WATER: FINALS
o Screw Pumps
Pipelines in Water Distribution Systems include:
 Transmission Lines
 Arterial Mains
 Distribution Mains
Transmission Lines – carry flow from the water
treatment to the service area
-typically have diameters greater than
600mm and are usually on the order of 3km apart
Arterial Mains – connected to the transmission
mains and are laid out in interlocking loops with
pipelines not more than 1km apart and diameter
ranges from 400-500mm
Distribution Mains – form a grid over the entire
service area, with diameters range of 150-300mm
and supply water to every water
Water Mains – collective name for pipeline in the
distribution systems
Service Lines – water mains installed, and pipe
carries water from the main to the building
Pipelines – typically designed with constraints
relating to the minimum pipe size, maximum
allowable velocity and commercially available
materials
Pump – device that moves fluids, or sometimes
slurries by mechanical action
-operate via many energy sources, including
manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power
Three Major Groups of Pumps according to
Method they use to move the fluid
 Direct Lift
 Displacement
 Gravity
Types of Pumps
 Positive Displacement Pumps
 Impulse Pumps
 Velocity Pumps
 Gravity Pumps
 Steam Pumps
 Valveless Pumps
Positive Displacement Pump – makes a fluid
move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe
-can produce the same flow at a given speed
no matter what the discharge pressure
-constant flow machines
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps
 Rotary-Type
o Gear Pumps
o Rotary Vane Pumps
 Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps
o Plunger Pumps
o Piston Displacement Pumps
 Progressing Cavity Pump
 Peristaltic Pump
Rotary-Type Positive Displacement – move fluid
using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum
that captures and draws in the liquid
Gear Pumps – simple type of rotary pump where
the liquid is pushed between two gears
-consist of two meshed gears that rotate in a
closely fitted casing
Screw Pumps – shape of the internals is usually
two screws turning against each other pump the
liquid
-screws are mounted on parallel shafts that
have gears that mesh so the shaft turn together and
everything stays in place
Rotary Vane Pump – similar to scroll
compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased
in a similarly shaped housing
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps –
move the fluid using one or more oscillating
pistons, plungers, or membranes, while valves
restrict fluid motion to the desired direction
Plunger Pumps – reciprocating plunger pushes the
fluid through one or two open valves, closed by
suction on the way back
-consists of a cylinder with a reciprocating
pump
Piston Displacement Pumps – usually simple
devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel
manually
Progressing Cavity Pump – consists of a helical
rotor, about 10 times as long as its width
-widely used for pumping difficult materials,
such as sewage sludge contaminated with large
particles
Peristaltic Pump – contains the fluid within a
flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing
Valves – primary function is to start and stop flow,
isolate piping, regulate pressure and throttle flow,
prevent back flow, and relieve pressure
Shut-Off Valves or Gate Valves – typically
provided at 350m intervals so hat the areas within
the system can be isolated for repair and
maintenance
Air-Relief Valves or Air-and Vacuum Relief
Valves – required at high points to release trapped
air
Blow-Off Valves or Drain Valves – may be
required at low points
Backflow Penetration Devices – required by
applicable regulations to prevent contamination
from backflows of non-potable water into the
distribution system from system outlets
Parts of a Valve
1. Body – outer casing of most of all the valve
that contains the internal parts or trim
2. Ports – passages that allow the fluid to pass
through the valve
3. Seat – interior surface of the body which
contacts the disc to form a leak tight seal
4. Stem – transmits motion from the handle or
controlling device to the disc.
-passes through the bonnet when present
5. Disc – movable obstruction inside the
stationary body that adjustably restricts flow
through the valve
6. Handle/Handwheel – manually control a
valve from the outside the valve body
7. Bonnet – acts as a cover on the valve body
8. Packing – use to prevent the leakage of
fluids from valves
9. Gland Nut – use to fasten a stack of parts
together
10. Fluid Flow
Types of Valves
 Ball Valve
 Butterfly Valve
 Gate Valve
 Globe Valve
 Needle Valve
 Plug Valve
 Spherical Valve
 Fixed Cone Valve
 Non return (Check) Valve
Water Meter – changeable component of
customer’s water system
Fire Hydrants – one of the few parts of the water
distribution system visible to the public
-direct connections to the water mains and in
addition to providing an outlet for fire protection,
they are used for flushing water mains, flushing
sewers, filling tank trucks for street washing, tree
spraying and providing a temporary water source
for construction jobs
Guidelines for Placement of Hydrants
 Not too close to buildings
 Preferably located near street intersections
 Far enough from roadway
 Close enough to pavement to ensure a
secure connection with pumper and hydrant
 High enough off the ground that valve caps
can be removed with a standard wrench
Water Storage Reservoir – typically located at the
head of the system to store the excess water during
low demands and provide water during high
demands to accommodate fluctuations in demand
Essence of Storage of Water
 Stored water may be directly pumped into
main distribution line where it flows to the
distribution system automatically
 In homes for us at the time of non-supply
hours
 Flushing water closets and urinals from
flushing tanks
 For flushing of the sewer lines
 For multi-storied buildings, overhead
storage tanks being pumped from ground
storage
 For firefighting
Types of Reservoirs
 Based on the Position of Tank
o Surface Storage Tanks
o Elevated Storage Tanks
o Stand Pipes
 Based on the Materials
o Reinforced Concrete Tank
o Masonry Tank
o Concrete Tank
o Steel Tank
 Based on the Shape of the Tank
o Circular Tank
o Rectangular Tank
o Intze Tank
Surface Storage Tank – made from the local
available materials
*If soil conditions are bad, surface storage tanks can
be made of concrete or masonry
*If a lot of pressure is expected to act, surface
storage tanks may be constructed from reinforced
concrete
Elevated Storage Tanks – constructed above
ground such that the height of water in tank is
sufficient to deliver water to the distribution system
at required pressure
Ground Storage Reservoir – constructed at or
below ground level and usually discharge water
through pumps
-referred to as distribution system reservoir
or ground level tank
Stand Pipes – rank that rests on the ground with
height greater than the diameter
-combines the advantages of elevated
storage with the ability to store large quantities of
water, and usually constructed of steel
Criteria for Storage Facilities
 Adequate volume to supply peak demands in
excess of maximum daily demand using no
more than 50% of available storage capacity
 Meeting maximum daily demand
fluctuations
 Adequate volume to supply average daily
demand of the system for estimated duration
of a possible emergency
*The main purpose of the distribution system is to
develop adequate water pressure at the consumer’s
taps
Types of Water Distribution System
 Gravity Distribution
 Pumping System without Storage
 Dual System with Storage
Gravity Distribution – requires a reservoir at a
sufficient elevation above the city so that water can
reach any part of the distribution system with
adequate pressure
-pumping is not normally required
Pumping System without Storage – purified water
is pumped into the distribution mains for obtaining
the required pressure
-most undesirable system because power
failure would mean complete interruption in the
water supply
Dual System with Storage – combination of
gravity and pumping systems
-excess water is pumped during low
consumption is stored in elevated tanks
-at high consumptions, stored water
augments the pumping and peak demand is fulfilled
-more reliable and economical
Advantages of Dual System
 Pump runs at uniform rate, thus suffers less
wear and tear
 Motor pump can be used to develop high
pressure in case of fires
 More reliable
Different Layout of Pipelines for Water
Distribution System
 Dead End or Tree System
 Grid Iron System
 Circular or Ring System
 Radial System
Dead End or Tree System – consist of one supply
or trunk main, from which sub-mains are taken
-branches are taken from sub-mains and
lastly service connections are given to the
consumers from branches
Advantages of Dead End System
 Possible to calculate accurately the
discharge and pressure at any point in the
distribution system
 Requires comparatively less number of
cutoff valves
 Pipe lines can be laid in the streets in any
pattern which may not be standardized
 Diameter of water mains are to be designed
for the population they have to serve
Disadvantages of Dead End System
 During break down and repairs, areas which
are served by this pipe will go dry and great
inconvenience to the public
 Large number of dead ends, where water
does not circulate but remains static, which
may get contaminated due to stagnation
 Water available for firefighting will be
limited
Grid-Iron System – sometimes called reticulation
system or interlaced system
-modified form of dead end system
-all dead ends of the mains, sub-mains and
branches are interconnected with each other
Advantages of Grid Iron System
 At times of repairs or breakdowns, only
small portion of distribution layout is
affected
 As there are no dead ends and free water
circulation remains throughout, it is not
liable to be contaminated
 Water reaches at all points with minimum
loss of head
 At times of fires, plenty of water supply may
be diverted and concentrated for firefighting
Disadvantages of Grid Iron System
 Cost of pipe laying is more because
relatively more length of pipe is required
 Difficult to calculate pressure and
discharges at various points of distribution
system
 More number of valves are required
Circular or Ring System – can be adopted only in
case of well-planned colonies
-each locality is divided into square blocks
or circular blocks and water mains are laid all
around its boundaries
