ENGR/ME200

Thermodynamics I
 ENGR/ME 200: Thermodynamics I
Chapter 5: Second Law of Thermodynamics
12/16/2018
 Objectives
• Introduce the second law of thermodynamics.
• Identify valid processes as those that satisfy both the first and second laws of
thermodynamics.
• Heat engines, Refrigerators, and Heat pumps.
• Describe the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of
thermodynamics.
• Discuss the concepts of perpetual-motion machines.
• Apply the second law to develop the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale.
• Describe the Carnot cycle.
• Examine the Carnot principles, idealized Carnot heat engines, refrigerators, and
heat pumps.
• Determine the expressions for the thermal efficiencies and coefficients of
performance for reversible heat engines, heat pumps, and refrigerators.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A cup of hot coffee does not Transferring heat to a wire Transferring heat to a paddle
get hotter in a cooler room. will not generate electricity. wheel will not cause it to rotate.

These spontaneous processes cannot

occur even though they are not in violation
of the first law.
 Introduction to the Second Law

Processes occur in a certain direction, and not in the reverse direction.

A process must satisfy both the first and second laws

of thermodynamics to proceed.

MAJOR USES OF THE SECOND LAW

1. The second law may be used to identify the direction of processes.
2. The second law also asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law is concerned
with the quantity of energy and the transformations of energy from one form to another with no
regard to its quality. The second law provides the necessary means to determine the quality as well
as the degree of degradation of energy during a process.
3. The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits for the
performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as
well as predicting the degree of completion of chemical reactions.
 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
Bodies with relatively large thermal masses A source supplies energy in the
can be modeled as thermal energy reservoirs. form of heat, and a sink absorbs it.

• A hypothetical body with a relatively large thermal energy capacity (mass x specific heat) that can
supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any change in temperature is called a
thermal energy reservoir, or just a reservoir.
• In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers as well as the atmospheric air can
be modeled accurately as thermal energy reservoirs because of their large thermal energy storage
capabilities or thermal masses.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. Heat Engines
2. Refrigerator and Air conditioners
3. Heat Pump
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. Heat Engines
A heat engine is a device that
converts heat into work. A classic
example is the steam engine. Fuel
heats the water; the vapor
expands and does work against
the piston; the vapor condenses
back into water again and the
cycle repeats.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Work can always be converted to heat directly
and completely, but the reverse is not true.

Part of the heat received by a heat

engine is converted to work, while
the rest is rejected to a sink.

The devices that convert heat to work.

1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a rotating shaft.)
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
Heat engines and other cyclic devices usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing
a cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat engine components:

All heat engines have:

• a working substance
• a high-temperature reservoir
• a low-temperature reservoir
• a cyclical engine
 Heat Engines and Thermal Efficiency
Heat Engine:
A heat engine is any closed-cycle device that extracts heat from a hot reservoir (SOURCE), does useful
work, and exhausts heat to a cold reservoir (SINK). A heat engine can continue to do useful work for as
long as it is attached to the reservoirs (SOURCE).

For practical reasons, we would like an engine to do the

maximum amount of work with the minimum amount of
fuel. We can measure the performance of a heat engine
in terms of its thermal efficiency η, defined as

We can also write the thermal efficiency as

 Thermal efficiency
Some heat engines perform better Even the most efficient heat engines
than others (convert more of the heat Schematic of a heat engine. reject almost one-half of the energy
they receive to work). they receive as waste heat.
 Efficiency of a Heat Engine

Assumption:
ΔU = 0 for each cycle, else the engine would get hotter (or colder) with every cycle

An amount of heat Qh is supplied from the hot reservoir to the engine during
each cycle. Of that heat, some appears as work, and the rest, QL, is given off as
waste heat to the cold reservoir.

The efficiency is the fraction of the heat supplied to the engine that appears as
work.
 Efficiency of a Heat Engine
The efficiency can also be written:

In order for the engine to run, there must be a temperature difference;

otherwise heat will not be transferred.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2. Refrigerator and Air conditioners

While heat will flow
spontaneously only from a higher
temperature to a lower one, it can
be made to flow the other way if
work is done on the system.
Refrigerators, air conditioners, and
heat pumps all use work to
transfer heat from a cold object to
a hot object.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2. Refrigerator and Air conditioners 𝑇𝐻

• Heat is always transferred from a hotter object to a

colder object.
• The gas in a refrigerator can extract heat 𝑄𝐿 from the
cold reservoir only if the gas temperature is lower than
the cold-reservoir temperature 𝑇𝐶 . Heat energy is then
transferred from the cold reservoir into the colder gas.
• The gas in a refrigerator can exhaust heat 𝑄𝐻 to the hot
reservoir only if the gas temperature is higher than the
hot-reservoir temperature 𝑇𝐻 . Heat energy is then
transferred from the warmer gas into the hot reservoir. 𝑇𝐶
 Refrigerator Cycle
• The transfer of heat from a low-temperature
medium to a high-temperature one requires
special devices called refrigerators.
• Refrigerators, like heat engines, are cyclic
devices.
• The working fluid used in the refrigeration
cycle is called a refrigerant.
• The most frequently used refrigeration cycle is
the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

In a household refrigerator, the freezer compartment

where heat is absorbed by the refrigerant serves as
Basic components of a refrigeration system
the evaporator, and the coils usually behind the
and typical operating conditions.
refrigerator where heat is dissipated to the kitchen
air serve as the condenser.
17
 Refrigerator vs Heat Engine
Comparison between the heat engine and the
refrigerator shows that the refrigerator is basically a
heat engine running backwards – it uses work to
extract heat from the cold reservoir (the inside of
the refrigerator) and exhausts to the kitchen.

