GROUP II
EXPERIMENT
NOTE: If Nitrogen is present carry out the tests for Amides and if Nitrogen is absent carry out the tests for Carbohydrates
TESTS FOR
CARBOHYDRATES
MOLISCH TEST
0.1g sample dissolved in 1ml water +
two dropsMolisch Reagent. Mix
thoroughly. + Add carefully 1ml
Conc.H2SO4 along the side of the test
tube
FEHLING’S TEST
Mix 1ml of Fehling’s A and 1ml of
Fehling’s B solutions in a test tube +
1ml sample solution. Heat on a boiling
water bath for five minutes
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Reddish Violet ring at the junction
No Reddish Violet ring at junction
Reddish Brown precipitate
No precipitate
Carbohydrate present
Carbohydrate absent
Reducing sugar
(may be glucose, fructose,
mannose, lactose etc)
Non-reducing sugar
(may be sucrose, starch,
cellulose etc)
PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS
Molisch Test is a general test for carbohydrates. Most carbohydrates are
dehydrated with concentrated sulfuric acid to form furfural These furfurals react
with the α-naphthol in the test reagent to give apurple product.
Fehling’s solution (alkaline cupric tartrate complex)
Fehling’s reagent is freshly prepared bymixing equal amounts of Fehling’s
solution A and Fehling’ssolution B. Fehling’s reagent deteriorates on
keeping,whileFehling’ssolutions A and B are quite stable. Fehling’s solution A
is anaqueous copper sulphate solution while Fehling’s solution B isan alkaline
solution of sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle’s salt).The reagent contains
Cu2+ion complexed with tartarate ions. Thestructure of the complex is given
below. Complex formation decreases the cupric ion concentrationbelow that
necessary for precipitation of cupric hydroxide.
Monosaccharides and those disaccharides that have a potential aldehyde group
(ex: maltose) will reduce Fehling’s solution to produce a red precipitate of
copper(I) oxide. Disaccharideswhichdo
notcontainpotentialaldehydegroups(e.g.,sucrose)andalsopolysaccharides(e.g.,sta
rchandcellulose)donotreduceFehling’s solution.
BENEDICT’S TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2ml
Benedict’s Reagent. Heat on a boiling
water bath for five minutes.
TOLLENS TEST
0.1g sample + 2ml Freshly prepared
Tollens Reagent. Warm the test tube in a
warm water bath for five minutes.
OSAZONE TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2ml
Phenylhydrazinereagent. Heat on a
boiling water bath for ten minutes.
Reddish Brown precipitate
No precipitate
Silver mirror on walls of the test
tube or a grey black precipitate
No Silver mirror on walls of the
test tube or a grey black precipitate
Yellow Crystalline Precipitate
Benedict modified the original Fehling’s test by using a singlesolution which is
more convenient for the test. Benedict’s solutionis more stable than Fehling’s
Reducing sugar reagent and can be stored for a longtime. It is an alkaline solution containing a
(may be glucose, fructose, mixture of coppersulphate and sodium citrate (2Na3C6H5O7.11H2O).
mannose, lactose etc)
In Benedict test also, Cu2+ions are reduced to Cu+ions in thesame manner as in
the case of Fehling’s reagent.
Non-reducing sugar
(may be sucrose, starch, Monosaccharides and those disaccharides that have a potential aldehyde group
cellulose etc) (ex: maltose) will reduce Benedict’s solution to produce a red precipitate of
copper(I) oxide. Disaccharideswhichdo
notcontainpotentialaldehydegroups(e.g.,sucrose)andalsopolysaccharides(e.g.,sta
rchandcellulose)donotreduce Benedict’s solution
Reducing sugar Tollen’s reagent is an alkaline solution of silver cationcomplexedwith ammonia,
(may be glucose, fructose,
mannose, lactose etc) Monosaccharides and those disaccharides that have a potential aldehyde group
(ex: maltose) will reduce Tollens reagent to give a precipitate ofsilver metal.
Disaccharideswhichdo
notcontainpotentialaldehydegroups(e.g.,sucrose)andalsopolysaccharides(e.g.,sta
rchandcellulose)donotreduceTollens reagent.
Non-reducing sugar
(may be sucrose, starch,
cellulose etc)
Carbohydrates react with excess Phenylhydrazine to give phenylhydrazone
which is then oxidized to give osazones. An osazone can be isolated as a
Reducing sugar derivative and its melting point determined. Glucose,fructose and mannose give
(may be glucose, fructose, identical osazones.Osazones also have characteristic crystalline appearance.
mannose, lactose etc)
 EXPERIMENT
BARFOED’S TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2ml
Barfoed’s Reagent. Heat on a boiling
water bath for five minutes.
SELIWANOFF’S TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2ml
Seliwanoff’s Reagent. Heat on a boiling
water bath for five minutes
BIAL’S TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2ml
Bial’s Reagent. Boil on a Bunsen burner
flame
IODINE TEST
1ml Sample solution in water + 2 drops
Iodine solution
OBSERVATION
Red precipitate formed within two
minutes
Red precipitate formed after two
minutes
Dark Red colour or precipitate
within five minutes
No change in colour
Blue green colour
Bluish Black colour
INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS
Barfoed’s test distinguishes reducing monosaccharides and reducing
disaccharides bya difference in the rate of reaction. The reagent consists of
Monosaccharide copper(II) ions, likeBenedict’s reagent. In this test, however, Barfoed’s reagent
(Glucose, Fructose, reacts with reducing monosaccharides to produce copper(II) oxide faster than
Galactoseetc) with reducing disaccharides.
Disaccharide or
Oligosaccharide
(Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
etc)
Seliwanoff’s test depends on the relative rates of dehydration of
carbohydrates.A ketohexose reacts rapidly by equation 2 to give 5-
Ketose hydroxymethylfurfural, whereasan aldohexose reacts more slowly by equation 3
to give the same product. Once 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural is produced, it reacts
with resorcinol to give a dark redcondensation product.
Aldose
Bial’s test is used to differentiate pentose sugars from hexose sugars. Pentose
sugars yield furfural on dehydration in acidic solution. Furfural reacts with
Pentose orcinoland ferric chloride to give a blue-green condensation product. Hexose
sugars give5-hydroxy-methylfurfural, which reacts with the reagent to yield
colors such asgreen, brown, and reddish-brown.
Polysaccharide (Starch) Starch forms a typical blue color with iodine. This color is due to the absorption
ofiodine into the amylose molecules present in starch
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TESTS FOR AMIDES

