Basic English Grammar

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subject -

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techn

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 Vocabulary

 Grammar and Technology

 Practice to Win English

Primary Concepts

Language ( ):
language.

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Letter ( ): letter.
: a, b, c … x, y, z ( )
Alphabet ( ): Letter Alphabet

Alphabet
Vowel Consonant
(a, e, i, o, u=5 ) ( )

Word( )
meaningful letter- word. ,I- ,
a- , man- -‘O’ and
‘E’ are vowels ‘O’ ‘E’ word
letter
,
word ©
Sentence ( )
word ( group

of Words )Sentence : I eat rice.

: sentence- Unit

Sentence- words – word

Verb Verb Sentence

verb :

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 verb –

Grammar:
grammar Sentence
unit
grammar Grammar Grammar is the rules
of language.

grammar :

1. Orthography- Etymology-

2. Syntax- / Punctuation-

3. prosody-

Parts of Speech

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 Words,

Word -
Wo -

Sentence functioni

1. Noun 6. preposition
2. pronoun 7. conjunction
3. Adjective 8. Interjection
4. Verb
5. Adverb

Noun

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Object
Noun
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Rahim knows Karim

Subject verb object

Rahim saw Karim in the bus

Subject verb object preposition noun

I go school -

connected)

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-
-
- o

- -
eq

GIVE ME A RED PEN

adj N

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 pen? -

red

-
Walkin -
The old man is walking with a walking stick.
V adj N

stick
stick?-

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 part of speech.

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I walk in the morning -
Verb

Walking is good for health -

Noun
The old man is walking with a walking stick.
Verb adj

adverb ( / )

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Karim is a very good boy
Adv. Adj. N

-
good adje -

-
adverb.

Preposition ( )

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©
© put the book on the table.
‘on’ preposition

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preposition
I go to school
Prep N

Preposition

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 Conjunction ( )

conj
Rhim and Karim went there.
conj
I know that he will come.
conj
Interjection ( )

Part of speech
-
-

Alas! He is dead.
Interjection

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Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection

Man(Noun)-
I(pronoun)-
Good (Adjective)-
Go(Verb)-
Fast(Adverb)-

word

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 word

part of speech?

I drink water
noun.
I water -
Verb.

I need a water(adj -
adjective.

Man? He is a good man.

N
He manned over the boat.
V

Book? I read a book.

N
I booked two tickets.
v
He is a book worm
adj N

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 © -

-
-
pa

Verb + er = Noun
Teach + er = teacher
play + er = player
sing + er = singer
dance + er = dancer
write + er = writer
speak + er = speaker

Prefix & Suffix

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Prefix ( ):

Prefix + Word = New Word/Changed Word.

Un + necessary = Unnecessary
Dis + favour = disfavour
Mis + take = mistake
In + correct = incorrect

Suffix ( )

Prefix-
-

Word + Suffix = New Word/Changed word

Rapid + ly =rapidly
Kind + ness =kindness
Examine + tion =examination
Care + ful =careful

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She is a beauty,
N
She is a beautiful girl,
adj
This tree beautifies
v

1. Noun(pronoun)
Words 2. Ad-Word (adj. & adv.)
3. Verb
4. Connector (Prep.&
conj)
5. Interjection

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Conjun

Word –

** Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, and adverbs are vocabulary

word. Learning vocabulary means learning verbs, nouns,
adjectives and adverbs.
Preposition, determiners, pronouns, and conjunction, belong
to much smaller classes. These words are sometime called
grammatical word.

Note: There is also a small class of words called

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 Formation of Sentence

Word-

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- object

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Subject +verb+object+Adverbial

The boys read books regularly.

S V obj. adv.

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-
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subject verb Indirect object direct object

Rahim gave Amena a pen.

object

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Rahim gave a pen to Amena.
S v D.O. I.O

Subject + verb + Indirect object + direct object

subject+ verb+ direct object+ preposition+ indirect object.

©
©
Dir
©

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 Adverbials.

+ V + I.O + D.O + P.O + Adv.

-
C

Transitive
Verb Verb with object

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 Intransitive
Verb
Verb Without object

There is a school in our villege -

subject.

