing in the reference

Based on the results of the lab, the frequency values of each species are 1
forOxalis corniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Drymaria cordata, Cyperus
rotundus, Poa annua, and Cardamine hirsute while the Artemisia vulgaris species
is 0.33. The frequency value is known by distributing the number of plots
containing a weed species divided by the number of weed sampling fields. The
plot used in this lab is 3 plots. Based on the calculation of the frequency value of
each species divided by the number of frequencies per species multiplied by
100%, Oxalis corniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Drymaria cordata, Cyperus
rotundus, Poa annua, and Cardamine hirsutehave a relative frequency value of
15,87%, while Artemisia vulgarishave a relative frequency value of 4,76%. The
relative frequency and frequency value values of the Oxalis corniculata,
Ageratum conyzoides, Drymaria cordata, Cyperus rotundus, Poa annua, and
Cardamine hirsuteweights were greater than the Artemisia vulgaris weeds. This is
Oxalis corniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Drymaria cordata, Cyperus rotundus,
Poa annua, and Cardamine hirsutecan be found in each plot on sampling.
According to Restiani & Inka (2014), the frequency value of a species is directly
influenced by the density and the distribution pattern. Distribution values can only
provide information about the presence of specific plants in a plot and have not
provided an idea of the number of individuals in each plot.
Density represents the number or number of individuals of a species
belonging to a plant community within a given area. Density is determined by the
average number of individuals divided by the observed area. Density value can be
divided into crude density (ie, the number of individual unity of space occupied by
the population (Odum, 1971). According to Sukman &Yakub (2002) in Restiani
& Inka (2014), the density of a species that can describe the extent of vegetation

1
cover under environmental conditions strongly determines the existence of a
species.
Based on the calculation of the density and the relative density of weeds
in the carrot plantations vary. Density is known by counting the number of weed
species divided by the number of replicates at the time of sampling. Ageratum
conyzoides have the largest density among other weeds that is equal to 80. While
Artemisia vulgaris weeds have the lowest density of 1,33. Weed relative density
value is known by calculating the density of weed species divided by the total
density of all weeds multiplied by 100%. Based on this, the higher the weed
density value, the higher the relative density of a weed. According to Restiani &
Inka (2014), the density value of a species indicates the number of individual
species concerned in a given area, then the density value is a description of the
number of species in the study site. Density values have not been able to give an
idea of how the distribution and distribution patterns are.
An important value index is used to define the dominance of a species
against another type or in other words an important value index can describe the
ecological position of a species into a community. According to Restiana &
Drikah (2014), important value indexes are used to establish the dominance of a Commented [NB10]: nothing in the reference

species against another type or in other words the important value index can
describe the ecological position of a species into the community. The dominance
of a species can be seen from its importance index. An important value index is
known by summing the relative density values and relative frequency values in
the weed species. Ageratum conyzoidesweed have the largest important value
index of 30,3%, while Artemisia vulgaris weed have the smallest important value
index of 21.1%. According to Restiani & Inka (2014), The higher index of the
importance of a species, the greater its mastery in the community. A plant species
within a community can be said to dominate if its presence dominates or controls
other types within the community (Rosanti, 2013).
Weed diversity is known by important value indexes. The species
diversity can be used to express community structure. Species diversity can also
be used to measure community stability: the ability of a community to protect
itself remains stable despite disruption to its components. Odum (1971) says that
the high degree of diversity of an organism within its community dependson the

2
number of individuals in the community. High species diversity indicates that a
community has high complexity due to high species interaction within its
community and if the community is composed by many species and vice versa, a
community is said to have a low species diversity if the community is composed
by few species and if only a small dominant species (Indriyanto, 2010).
Weed communities are affected by the environment and studies can
improve our knowledge of the relationship between weed flora, soil properties,
crop rotation, soil management, fertilizer use, and weed control. Analysis of
spatial variation in multispecies weeds, together with environmental factors, may
be useful as a tool for developing a sustainable long-term in weed control and land
management strategies. Several factors affect the abundance and diversity of
weeds that are climate conditions, competition ability, seed production capacity,
and geographical distribution (El-Ghani et al., 2013).