TESTS FOR AMIDES
AMMONIA EVOLUTION TEST
Sample + 2ml dil.NaOH. Boil and
expose a wet red litmus paper to the
vapors.
A primary amide can be hydrolysed by NaOH to give salt of carboxylic acid
and ammonia gas which turns red litmus paper blue.
Red litmus turns blue Amide

HYDROXAMIC ACID TEST Amides combine with hydroxylamine to give hydroxamicacid . The solution is
then treated with ferric chloride to produce the ferric hydroxamate complex,
which has a characteristic burgundy or magenta color.
Sample + 1ml Hydroxylamine
Magenta color Amide
hydrochloride solution in ethanol
+ 1ml dil.NaOH. Boil, Cool and
acidify with 2ml dil.HCl. Then
add 2 drops neutral ferric chloride
solution
When aliphatic diamide (ex: Urea) is heated at a temperature above its melting
BIURET TEST FOR UREA point, ammonia is evolved and a crystalline compound called biuret is formed.
In a dry test tube 0.2g sample. Gently Purple or violet colour Urea present This biuret
uret in alkaline medium gives a violet colour with a drop of copper
heat until the sample just melts then sulphate solution.
solidifies. Ammonia gas is evolved and a
white solid remains which is known as
Biuret. Dissolve in 1ml warm water and
1ml dil.NaOH. Cool and add two drops
copper sulphate solution

UREA NITRATE TEST

2ml sample solution in water + 1ml Crystalline precipitate Urea
Conc.HNO3
 GROUP III TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