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It rains.
It was night then.
It is our duty to serve the country.

noun

Complement |

- -
-
linkin

He is a man.
Linking verb complement

Adjective
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I made him do the work.

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 Empty verb

We often

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We have run for run.
We made a journey.
I took a look.
He gave me a smile.
I go for a ride.

Some sentence patterns

1. Subject + verb + Object (Transitive verb)
a) The women loved the man
b) We eat rice
2. Subject + Intransitive verb (No object)
a) He sleeps.
b) A coach stopped.

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3.Subject +verb (Transitive)+Indirect object +Direct object.
a) I lent her my pen.
b) The old man told us a story.

4. S +Vt + D.O + prep. + Indirect / prepositional object .

a) I lent my pen to her.
b) I bought a watch for my friend.
5. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement
a) The thief was rather unlucky.
b) The detective became an inspector.
6. Subject + Verb + Adverbials.
a) The cat was over his arm
b) The conference is every year.
7. Subject + Verb + Object+ Complement.
a) They call the inspector Sir.
8. Subject + Verb (Transitive) + object + Adverbial.
a) He put the coat over his arm.
9. Subject + Verb + Object+ Adjective.
a) The boy pushed the door open.
b) You have made your shirt dirty.

N.B.
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Classification of verb

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Formation of sentence

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B) Intransitive

A) Principal verb,

Verb

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Verb with object verb without object
Strong Verb Weak Verb

work-
worked -worked

go, went,
gone.
Auxiliary Verb
Verb)
Principal

am, do, shall

read, eat I am going
He will come

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sentence

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sentence-

- - -

Transitive verb:
I eat rice.
Intransitive verb:
we sleep
at night.
Strong verb:

Write -
-

Weak Verb:
- work worked worked.
- -
strong verb

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Hang:
- -
- -
Principal verb:

-
-

Auxiliary verb:

Tense ( )

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-

1. -
2. -
3. -Is

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Past Present Future

I) - -

II) - -

III) - Verb -
©

- -
-

Verb
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(i) Definite and
(ii) Indefinite

Present
, Past,
Future
tense

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HAVE + Past
Participle = }
Perfect

BE +
Present
Participle =
Continuous

Perfect Con

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 a) Indifinite b) d) Perfect
Continuous
( Continuous/
(
Imperfect(
Present
)
Tens
) )
e Past
Definite c) Perfect
Future ( ( )

a) Indefinite
b) Continuous

d) Perfect Continuous

Present form
Past
form
3. Future Tense = Shall/will +
bare infinitive.
4.Continious = BE+Present
Participle (V+ing)
5.Perfect = Have + Past Participle

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N.B.

Indefinite Tens
( )
1. Present Indefinite Tense:
a) -We read books.
-I walk in the morning.
-the earth is round.
subject 3rd
verb

- Uttpol goes to school.

2. Past indefinite tense:
a) -i went there.
- I walked in the morning.

3. Future indefinite tense:

I shall buy a book.

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 Shall/will + bare infinitive.

(Be+ Present Participle = Continuous)

1. Present continuous tense

© - -we
are reading.

Continuous = Be+ pr
-

2. Past continuous tense

-
they were playing.

Continuous = BE + presen
-

3. Future continuous tense

- -
they will be playing.

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 Continuous = BE + present participle
-

Perfect Tense (
(HAVE + Past Participle)

1. Present Perfect Tense

(Past Indefinite) - I ate

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2. Past Perfect Tense:

I said that I had gone there.

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Past Indefinite Tense

Before: I had slept before you came.

After: you came after I had slept.

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 Had + past participle = past perfect

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3. Future perfect tense:

I shall have slept before you

will come (Or you come)

Perfect continuous ( )

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1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

-We have been Reading for

tow hours.

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fr ©

2. Past perfect continuous tense

© -I

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Perfect

Be + present participle = Continuo

3. Future perfect continuous tense

-we shall have

been playing from 4 pm to 5pm

Perfect.

continuous = BE+ Present Pa

future = shall/ will + Have

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 LEGS-31

Tense Table

Tenses Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect

Be+(V+ (HAVE+P Continu
ing) ast ous
Present Participle) (HAVE
Participle +past
participl
e
BE+Pre
sent
participl
e)
Present I go I am I have I have
going gone been
(past going
form)
Past I west I was I had gone I had
(Past
going been
going
from)
Future I shall go I shall be I shall I shall
(shall/wil going have gone have
l+ been
bare going
infinitive)

Present Indefinite

-
-

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 5 kinds of sentence

- - Assertive sentence.

