4.

2 Method of measurement with Over balls or Rollers

For spur gear, putting Over balls or Rollers to Spacewidth. External gear is measured by outside dimension of Over
ball or Rollers. Internal gear is measured by inner dimension of Over balls or Rollers.
Use method of Over balls or Rollers for Helical gear. Measurement for Internal gear, this method has advantages over
others.

Even number of teeth Odd number of teeth

dm
External
dm

gear

dp
dmdp
dm

Internal
gear
dp dp
*Note for gear with small and odd number of teeth
and large helix angle. We recommend using method
of Over balls or Rollers due to unstable pins causing
Fig. 2 Method of Over balls or Rollers inaccurate measurement

Diameter for Over balls or Rollers

Refer to Fig. 3 to find diameter of Over balls or Rollers. Obtain the nearest available diameter from the graph as stan-
dard for Over balls or Rollers to measure the gear.

A= 20°
3.5 1.0
Example (1)
When conditions of
m=2,α=20º, z=17 and x=+0.8
Diameter of Over balls or Rollers dpmm

calculation is by following formula,

Example (2)
3.0 When conditions of 0.8
mn=4,αn=20º, z=19, β=26º42’ and xn=+0.4
calculation is by following formula,
Rack shift coefficient x

0.6
2.5

0.4

2.0 0.2

- 0.2
- 0.4
1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
Number of teeth z

Fig. 3 Graph to find suitable diameter of Over balls or Rollers (for module mn=1.0)
Increase proportionately by module used. Number of teeth of Helical gear is Virtual number of teeth of Spur gear.

63
 Dimensions of Over balls or Rollers for Example 1, even number of teeth
Spur gear. When module m=2.0, Number of teeth z=30, Refer-
For even number of teeth, calculation is by following ence pressure angle α =20° and Rack shift coefficient
formula x= 0.15. Calculations of Over balls or Rollers dimen-
zmcosα sions is as follows,
dm= + dp
cosφ
For odd number of teeth, calculation is by following ① Over balls or Rollers dimension dp
formula Refer to Fig. 3, d p=1.73 multiply by module 2.0 =
zmcosα 90° 3.46(mm)
dm= cos + dp
cosφ z Use nearest available pin size dp=3.5(mm) instead of
For invφ , calculation is by following formula 3.46(mm)
dp π − invα · + 2 xtanα
invφ = − §¨ ¸
zmcosα © 2 z ¹ z ② Pressure angle φ at contact point between flank
and Over balls or Rollers
Hereby 3.5 π − inv 20° ·
invφ = − §¨ ¸
dm : Over balls or Rollers dimension(mm) 30 • 2 • cos20° © 2 • 30 ¹
z : Number of teeth 2 • 0.15 • tan 20°
+
x : Rack shift coefficient 30
φ : Pressure angle (°) at pin centre = 0.0282613 (inv20° = 0.0149044)
dp : Diameter of Practical Over balls or Rollers (mm) φ = 24.5388° (See page 164 to 167 for Involute function charts)
m : Module (mm)
α : Reference pressure angle(°) ③ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm
30 • 2 • cos20°
dm = + 3.5 = 65.48 (mm)
cos 24.5388°

Example 2, odd number of teeth

Follow example 1 for calculation method, Number of
dp
teeth is changed to 29 (Other data remains the same)

① Over balls or Rollers dimension dp dp=3.5(mm)

dm

② Pressure angle (°) at pin centre

FzcosA

)
F (z+2x

3.5 π − inv 20° ·

invφ = − §¨ ¸
A 29 • 2 • cos20° © 2 • 29 ¹
2 • 0.15 • tan 20°
+
29
invF
F = 0.0287218
φ = 24.6645° (24°39' 52" )

③ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm

Fig. 4 Dimension of Over balls or Rollers for Spur gear
29 • 2 • cos20° 90°
dm = • cos + 3.5 = 63.39 (mm)
cos24.6645° 29