-every point receives its supply from two
directions
-best of all but requires large number of
valves and more length of pipes
Radial Method – reverse of ring method
-water is taken from the mains and pumped
into distribution reservoir which are situated at
centers of different zones
-water is supplied through radial laid pipe
lines
-gives quick service and calculation for
design of sizes and pipes are simple
Important Items in Maintenance of Distribution
System
 Up-to-date maps showing layout of
distribution should be maintained
 Water meter should be checked from time to
time and defective meter should be repaired
or replaced immediately
 Water pipes should be flushed in case of
dead end on lines
 Hydrants, valves should be checked
regularly and maintained in perfect running
order
 Data and records regarding with the
distribution system should be well
maintained for easy references
 Wastage of water should be brought down to
minimum possible extent by adopting
suitable preventive measures
 Water pipes should be cleaned periodically
Methods of Supply of Water
 Continuous System
 Intermittent System
Continuous System – water is supplied to
consumers in 24 hours
-most ideal system
-disadvantage is that more water wastage, if
people using it does not understand importance of
water
Advantages of Continuous Supply
 Consumers do not have to store water
 Water remains always available for fire
fighting
 Wastage is less
 Air relief or pressure relief valves and scour
valves are not required due to constant
circulation of water in the pipe
 Small size of pipes will be required
Intermittent System – water is supplied only
during certain fixed hours of the day, which are
normally morning and evening hours
-should bot be installed on permanent basis
and steps should be taken it to continuous system
Advantages of Intermittent System
 Suitable when water from the source is
available in limited amount
 Stored water for emergencies
Disadvantages of Intermittent System
 Consumers have to store water for non-
supply hours
 People have to construct storage tanks
 Bigger size of pipe to be provided
 Large number of valves and other fittings
will have to be installed
 During non-supply, consumers generally
leave their taps open which causes wastages
Pressure Requirements in Water Distribution
Systems
 Residential Districts – 410 kPa at hydrant
 Commercial Districts – minimum of 520
kPa but higher pressure for districts with
high buildings
 Maintenance of high pressure means
increased pumping cost and increased
leakage
 Faucet pressure – 35 kPa
 Pressure of 520 kPa to buildings up 10
stories high
Cross Connection – occurs when drinking water
supply is connected to some source of pollution
-dangerous for contaminated water from
firefighting supply may get into drinking water
system even though separated by closed valves
Hydraulic Structures – used to regulate, measure,
and/or transport water in open channels
Categories of Hydraulic Structures
 Flow Measuring Structures
 Regulation Structures
 Discharge Structures
Weirs – elevated structures in open channels that
are used to measure flow and control outflow from
basins and drainage channels
Types of Weirs
  Sharp Crested
 Broad Crested
Sharp-Crested or Thin-Plate Weirs – consists of
plastic or metal plate set vertically and across the
width of channel
-main types are rectangular and V-notch
weirs
-thickness of crest and side plated should be
between 1-2mm
Suppressed Rectangular Weir – rectangular
opening spans the entire width of the channel
Unsuppressed Weirs – rectangular opening spans
only a portion of the channel
V-Notch Weir – sharp crested weir that has V-
shaped instead of a rectangular shaped opening
-also called triangular weirs
-used instead of rectangular weirs under
low-flow conditions, where rectangular weirs tend
to be inaccurate
Compound Weir – combination of different types
of weirs in a single structure
-most common type consists of a rectangular
weir with a V-notch weir in the middle
-typically found in storm water management
systems
Broad Crested Weir – long-based weirs
-have significantly longer crest lengths than
sharp crested weirs
-constructed of concrete, have round edges,
and capable of handling much larger discharges
than sharp crested weirs
Parshall Flumes – provides convenient alternative
to weirs for measuring flow rates in open channels
where high head losses and sediment accumulation
are of concern
Spillways – channel that carries excess water over
or around a dam or other obstruction
-structure used to provide for the controlled
release of flows from a dam or levee into a
downstream area, typically being the river that was
dammed
-release floods so water does not overtop
and damage the dam
-bypasses of dams or outlets of a channel
used during highwater, and outlet channels carved
through natural dams
-used to discharge water that cannot be
passed through a diversion system or stored behind
a dam
Categories of Spillways depending whether they
are equipped with gates or not
 Controlled Spillway
 Uncontrolled Spillway
Controlled Spillway – has mechanical structures or
gates to regulate rate of flow
-allows nearly full height of dam to be used
for water storage year-round
-flood waters can be released by opening
one or more gates
Uncontrolled Spillway – does not have gates
-when water rises above lip or crest of
spillway, it begins to be released from the reservoir
Types of Spillways
 Overflow Spillway
 Chute Spillways
 Shaft Spillways
 Side Channel Spillways
 Limited Service Spillways
Overflow Spillway – section of the dam designed
to permit water to pass over its crest
Chute Spillway – also called through spillways
-normally used with earth or rock
embankment
-normally designed to minimize excavation
by setting invert profile to approximate the profile
of natural ground
Shaft Spillway – includes various configurations of
crest designs, with or without gates, all of which
transition into a tunnel system immediately
downstream from the crest
-utilizes a crest circular in plan
Side Channel Spillway – consist of an overflow
weir discharging into a narrow channel in which
direction of flow is approximately parallel to the
weir crest
-located just upstream and to the side of dam
Limited Service – designed to operate very
infrequently and with the knowledge that some
degree of damage or erosion will occur during
operations