- - Interrogative
sentence.

- -Exclamatory sentence.

Read the book. -Imperative sentence.

May you live long.- Optative sentence.

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-
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5. optative Sentence-

1. Assertive Sentence

-
-He eats rice.
-He does not eat rice.

: Subject + Verb + Extension.

2. Interrogative Sentence
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Inter
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-Do you know me?
-Do you not know me?

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Past Indefinite
- -

auxiliary verb
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb auxiliary verb

verb

- ©
Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verb

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You Know me. (Present Indefinite)-Assertive.

Do you Know me? (Present Indefinite)- Interrogative.

He went there. (Past Indefinite)- Assertive.

Did he go there? (Past Indefinite) Interrogative.

He is going. (Continuous)-IS he going?

I shall go. (Future)-Shall I go?

He has gone. (Perfect)- Has he gone?

- - - -
wh-
-
auxiliary verb ।

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 Auxiliary verb

Why have you come?

Where are they going?

How did you come?

- -
© Auxiliary verb

3. Exclamatory Sentence (

©
-

Alas! He is dead.

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 He is dead-

-
What a nice bird it is!
How nice the bird is!

ve

-
It is a very nice bird.
The bird is very nice.

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 senten

Exclamatory
Sentence.

Interrogativ

It
Interrogative sentence

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4. Imperative sentence

I)
II)

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 -fi

st related
3rd

Let me read
the book.
Let him read
the book.
Let them read
the book.
Let us read the
book.

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 st rd

i)

ii)

a)

b)

5. Optative Sentence ( ):

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Sentence

May you live long.

i)
ii)

Affirmative Sentence.

- He reads the book. -Affirmative Assertive.

He does not read the book. - Negative

Assertive.

- Does he read the book? - Affirmative

Interrogative.

- Dose he not read the book?-Negative

Interrogative.

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 Shut the door. Affirmative Imperative.

-Do not shut the door. -Negative

Imperative.

Present or Past Indefinite Tense-

-

He is a good man. -
Affirmative.
He is not a bad
man. Negative.

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 Adverb.

Phrase and Clause

I go -
Sentence.

There is a field in front of our scho

Phrase

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clause

Clause

I know that he will come.

I know Clause he will come

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 Clause he will come
noun I know part of
speech
know object part of
speech Noun he will come

he will come subordinate clause dependent

I know main clause Principal

Main clause

claus

he will not clause Part of Speech

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 claus Co-ordinate

As he is ill he will not come

Subordinate clause main clause

- subordinating conjunction.

principle clause.
dependent clause.
3) Co-ordinate clause.

par

finite verb

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 sentence.

I know the boy who is blind.

Main clause subordinate clause –adj.

- compoun

LEGS-39

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I Know that he Will come.
Main clause object =Noun clause

I shall go When he will come.

Main clause adverbial clause

I Know the boy who is blind.

Main clause adjective clause

He is ill and he will not come.

Co- ordinate clause co-ordinate clause

As he is ill, he will not come.

Subordinate clause main clause

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Differences
1.Sentence 2. 3. 4. Co- 5. Main
Phrase Subordinate ordinate clause
clause clause
Phrase
word words word
verb group
group words finite
sentence clause
part of group verb
speech main ciause
full stop(.) (?) part of
(!) speech compound
clause sentence
phrase group-
group- single
finite verb part of
finite speech single
non-finite , part of
verb
verb co- speech
main clause
0rdinating
conjunction
subordinate
clause
compound
sentence

subordinate
conjunction
main
clause

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Kinds of sentence
(3 kinds)
Simple, complex, compound

1. Simple sentence: cl

I saw him going -simple sentence.

- -

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2. Complex Sentence:
Com

I saw that he was going. -Complex Sentence.

that

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Single p

I saw -main clause,

He was going -subordinate clause

-
subordinating

3. Compound Sentence:
co-ordinate clause

I saw him and he was going -Compound Sentence.