3
D. Plantation weeds(Acara 4)
a. Result
Table 1.Conditions of Potato and Carrot Plantations in Dieng Plateau, May Commented [NB11]:

24th 2018

Description of Types of cultivated plants

No Information
activities Potato Carrot
Rotation of cropping
every single year and
1 Cultivation system Tumpangsari Monoculture
intercropping system
with leek
Not too tight so as
2 Plant spacing 20-25cm 10-15cm not to block the entry
of sunlight
Cyperus rotundus Cynodon
Grasses weed and
3 Weed type and broaded dactylon
broaded leaves weed
leaves weed
Cynodon
4 Weed domination Cyperus rotundus Every planting plot
dactylon
Main plants are Main plants are Not too disturbing
5 Weed problem more dominant more dominant cultivation plant
than weeds than weeds production
Moist and
Environmental Moist and rainfall
6 rainfall is quite Plateau
condition is quite high
high
Cold Cold The temperature is
Environmental temperatures, temperatures, 16-18˚ and the
7
factor fog, and light fog, and light intensity of light is
intensity intensity sufficient
Hoes and Burning and Removed every 3
8 Weed eradication
herbicides herbicides months once
Utilized as a
Utilized only for
9 Weed utilization As a vegetables vegetable and
self-consumption
animal feed
Watered every Watered every
10 Irrigation system When in dry season
2-3 days 2-3 days
11 Harvest Period 3 months 3 months One time of harvest

4
b. Discussion
The farmers sometimes pay less attention to weeds so that within a certain
period of weed population has exceeded the limit. Weeds are undesirable plants of
existence in agricultural cultivation areas and can compete with cultivated plants
so that it has the potential to decrease the cultivation of these crops. The decline in
agricultural yields is caused by competition in water acquisition, nutrients and
livelihoods, degradation of yield quality, into host pests and diseases, making
poisoning plants due to toxic or allelopathic compounds (Muhabibah, 2009 in
Riskitavani & Kristanti, 2013).
Practicum on weed plantation was conducted interview with potato and
carrot farmer. Potato plants include intercrops and carrots including monoculture
plants. Spacing on potato and carrot plants is 20-25 cm. Spacing has an effect on
weed growth. Weeds found in potato plants are Cyperus rotundus and broadleaf
weeds, whereas in the carrot plant is Cynodon dactylon. Although these weeds are
disturbing, they are often used as vegetables and fodder such as cattle and goats.
Weeds greatly affect plantation crops, because they can disrupt the growth of
staple crops. Environmental conditions in Dieng have high humidity, sometimes
high rainfall or hot sun. According to Sudibyakto et al., (2002), the temperature at Commented [NB12]: nothing in the reference

Dieng is 5-20oC with an 80% humidity level. Weeds in Dieng plantations are
usually handled by spraying herbicides, embracing, burning. The harvest period in
the potato and carrot crop is 3 months.
According to research results Mubarak et al., (2014) weeds that dominate
before planting in potato plants are weed sintrong (8.10%), then weeds
tempuyung (7.60%) and lulangan (7.02%). At ages 21-63 hst, dominating weeds
are Ageratum conyzoides L. (wedusan), Cyperus rotundus (puzzle), Cynodon
dactylon (grinting), Chromolaena odorata L. (krinyu), Digitaria sanguinalis
(bundle gangsir), Erechtites hieracifolia (sintrong ) and Eleusin indica (lulangan).
Schonbeck (2011) in Mubarak et al., (2014), states that the most disturbing
seasonal weeds are weeds that can grow new plants from roots, rhizome, stolon or
other structures in the soil.
Weeds have competitive properties with cultivated plants. The effects of
weeds on cultivated plants are:

5
1. Plant height
Weeds have a high adaptation rate compared to cultivated plants, so growth
is faster. For cultivated plants such as potatoes will be disrupted growth. As a
result, weeds are bigger than potatoes. The acquisition of sunlight for the
photosynthesis process is also small, so the energy acquisition is reduced and the
increase in the height of the potato plant is also getting smaller. Nutrition needed
for the growth of potato plants is less than weeds. Plant height is an indicator of a
nutritious nutrient cultivated plant. Plant height also shows a lot of food reserves,
because the photosynthesis process goes well. According to Mubarak et al. (2014)
results, weed-free treatment (weeds weed once daily from 21 h to harvest) has a
mean of potatoes of 26.5 cm at 63 hst, whereas in weed control treatments (weeds
are revoked at 21 hst and 49 hst) has a plant height of 32.2 cm at 63 hst. This is
because weeds population more on weed-free treatment. Weed populations are
highest at age two to six weeks after planting (Mubarak et al., 2014).
2. Area of leaf
According to Solahudin et al., (2010) weeds have a survival ability in larger
unfavorable environmental conditions, are able to spread vegetatively in addition
to generative breeding. This causes the development of potato crops disturbed,
consequently important organs such as leaves have a decrease in leaf area. Lakitan
(2008) in Mubarak et al., (2014), states that the more leaf area will affect the
process of photosynthesis that will result in greater assimilate so that will affect
the yield of tubers. According to Mubarak et al., (2014) results, weed control
treatments (weeds removed at 21 hst and 49 hst) increased the average leaf area by
30.10% compared to weed-free weeds (weeds were weaved seven days from 21
hst to harvest ) that is 27 or 28%. This is because weed-free treatment has more
weed populations so that the level of competition of nutrition and sunlight is
greater than weed control treatment.
3. Crops
The decrease in plant height and potato leaf area due to the presence of
weeds will affect the yields. The greater the leaf area and the height of the plant,
the greater the probability of harvest. It is related to the nutrients obtained and the
process of photosynthesis that affects the amount of food reserves (bulbs)
produced. Sutater et al., (1993) in Mubarak et al., (2014), suggests that large

6
increases in tubular formation and filling will result in large quantities of bulbs of
large size and large total tuber yield weight per plant.
Several ways can be used to control weeds in potato crops, such as:
1. Use plastic mulch
Weed control can be done in various ways such as the use of plastic mulch
(mechanical control). Mulch of PHP (Silver Black Plastic) used consists of two
layers, the silver colored layer at the top and the black color at the bottom. The
silver black plastic mulch is a synthetic mulch that can control weeds and can
sustain soil environmental conditions that can ensure optimal growth and
production because it can change the microclimate climate around the plant to
improve plant growth. Silver color on mulch will reflect sunlight, so the process
of photosynthesis to be better, crop conditions are not damp, reduce planting
attacks are not too damp, reduce disease attacks, and repel insect bugs. The black
color on the mulch will absorb the heat so that the temperature is burned the plant
becomes warm. The use of plastic mulch can also increase the production of
horticulture crops such as potatoes, chili, onions and others (Ginting et al., 2013).
According to research results Hamdani (2009), the use of plastic mulch will
provide better tuber yield.
2. Use of Herbicides
The use of herbicides in weed control is a chemical way. Herbicides are
chemicals that can be used to control weed growth because they can kill growth or
impede normal growth (Wati et al., 2015). Herbicides have effective, selective,
and systemic properties so farmers quickly accept the use of herbicidesin weed
control activities. In addition to 2,4D herbicides the type of atrazine and
Mesotrion are often used by farmers in weed control. According to research
results Wati et al., (2015) atrazine herbicide is capable of causing the greatest
weed damage at doses of 608 g ha-1 of 83.72%. Mesotrion herbicide also can
cause damage to weeds to be greater that is 89.24% at a dose of 172 g ha-1.
3. Setting spacing
Setting spacing is intended to provide sufficient growing space for
cultivated plants that reduce competition among plants. Differences in plant
spacing increased the growth index of plant physiology affecting stem diameter
and plant height increasing soil evaporation and transpiration (Desyrakhmawati et

7
al., 2015). According to Desyrakhmawati et al., (2015), plant spacing affects plant
height, number of secondary branches, number of leaves per plant aged 8 MST,
headline widths 4 and 8 MST and leaf area index (ILD) age 4 MST. The wide
plant spacing (75 cm x 75 cm) generally results in a higher variable value than the
value of the variables with the spacing of the plant (50 cm x 50 cm), except for the
height variant of aged 8 MST and ILD age 4 MST. Other weed control methods
are weeding, removal maupaun pembabatn. It is a mechanical weed control that is
often done by farmers, because it does not require much cost. Different cultivation
practices have more or less the same in weed control. Irrigation has a significant
effect on weed control followed by appropriate spacing. Farmers estimate that
weed loss due to weeds in field conditions also varies from 0 to 25% (Subedi,
2013).

8
 IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
1. Weeds consist of 3 groups, namely grasses, sedges and broad leaf. Weeds that
found in this practicum are Oxalis corniculata, Ageratum conyzoides,
Drymaria cordata, Cyperus rotundus, Poa annua, Cardamine hirsute, and
Artemisia vulgaris.
2. Percentage of additional species indicates less than 10% is in plot 4 which is
0%. The minimum area is in the 0.5 m2 plot.
3. The dominant weeds in potato plantations based on the Important Value Index
(INP) obtained were Ageratum conyzoides weeds had the largest important
value index of 46,17%, while Artemisia vulgaris had the smallest important
value index of 4.81% .
4. The solution to eradicate weeds on plantations can be done mechanically and
chemically. Mechanically can be done by weeding manually and by mulch use,
while chemically can use herbicide chemicals.
B. Suggestion

Suggestion for this laboratory activity ispreferably each group is determined by

location with different plantations. This lab should also be given time for four events,
so that the management in the course of the lab work better. Praktikan also should be
careful in weed sampling field, so as not to confuse in naming maun when weed
identification.

9
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