Note:
 COP of Refrigerators
An ideal refrigerator would remove the most heat from the interior while requiring the
smallest amount of work. The ratio of the rejected heat to the required work is called the
coefficient of performance (COP).

Notice:
• Typical refrigerators have COP values between 2 and 6. Bigger is better!
• An air conditioner is essentially identical to a refrigerator; the cold reservoir is the
interior of the house, and the hot reservoir is outdoors.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
3. Heat Pump
• Finally, a heat pump is the same as
an air conditioner, except with the
reservoirs reversed.
• Heat is removed from the cold
reservoir outside, and exhausted
into the house, keeping it warm.
• Note that the work the pump does
actually contributes to the desired
result (a warmer house) in this
case.
 COP of Heat Pump

In an ideal heat pump with two operating temperatures (cold and hot), the
Carnot relationship holds; the work needed to add heat Qh to a room is:

The COP for a heat pump:

 COP of Heat Pump
Extracting heat to the environment

Coefficient Of Performance (COP).

for fixed values of QL and QH

The objective of a heat pump is to

Can the value of COPHP be lower than unity?
supply heat QH into the warmer space.
What does COPHP=1 represent?
22
 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
• Most heat pumps in operation today have a seasonally averaged COP of 2 to
3.
• In cold climates the efficiency of heat pumps drops considerably when
temperatures are below the freezing point.
• Air conditioners are basically refrigerators whose refrigerated space is a room
or a building instead of the food compartment.
• The COP of a refrigerator decreases with decreasing refrigeration
temperature.
• Therefore, it is not economical to refrigerate to a lower temperature than
needed.
• Energy efficiency rating (EER): The amount of heat removed from the cooled
space in Btu’s for 1 Wh (watthour) of electricity consumed.
 Summary of Performances

Engine:
we want work with minimum 𝜂
energy (heat) input

Refrigerator:
we want maximum QL removed for
minimum cost of W

Heat Pump:
we want maximum QH added for
minimum cost of W
 Kevin-Planck Statement
The Kelvin-Planck Statement is another expression of the
second law of thermodynamics. It states that:

• It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to TH

receive heat from a single reservoir and produce net work. QH
This statement is without proof, however it has not been
violated yet. Heat engine Wnet
• Consequently, it is impossible to built a heat engine that is
100% efficiency.
• A heat engine has to reject some energy into a lower
temperature sink in order to complete the cycle.
• TH>TL in order to operate the engine. Therefore, the higher Impossible process
the temperature, TH, the higher the quality of the energy
source and more work is produced.
 Clausius Statement
The Clausius Statement is an expression of the second law of
thermodynamics. It states that:
TH
• It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a QH
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher- Heat pump
temperature body.
QL
• Similar to the K-P Statement, it is a negative statement and TL
has no proof, it is based on experimental observations and has
yet to be violated.
• Heat can not be transferred from low temperature to higher
temperature unless external work is supplied.
• Therefore, it is impossible to build a heat pump or a
refrigerator without external work input.
 Equivalence of the Two Statements
Proof that the violation of the Kelvin–Planck statement leads to the violation of the Clausius statement.

The Kelvin–Planck and the

Clausius statements are
equivalent in their consequences,
and either statement can be used
as the expression of the second
law of thermodynamics.
Any device that violates the
Kelvin–Planck statement also
violates the Clausius statement,
and vice versa.
A steam power plant
A portion of the work output of a heat engine is consumed
internally to maintain continuous operation.
 PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D9FcjTNaEk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=287qd4uI7-E&list=PL0BAA3EFC13EFD826

No Qin!!!

No Qout!!!

A perpetual-motion machine that violates A perpetual-motion machine that violates the

the first law (PMM1). second law of thermodynamics (PMM2).
Perpetual-motion machine: Any device that violates the first or the second law.
A device that violates the first law (by creating energy) is called a PMM1.
A device that violates the second law is called a PMM2.
Despite numerous attempts, no perpetual-motion machine is known to have worked. If something sounds
too good to be true, it probably is.
 Perpetual Machines
Top 10 Perpetual Motion Machines for 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D9FcjTNaEk
Top 10 Perpetual Motion Machines for 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULy0vly9A2c
Perpetual toy (Self running bike)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQEbXD4Kqwc
The Most Mysterious Perpetuum Mobile - Ophiuchus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ldaWsOWtc8
Big Perpetuum mobile
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbCnzsFjvQU
Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6UgV3gVmd0
 Reversible and Irreversible Process
Reversible process: A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings.
or a process which can be reversed in direction at any stage.
Irreversible process: A process that is not reversible.
Two familiar reversible processes.