Soluble and effervescence is This test distinguishes carboxylic acids from phenols.
REACTION WITH SODIUM observed Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids turn blue litmus red and react with sodium bicarbonate
BICARBONATE SOLUTION solution and produce effervescence due to the formation of carbon dioxide.
Insoluble and no effervescence is Phenols are weakly acidic,therefore they are soluble in strongly
strongl basic NaOH
2ml 5% NaHCO3 solution + sample observed Phenol solution but they are not soluble in weakly basic sodium bicarbonate
added slowly solution.and do not give efferevescence

TESTS FOR
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

ESTERIFICATION TEST Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric
Sample + 1ml ethanol or methanol + 3 Sweet fruity smell of ester Carboxylic acid confirmed
acid to form ester that is identified by the presence of a fruity
drops conc.H2SO4. Heat gently for 2 smell.
minutes. Cool pour reaction mixture into
a beaker containing sodium carbonate
solution and smell immediately

Sample solution in water + 1 drop

neutral ferric chloride solution Violet colour Phenolic acid confirmed
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TESTS FOR PHENOLS

Ferric Chloride Test Phenols give coloured complex with neutral ferric chloride solution.

Violet, Blue, Green or red color Phenol

2ml sample solution in water or
alcohol + 1 drop neutral ferric
chloride solution.
For example, phenol gives a complex of violet colour. Resorcinol, o–, m–
and p–cresol
cresol give violet or blue colouration, catechol gives green colour
which rapidly darkens. 1 and 2–Naphthol
Naphthol do not give characteristics
colours.

Bromine Water Test

Sample + 5ml water. Add bromine water organge brown color of bromine Phenols are extremely reactive towards electrophilic substitution.
drop by drop shaking until bromine disappears and a pale yellow or Phenol Phenol reacts with bromine water to give 2,4,6-tribromophenol
2,4,6
colour is no longer discharged white precipitate is obtained

Phthalein Dye Test Phenols condense with phthalic anhydride in the presence of concentrated
In a clean dry test tube 0.1g sample + Appearance of pink, blue, H2SO4, For example Phenol condeses to give phenolphthalein which gives a
0.1g Phthalic anhydride + 2 drops green,red etc. colours dark pink colour with NaOH solution.
conc.H2SO4. Warm the mixture. Phenol

Cool and pour into a beaker containing colour disappears on addition of

20ml dilute NaOH large excess of sodium hydroxide
solution.
Liebermann’s test Phenol reacts with nitrous acid to give p-nitrosophenol
In a clean dry test tube take a
Deep blue or green color
small crystal of sodium nitrite +
0.5g of Phenol. Heat gently for 20
seconds. Allow to cool. Add 1ml
Conc.H2SO4 and mix. This then reacts with excess phenol to give indophenol which is an acid
Phenol base indicator

The red colour is due to the formation of indophenol

Transfer to a beaker containing Solution turns red
20ml water

Add an excess of NaOH solution Blue or green color reappears

The blue or green colour is due to the formation of indophenols

anion
 GROUP IV TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TESTS FOR AMINES

ACETYLATION TEST Primary and secondary amines react with acetyl chloride to form amides, which
precipitate from the solution.
Sample in a dry test tube+ 0.5ml Acetyl Evolution of heat and HCl gas Amine
chloride added dropwise.

Pour the above mixture to a beaker A solid derivative is obtained

containing 10ml water

BENZOYLATION TEST
Sample in a dry test tube + 2ml Evolution of heat and HCl gas & Amine Primary and secondary amines react with Benzoyl chloride to give solid
dil.NaOH + 0.5ml Benzoyl chloride A solid derivative is obtained derivatives.
added dropwise

