Homework 01.

Differential Equations DEFINITIONS: General Terminology, Classification of

Instructor: Roosevelt Moreno Differential Equations, Simple Solutions.

A. Classify each given equation, state the order; also determine whether the equation is linear or nonlin-
ear. Partial derivatives are denoted by subscripts.

d2 y
 4
dy d3 y dy 11. uxx + uyy + uzz + uux + uuy + u = 0
1. t2 +t + 2y = sin t 6. x 3 − +y =0
dt2 dt dx dx d4 y d3 y d2 y dy
2. uxxx + 2uxxyy + uyyyy = 0 12. + 3 + 2 + +y =1

d2 y dy dt4 dt dt dt
dy 7. 1 + y 2 + t + y = e t
dt2 dt dx dy
3. + ty 2 = 0 13. + = 2x + y
dt 8. ut + uux = 1 + uxx dt dt
d2 y 9. t5 y (4) − t3 y 00 + 6y = 0 14. (1 − x)y 00 − 4xy 0 + 5y = cos x
4. + sin (t + y) = sin t
dt2 ẋ2
 
d3 y dy
+ cos2 t y = t3 15. ẍ − 1 − 3 ẋ + x = 0


5. uxx + uyy + uzz = 0 10. +t
dt3 dt

B. Verify that each given function is a solution of the differential equation.

√
16. (y − x)y 0 = y − x + 8 ; y = x + 4 x + 2
17. y 00 − y = 0 ; y1 (t) = et ; y2 (t) = cosh t
1
18. y 0 = 2xy 2 ; y=
( 4 − x2 )
19. y 00 + 2y 0 − 3y = 0 ; y1 (t) = e−3t ; y2 (t) = et
20. ty 0 − y = t2 ; y = 3t + t2
21. y 0000 + 4y 000 + 3y = t ; y1 (t) = t/3 ; y2 (t) = e−t + t/3
22. 2t2 y 00 + 3ty 0 − y = 0 , t>0 ; y1 (t) = t1/2 ; y2 (t) = t−1
23. t2 y 00 + 5ty 0 + 4y = 0 , t>0 ; y1 (t) = t−2 ; y2 (t) = t−2 ln t
24. y 00 + y = sec t , 0<t< π
2 ; y = (cos t) ln cos t + t sin t
25. 2y 0 = y 3 cos x ; y = (1 − sin x)−1/2
Z t
2 2 2
26. y 0 − 2ty = 1 ; y = et e−s ds + et
0
u2 (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2


27. uxx + uyy = 0 ; u1 (x, y) = cos x cosh y ;
2 2
λ2 t
28. α2 uxx = ut ; u1 (x, t) = eα t
sin x ; u2 (x, t) = eα sin λx , λ a real constant
2
29. γ uxx = utt ; u1 (x, t) = sin λx sin λγt ; u2 (x, t) = sin(x − γ t) , γ, λ a real constants
2

1/2 −x2 /4α2 t
30. α uxx = ut ; u = πt e , t>0
C. Determine whether the given relation is an implicit solution to the given differential equation. Assume
that the relationship does define y implicitly as a function of x and use implicit differentiation.

dy x dy
31. x2 + y 2 = 4 = ; 34. x2 − sin(x + y) = 1 ; = 2x sec(x + y) − 1
dx y dx
dy 2xy dy ( x cos x + sin x − 1) y
32. y − ln y = x2 + 1 ; = 35. y 2 + x − 3 = 0 ; =
dx y−1 dx 3 (x − x sin x)
3 2
dy e−xy − y 6xy 0 + (y 0 ) − 2 (y 0 )
33. e xy
+y =x−1 ; = −xy 36. sin y + xy − x3 = 2 ; y 00 =
dx e +x 3x2 − y

D. The given figures represents the graph of an implicit solution G(x, y) = 0 of a differential equation
y 0 = f (x, y). In each case the relation G(x, y) = 0 implicitly defines several solutions of the DE.
Carefully reproduce each figure on a piece of paper. Use different colored pencils to mark off segments,
or pieces, on each graph that correspond to graphs of solutions. Keep in mind that a solution φ must
be a function and differentiable. Use the solution curve to estimate an interval I of definition of each
solution φ.

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reproduce each figure colored on pencils
a piece toof mark paper.offUse segments,
differentor pieces, on each parameter family tion is
of solutions of a second-order differential equation
! 2 !the form given can
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colored pencils tograph mark that off correspond
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graphs of onsolutions.
each 1 Keep
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tion is free 5 of the arbitra
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estimate an interval
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38
that a solution !Homework
must be a01.function differentiable. Use 1of definition of ●
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General Terminology,is equivalent Classification to (4)
differential of whenever equa- both fo
each solution !. Graph for Problem 45Simple Solutions. In Problems differential
39–44, ! equation 1 cos 2 " equat ca
2 sin
the solution curve to estimate an interval of
Instructor: Roosevelt Moreno
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In Problems 35 – 38 the graph of a member of a family Consider the differential
of solutions of a second-order differential 1 Findequation a linear second-order ( , , ", $) ! 0 for
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39–44, ! 1 cos 2 " In2 Problems sin 1 and
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6 co
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Determine the byan8 interva
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!(0) ! Graph for tions
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pass through the
Graph for Problem 45 origin? Graph for Problem equation 46 itself. Before working
conditions. the geometric significance
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increasing
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lim Consider
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36boundary
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the graph of
How
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can
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solution of
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a function ! ( 5) whose second derivative is
47each
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down and Using
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andcurveover
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%(0)its interval
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its graph
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! concave 3help %in
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%(p>2) sponding
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% 3!3 arethat called implicit
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use Problem
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and is the only plausible solution curve.
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Graphs for Problem sug 47

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%(1) !)2
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are WhyUsing
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for folia inisProblem 47 equation
corresponding to on 1.an 1 Discuss:
! ! ! ! tions specified at points are called
The graph in Figure the1.1.7given the member
differential of the family
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based to ! 1.
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How can 5thefor DElarge in ist !
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help in definition
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nonconstant on solution
folia in Problem 47
solutions corresponding
behave and Discuss:
(c) 5 f ind Consider
5 the the initial-value
general solution problem
of the %given $ 2differential
(0) ! 0, (p>4) ! 3 equation, (0) ! 0, the
and (p) ! -axis 0 on whichis
on the graph of 3 definition
% 3
! 3 be the
where
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closed
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tangent theof the
[#5,
line -axis
two curves
5]? on which
shown isaincreasing.
nonconstant for ProblemFind 47solution intervals ! on
!( the
) -axis
How can the DE in Problem 47 help in finding points
use it to determine how solutions behave as t →
in FigureIn1.2.11 ∞.
Problem is the only21 a one-parameter
plausible solution curve. %(0) ! 0, %(p>6)
Graphs
family ! 0 of solutions (0) ! 1, is %(p)ofincreasing.
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is increasing. Find ! !(value
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on the graph of 3is % vertical?
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is vertical? How does
50
43. yvertical
+ 3y = help
knowing t + e−2tin
wheredetermining
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5 47. y −
anline interval
is 3e of definition ! !( ) is decreasing.
graph 2y 0of
+ they =solution
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Using only the diff
at ! !
vertical help in yof
44.determining = t2 an
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+36einterval tyCarry
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48.
Graph for + 2y37= out sinyourt , t >ideas, 0 52. ( 0,ty 0).0 Explain
− y =your t2 reasoning.
+ e−t ,are t >positive
0
0 curve pass through point the (0, 1)?
Consider
point (0, the 3)? differential
In where
Through
Problems 45 and theand
equation
46 use Problem !51 in !
Exercises constants.
! ( 1.1 #!2 and ), is the -co o
of a solution 45. ! yofand ycompare
+the 1 + te−t
= DE? with your
Carry out estimates
your ideas,
0 of =the2teintervals−t2 in and53. are y 0 and
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5
1
49.
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( 2)
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Either
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and compare 46. withyProblem
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+ y= 46.
estimates
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5
50. 2y 0 + iny = 3t2 54. 1 + t 2
in y 0
Problems
+ 4ty = 133–
+ t 2 −2
36, find two constant so
t Either by inspection or by the method
Find a function ! ( ) whose graph at each suggested
point ( , )
Problem 46. In Example 5 the largest interval over which inthe
Graph for Problem 35 has the slope given by 8 2 " 6 and has the
thefind
Problems1 33– 36,
-intercept (0,DE.9). two constant solutions of
In Example 5 theexplicit largestsolutions
interval
5 !over ! 1( which) and 5 the ! ! 2 ( ) are defined the DE. Find a Using function only ! ( )the whosedifferential
second derivative equation,
is find in
Graphs for Problem 47
explicit solutions is!the ! 1open
( ) and interval! !(#5, 2 ( ) 5). areWhy defined can’t the interval of
Using only the differential
# ! 12 $ 2 at each point ( , ) on its graph and
the
! $ " 5 is tangent -axis on
equation, which
to the graph find a nonconstant
at theintervals
point corre- on solution
is the open intervaldefinition
5
(#5, 5). Why be thecan’t closed theinterval
interval[#5, of 5]? a plausible value
Determine
graph of the solution ofthe
of 0 for which
-axis on problem
the initial-value
sponding
which
the to ! 1.
isa increasing.
nonconstantFind solution intervals ! !( on ) which
definition be the closed interval [#5, 5]? %"2 ! 5 3 $ 6, ( 0) ! 0 is tangent to the -axis
is of increasing. Find
Consider the initial-value problem % ! $ 2 ,
at decreasing.
InGraph
Problem
for Problem 3721 a one-parameter family of solutions
( 0, 0). Explain your reasoning. (0) ! 12. intervals
Determine which on ofwhich the two curves ! !( shown ) is
the DE " ! family
In Problem 21 a one-parameter (1 # of) solutions is given. ofDoes any solution decreasing. in Figure 1.2.11 is the only plausible solution curve.
Using only the differential equation, ex
Explain your reasoning.
the DE " ! (1 curve # ) is passgiven.through Doesthe anypoint solution
5 (0, 3)? Through Using the only the differential ! !2 equation, is the -coordinate explain why of a point of
point (0, 1)?
curve pass through the point (0, 3)? ThroughGraph thefor Problem 36 ! !2 is the -coordinate of the 1 graph of a nonconstant
of a point of inflection solution !
point (0, 1)? of the graph of a nonconstant solution ! !( ).
5 (0, 12 )
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1
5
Graphs for Problem 47

Determine a plausible value of 0 for which the