• All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible.

• Why are we interested in reversible processes?
(1) they are easy to analyze and
(2) they serve as idealized models (theoretical limits) to which
actual processes can be compared.
• Some processes are more irreversible than others.
• We try to approximate reversible processes. Why?

Reversible processes deliver the most and consume the least work.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_6JxoL8qD4

Only approximately
 Reversible and Irreversible Process
Irreversible compression
Friction renders a Irreversibility and expansion processes.
process irreversible.
(a) Heat transfer through (b) the reverse process is
a temperature difference impossible.
is irreversible.

• The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called irreversibility.

• They include friction, unrestrained expansion, mixing of two fluids, heat transfer across a finite
temperature difference, electric resistance, inelastic deformation of solids, and chemical reactions.
• The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.
 The Carnot Cycle
Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

1: Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)

2: Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
3:Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
4:Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH)
 The P-V diagram of Carnot Cycle
P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. P-V diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle.

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed, in which case it becomes
the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
 The Carnot Heat Engine
The Carnot heat engine is the most efficient of all heat No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a
engines operating between the same high- and low- reversible heat engine operating between the same high-
temperature reservoirs. and low-temperature reservoirs.

Any heat engine

Carnot heat engine

Solid lines represent the

actual process; the dashed
lines are what a Carnot
engine would do between
the same two reservoirs. if
 The Quality of Energy
The fraction of heat that can be converted to The higher the temperature of the
work as a function of source temperature. thermal energy, the higher its quality.

Can we use C unit

for temperature here?

How do you increase the thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine?

How about for actual heat engines?
Example 1
Example 2
 Review Questions
Problem 1
 Review Questions
Problem 2
 Review Questions
Problem 3
 Review Questions
Problem 4
A heat pump is to be used to heat a building during the winter. The building is to be
maintained at 21oC at all times. The building is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of
135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to -5oC. Determine the minimum power
required to drive the heat pump unit for this outside temperature.
 Review Questions
Problem 4
  kJ
QH  QLost  135000
[The heat lost by the building has to be supplied by the h
Q H TH
heat pump]. COPHP  
 
QH  QL TH  TL
(21  273) K

(21  ( 5)) K
 1131
.
Q H
COPHP 
Wnet , in
Using the basic definition of the COP
Q H
Wnet , in 
COPHP
135,000 kJ / h 1h 1 kW

1131
. 3600s kJ / s
 3.316 kW
 Review Questions
Problem 5
Homework Extra Problems

Problem 5.41 Page 238

By removing energy by heat transfer from its freezer component at a rate of 1.5 kW, a refrigerator maintains
the freezer at -22 oC on a day when the temperature of the surrounding is 28oC.
Determine the minimum theoretical power, in kW, required by the refrigerator at steady state.

Problem 5.11 Page 237

A power cycle operating at steady state receives energy by heat transfer at a rate Qh at Th=1000 k and rejects
energy by heat transfer to a cold reservoir at a rate Qc at Tc=300k. For each of the following cases determine
whether the cycle operates reversibly, operates irreversibly or is impossible
a. Qh=500 kW, Qc=100 kW.
b. Qh=500 kW, Wcycle=250 kW, Qc=200 kW.
c. Wcycle=350 kW, Qc=150 kW.
d. Qh=500 kW, Qc=200 kW.
Homework Extra Problems

Problem 5.34 Page 238

At steady state a reversible heat pump cycle discharges energy at a rate of Qh to hot reservoir at a
temperature Th while receiving energy at a rate of QL at a temperature of TL ,
a. If Th=27oC and TL=17oC, determine the coefficient performance.
b. If Qh=12.5 kW, Qc=9.5 kW, and Tc=7oC, determine Th in oC.
c. If the coefficient of performance is 20 and Th=37oC determine Tc in oC.

Problem 5.41 Page 238

By removing energy by heat transfer from its freezer component at a rate of 1.5 kW, a refrigerator maintains
the freezer at -22 oC on a day when the temperature of the surrounding is 28oC.
Determine the minimum theoretical power, in kW, required by the refrigerator at steady state.
Homework Extra Problems

Problem 5.46 Page 238

As shown in the figure, an air conditioner operating at steady state maintains a dwelling at 20oC on a day
when the outside temperature is 35oC. If the rate of heat transfer into the dwelling through the walls and roof
is 28000 kJ/h, might a net power input to the air conditioner compressor of 1.5 kW be sufficient? If yes,
determine the coefficient of performance and if no determine the minimum theoretical power input, in kW.
 Summary
• Introduction to the second law
• Thermal energy reservoirs
• Heat engines
• Thermal efficiency
• The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
• Refrigerators and heat pumps
• Coefficient of performance (COP)
• The 2nd law: Clausius statement
• Perpetual motion machines
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Irreversibility, Internally and externally reversible processes
• The Carnot cycles
• The reversed Carnot cycle
• The Carnot heat engine
• The quality of energy
• The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump