Combined Stresses Theory

5/25/2019 Intro to FEA
MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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Combined Stresses
Design a left crank arm for a bicycle.
Tutorial Notes: combined-stresses-worked problems.pdf empty.one
Lecture Video: Empty
Combined Stresses Theory

1. Adding Stresses
2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses
3. Eccentric Loading
4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses
5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane
6. Multiple Tensile Stresses
7. Combined Stresses General Case
8. Von Mises Stress
9. Combined Stresses in Shafts
OBJECTIVES
When you have completed this unit you will be able to:
- Calculate the resultant of tension and compression loads acting on the same axis.
- Calculate the resultant of tension (compression) and bending stresses.
- Calculate the principal tensile stresses.
- Calculate the maximum shear stress.
- Use combined stresses for shaft design.
1. Adding Stresses
How do we add up or combine stresses (to get the resultant stress)?
Just like colinear forces, we stresses are in the same direction we can simply ad them algebraicly.
For example: Tension and compression stresses acting along the same axis. Wesimply take the tensile stress as positive and the
compressive stress as negative - then add them up.
A tensile stress of 1000N is combined with a compressive stress of 2000N. The resultant is a compressive stress of 1000N.
2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses
When a beam is bent it produces tension and compressive stresses along the axis of the beam. These axial stresses can be
algebraically added to other tension and compression stresses acting along the axis of the beam. (Below)
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM09155A-CAE/070-Combined-Stresses/Combined-Stresses.html 1/18
The following example involves a combination of bending and tensile stresses caused by a single force.
3. Eccentric Loading
This is sometimes referred to as eccentric loading.
The load F (below) does not act on the centroid of the section. Consequently the load F; produces,
(a) Compressive stresses (axial stress),
(b) Bending stresses (i.e. axial tension and compression).
4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses

Information about material strength is obtained from the tensile test. In these tests, only pure tension in one direction exists in the
specimen. However, in practice you do not have just pure one direction tension in components, but a combination of stresses acting
simultaneously. Consequently it is necessary to combine all these simultaneously acting stresses to get an equivalent stress to
compare with the results of a tensile test. Figure 5 shows a typical belt driven shaft. The shaft is subjected to torsion due to the
power transmitted and to bending by the belt loads.
To design a shaft you need to be able to find the equivalent maximum stress resulting from the bending stress and the shear stress.
However, you cannot simply add tensile (or compressive) and shear stresses together directly. The procedure for finding the
maximum equ1valent stress is outlined in the following sections.
5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane

Figure 6 shows a specimen under tension. If you place an imaginary cut across this specimen at angle 8 you will see that you require
a normal stress f n and a shear stress f s to maintain equilibrium. As the angle 8 varies, so will the magnitude of the normal and shear
stresses.
As a matter of interest the normal stress is a maximum at θ = 0 and this is where the shear stress is zero.
The normal stress (to the chosen plane) that corresponds to a zero shear stress is called a principal stress.
The shear stress reaches a maximum value for θ = 45°. This is called the maximum shear stress.
Extra: Here's a lecture about the derivation of principal stress and how it relates to shear stress. It looks complicated but still gives
the overall idea.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20oIAoZyb0s
6. Multiple Tensile Stresses

In a cylindrical pressure vessel, the walls are simultaneously subjected to:
(a) hoop stress,
(b) longitudinal stress.
In the situation of the pressure vessel it is not clear as to what the resultant equivalent stress is. A part of the cylindrical wall of the
pressure vessel is shown in Figure 8 with the two stresses acting at right angles.
As with the tensile specimen, the stresses on a surface at angle θ can be evaluated. In this manner the maximum or principal stresses
can be evaluated (i.e. the maximum equivalent stress resulting from hoop stress fh and and axial stress fL).
7. Combined Stresses General Case
The pressure vessel wall in Figure 7 had two stress acting at right angles.
A more general case is when a component may be subjected to two normal stresses acting at right angles plus shear stresses. This is
shown in Figure 9.
Analysis of the stresses in Figure 9 produces the following results.
8. Von Mises Stress