Carbylamine Test (Isocyanide

reaction) Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines give carbylamine test. The
Foul smell of carbylamines Aliphatic or Aromatic Carbylamine (Isocyanide) produced in the reaction has a foul odor.
Sample + 3 drops chloroform Primary amine
+2ml ethanolic KOH. Mix well
and warm gently
AZO DYE TEST
Take three test tubes .
Test tube 1. Sample + 2ml conc.HCl
Test tube 2. 2ml Sodium Nitrite solution
Test tube 3. 0.2g beta-Naphthol + 1ml
dil.NaoH
Cool the test tubes in an ice bath. Add
solution No.2 to 1 dropwise. Add the
above mixture to test tube no.3
HINSBERG TEST
Sample + 5ml dil.NaOH + 0.5ml
Benzenesulfonyl chloride. Shake
virorously cool and separate the residue
if present in the solution
Orange Red Dye
No residue is obtained and
thesolution on adding dil.HCl gives
a precipitate
Residue is obtained which on
adding dil.HCldoes not dissolve.
Residue is obtained on adding
dil.Hcldissolves.
This test is given by aromatic primary amines. Aromatic primary
Primary Aromatic Amine amines undergo diazotisation reaction with nitrous acid to form
diazonium salts. These diazonium salts undergo coupling reaction
with β-naphthol to form orange colouredazo dye.
Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to give unstable
salts which decompose spontaneously liberating nitrogen
gas.Secondary and tertiary amines react with nitrous acid to give
yellow nitroso compounds.
Hinsberg reagent is called benzenesulfonyl chloride.Primary
amines react with benzenesulfonyl chloride &NaOH gives N-
Primary amine
alkylsulphonamide which contains an acidic hydrogen and hence
dissolves in NaOH solution to form the soluble sodium salt. The
solution thus obtained on acidification gives a precipitate of free
sulfonamide which is insoluble in HCl.
Secondary amine A secondary amine will form an insoluble sulfonamide directly
and acidification does not cause any change.
Tertiary aminesdo not react. On acidification unreacted tertiary
Tertiary amine amine reacts with acid to give soluble salts
 GROUP V TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

2,4-DNP TEST Aldehydes and ketones react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to

3 drops liquid sample or 1ml solid Orange red precipitate Aldehyde or Ketone form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones which are insoluble solids
sample dissolved in methanol + 2ml 2,4-
Dinitrophenyl reagent

Sodium Bisulphite test Saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in water, when mixed with
aldehydes gives a white crystalline bisulphite addition compounds
Sample + 2ml saturated solution White crystalline precipitate Aldehyde or Ketone
of Sodium bisulphite

SCHIFF’S TEST Schiff’s reagent is a red solution of rosaniline hydrochloride

2 drops liquid sample or 1ml solution of Pink colour Aldehyde dissolved in water which is decolourised by passing
solid in alcohol + 1ml Schiff’s reagent
sulphurdioxide.Dilute solutions of aldehydes when added to
No Pink colour Ketone Schiff’s reagent restores its pink colour slowly.
 EXPERIMENT
FEHLING’S TEST
Mix 1ml of Fehling’s A and 1ml of
Fehling’s B solutions in a test tube + 3
drops liquid sample or 1ml solid sample
solution in alcohol. .Heat on a boiling
water bath for five minutes
BENEDICT’S TEST
2ml Benedict’s Reagent+ 3 drops liquid
sample or 1ml solid sample solution in
alcohol. .Heat on a boiling water bath for
five minutes
. In Benedict test also, Cu2+ions are reduced to Cu+ions in thesame manner as in
OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS
Fehling’s solution (alkaline cupric tartrate complex)
Reddish Brown precipitate Aliphatic Aldehyde Fehling’s reagent is freshly prepared bymixing equal amounts of Fehling’s
solution A and Fehling’ssolution B. Fehling’s reagent deteriorates on
keeping,whileFehling’ssolutions A and B are quite stable.
Fehling’s solution A is anaqueous copper sulphate solution
Fehling’s solution B isan alkaline solution of sodium potassium tartarate
(Rochelle’s salt).The reagent contains Cu2+ion complexed with tartarate ions.
Thestructure of the complex is given below. Complex formation decreases the
cupric ion concentrationbelow that necessary for precipitation of cupric
hydroxide.
Aldehydes reduce Fehling’s solution to produce a red precipitate of copper(I)
oxide (cuprous oxide). Aldehydes undergo oxidation to give acids
Benedict modified the original Fehling’s test by using a singlesolution which is
Reddish Brown precipitate Aliphatic aldehyde more convenient for the test. Benedict’s solutionis more stable than Fehling’s
reagent and can be stored for a longtime. It is an alkaline solution containing a
mixture of coppersulphate and sodium citrate (2Na3C6H5O7.11H2O).
the case of Fehling’s reagent.
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TOLLENS TEST Tollen’s reagent is an alkaline solution of silver cationcomplexedwith ammonia,

0.1g sample + 2ml Freshly prepared Silver mirror on walls of the test Aldehyde Aldehydes reduce tollens reagent to metallic silver
Tollens Reagent. Warm the test tube in a tube or a grey black precipitate
warm water bath for five minutes.