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 -
-

-
co-ordin

-
compound

Simple sentence:

Complex Sentence:

Compound sentence: -
co-ordinate con

I saw him going Simple Sentence.

I saw that he was going - Compound Sentence.

I saw him and he was going Complex sentence.

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Simple : I saw a wounded bird.

Non –finite

Complex : I saw a bird which was wounded.

s-clause

Simple : Going there, I meet him.

Complex : After I have gone there, I meet him.

Simple : I know the blind boy.

Complex: I know that the boy is blind.

s-conj s-clause
Subordinate conjunctions: a
-

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(com
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co-ordinate conjunctions

Co-ordinating Conjunctions:

Simple : I saw a wounded bird.

Compound : I saw a bird and it was wounded.

Simple : Going there, I met him.

Compound : I went there and I met him.

Simple : I know the blind boy.

Compound : I know the boy and he is blind.

Compare the sentences:

Simple : He came after sunset

Prep. N

Complex : He came after the sun had set.

s-conj

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Compound : The sun set and he came.
c-conj

Simple: In spite of trying hard, he could not succeed.

Complex:Though he tried hard, he could not succeed.

Compound : He tried hard but he could not succeed.

subordin -

- -

Complex : I know what his name is.

Complex : If you drink milk, you can get vitamin.

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Simple : Drinking milk, you can get vitamin.
Or, By drinking milk, you can get vitamin.
-

-
- -
subordinating conjun
Study the following sentence

Simple : Eating rice, he came to school.

Complex : After he had eaten rice, he came to school.

Compound : He ate rice and he came to school.

Complex : If you read, you will learn.

Simple : By reading, you will learn.

Compound : Read and you will learn.

Compound : He is very weak and he cannot walk.

Complex : As he is very weak, he cannot walk.

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 Or, He is so weak that he can not walk.

Simple : He is too weak to walk.

Or, He can not walk for his very much
weakness. etc.

1.

I saw him that he was going.

I told him that the earth is round.

He tells me that you went there.

He will say that I knew him.

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LEGS-45

Compound Sentence-

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Co-ordinate conjunction (

Complex Compound sentence

clause complex
Subordinate clause Subordinating
Conjunction
, Compound- Co-ordinate
clause co-ordinating conjunction

Voice ( )

I see a bird -active voice.

A bird is seen by me -passive voice.

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Passive Voi

activ passive

i)object subject
initial form
past participle
(BE + past participle = passive)

iii) subject object

preposition
agent

- Auxiliary verb, voice change

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I have eaten rice. - active
s vt. Obj.

Rice has been eaten by me. passive

LEGS-47

Intransi
cognate object
-

Active : He ran a race.

Cognate object

Passive : A race was run by him.

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 Active : He laughs at me
Group verb

Passive : I am laughed at by him.

-
D

Active : He gave me a pen.

I.O D.O

Passive : I was given a pen by him.

Retained object

A pen was given me by him.

Retained object

Factitive object Direct object

Active: We made him captain.

F.O

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Passive: He was made captain by us.

Dative of Interest - Indirect Object

Indirect

Active: He bought me a pen.

Passive: A pen was bought for me by him.

Factitive object, Adverbial Object

Honey tastes sweet = Honey is sweet when it is tasted

Passive

Active voice

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Passive voice- prepositional object Agent

The boy was punished.

BE+ Past participle =

passive.

BE+past
partic
-The thief was
caught.

©
(iii), (ii), (i)

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A bird is seen by me passive.

I see a bird -active.

menta
preposition

Active : He pleased me.

Passive : I was pleased with him.

Active : His conduct satisfied me.

Passive : I was satisfied at his conduct.

Interrogative Sentence
Interrogative Sentence

Active : Do you Assertive : you

know me know me.

Passive : Am I Passive : I am
known to you? known to you.

Imperative sentence

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Imperative Sentence
ve sentence

Active : Do the sum.

Passive : let the sum be done.

Active : let him read be book.

Passive : let the book be read by him.

cla

Active : I know that he will do the sum.

Passive : That the sum will be done by him is known to

me.

It is known to me that the sum will be done by

him.

Simple Sentence Transitive verb

In a clause double passive should be avoided.

they tried to do the work -active.

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