64
Dimension of Over balls or Rollers for In- Example 1, even number of teeth
ternal gear When module m=1.0, Number of teeth z=80, Refer-
Calculation for even number of teeth is by following ence pressure angleα ＝ 20° and Rack shift coefficient
formula x= 0.12. Calculations for dimensions of Over balls or
zmcosα Rollers is as follows,
dm= − dp
cosφ
Calculation for odd number of teeth is by following ① Over balls or Rollers diameter dp
formula Refer to Fig. 3, dp=1.68 multiply by module 1.0 = 1.68
zmcosα 90° (mm)
dm= cos − dp
cosφ z Use nearest available pin size dp=1.70(mm) instead of
For invφ , calculation is by following formula 1.68(mm)
π + invα · + 2 xtanα − dp
invφ = §¨ ¸
© 2z ¹ z zmcosα ② Pressure angle (°) at pin centre
π + inv 20° · − 1.7
invφ = §¨ ¸
© 2 • 80 ¹ 80 • 1 • cos20°
2 • 0.12 • tan 20°
+
80
= 0.0130174
dp φ = 19.145° (19°8' 42" )

③ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm

invF x
2 80 • 1 • cos 20°
F dm = − 1.7 = 77.88 (mm)
P Base circle cos19.145°
z

Example 2, odd number of teeth

db

Number of teeth for calculation example 1 is changed

dm

to 81 (other data remains the same).

① Over balls or Rollers dimension dp dp=1.7(mm)

② Pressure angle (°) at pin centre

π + inv 20° · − 1.7
invφ = §¨ ¸
Fig. 5 Over balls or Rollers dimension for © 2 • 81 ¹ 80 • 1 • cos 20°
Internal gear 2 • 0.12 • tan 20°
+
81
= 0.0130407
φ = 19.156° (19°9' 22" )

③ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm

81 • 1 • cos20° 90°
dm = • cos − 1.7 = 78.86 (mm)
cos19.156° 81

65
 Over balls or Rollers for Straight tooth rack Example,
dp § 1 ·− πm When module m=3.0, Reference pressure angle α =20°
d m = h" + ¨1 + ¸
2 © sinα ¹ 4 tanĮ and Datum line h”=32. Calculations of Over balls or Roll-
Hereby ers dimensions is as follows,
h’’ : Datum line (mm) is from Rack base to Refer-
ence line (1). ① Over balls or Rollers diameter dp
Refer to Fig. 3, dp=1.68 multiply by module 3.0 = 5.04
Helical rack is the same as straight rack at normal sec- (mm)
tion. The above formula can be used. For calculation Use nearest available pin size dp=5.0(mm) instead of
of Pressure angleα and module m, use α n and mn at 5.04(mm)
normal section.
② Over balls or Rollers dimension dm
5 1 · π •3
d m = 32 + • §¨1 + ¸−
2 © sin 20° ¹ 4 tan 20°
= 35.34 (mm)

Pm

1
2 Pm
dp

4tanA
Pm

dm
h"

Fig. 6 Over balls or Rollers dimension for Straight rack

Note: (1) Adopted the old Standard term.

66
Over balls or Rollers dimension for Helical ③ Transverse module mt
gear mn 2
mt = = = 2.07055 (mm)
Calculation for even number of teeth is by following cosβ cos15°
formula
z mt cos α t ④ Transverse pressure angle α t
dm= + dp
cosφ § tan α n · § tan 20° ·
α t = tan -1 ¨ ¸ = tan -1 ¨ ¸
Calculation for odd number of teeth is by following © cosβ ¹ © cos15° ¹
formula = 20.646896° (20°38' 48" )
z mt cos α t 90°
dm= cos + dp
cosφ z ⑤ Pressure angle (°) at pin centre
For inv φ , calculation is by following formula 3.5 π − inv 20.646896° ·
invφ = − §¨ ¸
dp π − inv α t · + 2 xn tan α n 36 • 2 • cos 20° © 2 • 36 ¹
invφ = − §¨ ¸
z mn cos α n © 2 z ¹ z 2 • 0.05 • tan 20°
+
36
Hereby = 0.025562 (inv20.646896° = 0.0164533)
mn : Normal module (mm) φ = 23.77° ( 23°46'12" See page 164 to 167 for Involute function charts)
α n : Normal pressure angle(°) φ = 23
.77° (23°46'12" See page 164 to 167 for Involute function charts)
xn : Normal rack shift coefficient
mt : Transverse module ⑥ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm
α t : Transverse pressure angle(°) 36 • 2.07055 • 20.646896°
dm = + 3.5 = 79.72 (mm)
cos23.77°

Example 2, odd number of teeth

dp
Number of teeth for calculation example 1 is changed
to 35 (other data remains the same).