TESTS FOR KETONES

IODOFORM TEST This test is given by acetaldehyde, all methyl ketones and all
Dissolve sample in 1ml water(If alcohols containing CH3-CH CH-OH group. The reaction gives a
Yellow precipitate of Iodoform Methyl Ketone
insoluble dissolve in 1ml yellow precipitate of iodoform.
dioxane) +2ml dil.NaOH + add
Iodine solution dropwise till dark
color of iodine persists. Warm on
a waterbath at 600C

NITROPRUSSIDE TEST
Sample + Freshly prepared
Red color Methyl Ketone
solution of sodium nitroprusside
+ dil.NaOh
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TESTS FOR ALCOHOLS Brisk efferevescence is observed Sodium metal undergoes reaction with hydroxyl groups of many alcohols to liberate
and sodium gradually dissolves Alcohol hydrogen gas and form the salt of the alcohol
Sample in a dry test tube + a piece of
freshly cut sodium metal

ACETYLATION TEST
Sample in a dry test tube + add Alcohols and phenols react with acetyl chloride to form esters, which is
Vigorous reaction with evolution of Alcohol indicated by the formation of a topoily layer in the beaker.
0.5ml Acetyl chloride dropwise. HCl

Allow to stand for 2min. and pour Separation of an oily layer and a
into a beaker containing water pleasant ester like smell

ESTERIFICATION TEST Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric
Sample + 1ml ethanol or methanol + 3 Sweet fruity smell of ester Alcohol
acid to form ester that is identified by the presence of a fruity
drops conc.H2SO4. Heat gently for 2 smell.
minutes. Cool pour reaction mixture into
a beaker containing sodium carbonate
solution and smell immediately

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test Alcohols react with ceric ammonium nitrate to give a red colored complex.
1ml Sample solution in water (If
Red Colour Alcohol
insoluble then use dioxane) + 3
drops Ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.
 EXPERIMENT
LUCAS TEST
Sample + 6ml Lucas reagent.
Close the test tube and shake and
observe for 5 min.
TESTS FOR ESTERS
PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST
2ml sample + 1 drop Phenolphthalein +
2 drops dil.NaOH. warm the solution
HYDROXAMIC ACID TEST
Sample + 1ml Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride solution in ethanol
+ 1ml dil.NaOH. Boil, Cool and
acidify with 2ml dil.HCl. Then
add 2 drops neutral ferric chloride
solution
OBSERVATION
Solution remain clear
Solution becomes cloudy
Solution separates into two layers
immediately
Pink Color disappears
Magenta color
INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS
Lucas reagent contains zinc chloride and concentratedhydrochloric acid.
Primary Alcohol This reagent reacts with primary, secondaryand
secondary tertiary alcohols at different
rates.
Tertiary alcohols reactalmost instantaneously, secondary alcohols react in
about 1-5minutes
5minutes and primary alcohols react very slowly. The reaction
Secondary Alcohol maytake 10 minutes to several days.
Tertiary Alcohol
Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent but the formed alkylhalides are not
soluble. Therefore, formation of two layers in thereaction medium indicate
the occurrence of the reaction.
Primary alcohols – Layers do not separate
Secondary alcohols – Layers separate within 1-5
1 minutes
Tertiary alcohols – Layers separate immediately
Esters are hydrolysed by sodium hydroxide to give alcohol and sodium salt of
Ester the acids.
Esters combine with hydroxylamine to yield an alcohol and hydroxamicacid
.The solution is then treated with ferric chloride to produce the ferric
hydroxamate complex, which has a characteristic burgundy or magenta color.
Ester
 GROUP VI TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

Sample in a dry test tube + Fuming Clear Solution Aromatic Fuming sulfuric acid converts aromatic compounds to arylsulfonicacids. The
H2SO4 drop by drop. Slightly warm aromatic compound dissolves completely with the evolution of heat.