① (1)Virtual Number of teeth of Spur gear zυ

dm

)
FzcosAc

F(z+2xn

z 35
zυ = = = 38.84 ѳ 39
cos3 β cos315°

At
② Over balls or Rollers diameter dp
Refer to Fig. 3, dp=1.7 multiply by module 2.0 = 3.4 (mm)
F invF
Use nearest available pin size dp=3.5(mm) instead of 3.4(mm)

③ Transverse module mt
Fig. 7 Over balls or Rollers dimension for Helical gear mt=2.07055(mm)
(shown in axis section) Calculations is the same as above in even number of teeth part ③

Example 1, even number of teeth ④ Transverse pressure angle α t

When module m=2.0, Number of teeth z=36, helix α t =20.646896° (20°38’48”)
angle β =15°, Normal pressure angleα n ＝ 20° and Calculations is the same as Example 1, even number of teeth part ④
Normal rack shift coefficient xn= 0.05. Calculations of
Over balls or Rollers dimensions is as follows, ⑤ Pressure angle at pin centre (°)
3.5 π − inv 20.646896° ·
invφ = − §¨ ¸
① (1)Virtual Number of teeth of Spur gear zυ 35 • 2 • cos20° © 2 • 35 ¹
z 36 2 • 0.05 • tan 20°
zυ = = = 39.94 ѳ 40 +
cos3 β cos315° 35
= 0.025822 (inv20.646896° = 0.0164533)
Note: (1) Adopted the old Standard term. φ = 23.8465° (23°50' 47" See page 164 to 167 for Involute function charts
φ = 23.8465
° (23°50' 47" See page 164 to 167 for Involute function charts)
② Over balls or Rollers diameter dp
Refer to Fig. 3, dp=1.7 multiply by module 2.0 = 3.4 ⑥ Over balls or Rollers dimension dm
(mm) 35 • 2.07055 • cos20.646896 90°
dm = • cos
Use nearest available pin size dp=3.5(mm) instead of cos23.8465° 35
3.4(mm) +3.5 = 77.57 (mm)

67
 Over balls or Rollers dimension for Worm Example
gear When module mn=2.0, Number of thread z=1, Pitch
To obtain Over balls or Rollers dimension for Worm diameter of Worm gear d = 31, Normal pressure angle
gear, introduce following methods, α n=20° and Reference cylinder lead angle γ = 3°42’(3.7
1) Substituted three wire method from thread screw °). Calculations of Over balls or Rollers dimensions of
used for measurement. Worm gear is as follows.
2) Use same calculation method of Rack for Worm
gear. ① Over balls or Rollers diameter dp
3) Use same calculation method of Helical gear for Refer to Number of teeth(10 to ∞) in Fig. 3, dp=1.68
Worm gear. However, only formula 3) is introduced. and multiply by module 2.0 = 3.36 (mm)
­ 1 3 ½ Use nearest available pin size dp=3.4 (mm) instead of
d m = d (1 + A) + dp + Ae2d ® + e 2 ¾ − A2 e 4 d
¯ 2 (1 + A) 8 ¿ 3.36(mm)
1 § px · z px
A= ¨ dp − cos γ b ¸ e= cot γ b
dsin γ b © 2 ¹ πd ② Transverse pressure angle α t
π mn § tanγ ·
px = γ b = tan -1 ¨ ¸ α t = tan -1 §¨ tan 20° ·¸ = 79.9459°
cosȖ © cos α t ¹ © sin 3.7° ¹
§ tan α n ·
α t = tan -1 ¨ ¸
© sinȖ ¹ ③ Base cylinder lead angle γ b
Hereby § tan α n · § tan 20° ·
α t = tan -1 ¨ ¸ = tan -1 ¨ ¸
d : Pitch diameter of Worm gear (mm) © cosβ ¹ © cos15° ¹
z : Number of thread of Worm gear
px : Axial pitch of Worm gear (mm)
γ : Reference cylinder lead angle (°) ④ Axial pitch
γ b : Base cylinder lead angle (°) ʌ•2
px = = 6.2963
cos3.7°

dp ⑤A
1 § 3.4 − 6.2963 cos20.3256° ·
A= ¨ ¸
31sin 20.3256° © 2 ¹
= 0.04159

⑥e
1 • 6.2963
e= cot 20.3256°
π • 31
dm

= 0.17453

⑦ Over balls or Rollers dimension

d m = 35.71 (mm) (Substitution method omitted)

Fig. 8 Over balls or Rollers dimension of Worm gear

68