Sample is insoluble and two Aliphatic

layers are formed

Carry out the following test only

if the presence of halogen is
established by the elemental
analysis
Sample + Alcohol + AgNO3 solution. White Precipitate Chlorine is present in side chain Halogen atom attached to the nucleus is strongly bound to the carbon atom
Warm slightly therefore inert. Hence no precipitate is formed with alcoholic AgNO3.
Pale Yellow precipitate Bromine is present in side chain

Yellow precipitate Iodine is present in side chain

No precipitate Halogen atom is attached to the

nuclear carbon atom
 GROUP VII TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS

TESTS FOR AMIDES
AMMONIA EVOLUTION TEST
Sample + 2ml dil.NaOH. Boil and
expose a wet red litmus paper to the
vapors.
A primary amide can be hydrolysed by NaOH to give salt of carboxylic acid
and ammonia gas which turns red litmus paper blue.
Red litmus turns blue Amide

HYDROXAMIC ACID TEST Amides combine with hydroxylamine to givehydroxamicacid . The solution is
then treated with ferric chloride to produce the ferric hydroxamate complex,
which has a characteristic burgundy or magenta color.
Sample + 1ml Hydroxylamine
Magenta color Amide
hydrochloride solution in ethanol
+ 1ml dil.NaOH. Boil, Cool and
acidify with 2ml dil.HCl. Then
add 2 drops neutral ferric chloride
solution

TEST FOR ANILIDES Anilides on hydrolysis give the corresponding amineswhich

AZO DYE TEST
Take three test tubes .
Test tube 1. Sample + 2ml conc.HCl.
Boil for 2 minutes
Test tube 2. 2ml Sodium Nitrite solution
Test tube 3. 0.2g beta-Naphthol + 1ml
dil.NaoH
Cool the test tubes in an ice bath. Add
solution No.2 to 1 dropwise. Add the
above mixture to test tube no.3
undergo diazotisation reaction with nitrous acid to form diazonium
salt undergo coupling reaction with β-
salts. These diazonium salts
naphthol to form orange colouredazo dye.
Orange Red Dye Primary Aromatic Amine
Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to give unstable
salts which decompose spontaneously liberating nitrogen
gas.Secondary and tertiary amines react with nitrous acid to give
yellow nitroso compounds.
 EXPERIMENT
TEST FOR NITRO COMPOUNDS
AZO DYE TEST AFTER
REDUCING THE NITRO GROUP
TO THE AMINE GROUP
Take three test tubes .
Test tube 1. Sample + a piece of tin
metal + 2ml conc.HCl.
Boil for 2 minutes&
decant solution to another
test tube
Test tube 2. 2ml Sodium Nitrite solution
Test tube 3. 0.2g beta-Naphthol + 1ml
dil.NaoH
Cool the test tubes in an ice bath. Add
solution No.2 to 1 drop wise. Add the
above mixture to test tube no.3
MULLIKAN-BARKER TEST
Sample + 1ml alcohol + 0.2g NH4Cl +
0.2g Zinc Dust. Boil and filter allow to
cool for 5min . Add 2ml Tollen’s
Reagent
Sample + 2 ml acetone + 1 ml dil.NaOH
OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRINCIPLE AND REACTIONS
Aromatic nitro compounds on reduction with tin and HCl give the
corresponding amines which undergo diazotisation reaction with
nitrous acid to form diazonium salts. These diazonium salts
undergo coupling reaction with β-naphthol to form orange
colouredazo dye.
Orange Red Dye Aromatic Nitro compound
Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to give unstable
salts which decompose spontaneously liberating nitrogen
gas.Secondary and tertiary amines
am react with nitrous acid to give
yellow nitroso compounds.
Tertiary aliphatic nitro compounds and aromatic nitro compounds are reduced
Silver mirror on walls of the Nitro compound by zinc and ammonium chloride to the hydroxylamine. The hydroxylamine is
test tube or a grey black then detected by the formation of metallic silver in the Tollens test
te
precipitate
Pink colour Dinitro compound
No pink colour Mono nitro compound