Unsigned comment added by 75.162.56.142 (talk) 23:43, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
What is Von Mises Stress exactly?
(BTW: Von Mises Stress is actually a misnomer. This criterion is also referred to as the Maxwell–Huber–Hencky–von Mises theory,
and Mr Von Mises wasn't even the first person here! Oh, and he is not to be confused with the other Von Mises either, of Austrian
school of economics fame, who said that when central banks interfere with the economy they turn an inevitable correction into an
unnecessary disaster.)
Meanwhile, back to unnecessary disasters of the engineering sort...
In an elastic body that is subject to a system of loads in 3 dimensions, a complex 3 dimensional system of stresses is developed (as
you might imagine). That is, at any point within the body there are stresses acting in different directions, and the direction and
magnitude of stresses changes from point to point. The Von Mises criterion is a formula for calculating whether the stress
combination at a given point will cause failure. There are three "Principal Stresses" that can be calculated at any point, acting in the
x, y and z directions (often labelled as 1,2 and 3 axes - to not get mixed up with the model axes).
(The 1,2, and 3 directions are the "principal axes" for the point and their orientation changes from point to point, but that is a
technical issue.) Von Mises found that, even though none of the principal stresses exceeds the yield stress of the material, it is
possible for yielding to result from the combination of stresses. The Von Mises criteria is a formula for combining these 3 stresses
into an equivalent stress, which is then compared to the yield stress of the material.
The equivalent stress is often called the "Von Mises Stress" as a shorthand description. It is not really a stress, but a number that is
used as an index. If the "Von Mises Stress" exceeds the yield stress, then the material is considered to be at the failure condition. The
formula is actually pretty simple, if you want to know it:
Where , and are the principal stresses and is the equivalent stress, or "Von Mises Stress".
Pretty simple, but finding the principal stresses at any point in the body is the tricky part.
The following table summarizes von Mises yield criterion for the different stress conditions.
Load
Restrictions Simplified von Mises equation
scenario
General No restrictions
Principal
No restrictions
stresses
General
plane
stress
Principal
plane
stress
Pure
shear
Uniaxial
Notes:
Subscripts 1,2,3 can be replaced with x,y,z, or any other orthogonal coordinate system labelling method
Shear stress is denoted here as ; in practice it is also denoted as
9. Combined Stresses in Shafts

Shafts are subjected to bending moments and torsional moments, which produce tensile and compressive stresses, and shear stresses
respectively. Figure 10 shows a shaft with belt drives. The belt tensions cause bending in the shaft.
To design a shaft you have to deal with the combined bending and torsional stress. Figure 11 shows a shaft cross section and the
stresses in the shaft.
You will note that the maximum bending stress occurs on the surface of the shaft.
The maximum torsional stress also occurs on the surface of the shaft. The resultant of these two stresses is found
using the method of combined stresses as discussed earlier in this unit.
Combining the theory with the basic equations of torsion in a cylindrical shaft, we can derive a simplifieed equation;
Note: The equivalent moment Me does not actually exist. It is simply used in the bending stress equation to produce the value of the
maximum tensile stress in the shaft.
The following examples apply these equations to shafts under bending and torsion.
FEA practice
Torsion
First things first. Let's look at torsion.
A simple shaft, Diam 20 x 200 long, steel, with an applied moment (torque) of 100 Nm, and a fixed constaint on the other end.
The FEA results:
Where element size of the mesh was refined as below;
Using the "probe" we can determine the stress at exact locations o the part.
On the top toolbar, click on Probe button in the Result group, then click a spot on the model. This will paste a label over that spot.
Every spot you click will get a new label. Once you have finished clicking to make labels, get out of probe (escape) and then you
can drag the labels out the way to reveal an arrow to the original spot you clicked.
The label will display whichever measurement you are set to, Von Mises, 1st Principle, etc (in the left Browser Bar)
Notice how the stress increases from the centre (zero) to a maximum at the outside (110.8 MPa)
This agrees with the torsion theory:
The Report: Bicycle Crank Arm

The crank arm of a bicycle is under both bending and torsion at the same time. This can be calculated for a simplified shape, such as
a cylinder. This helps us to understand what is going on when we try to optimise the design in a more complex situation of real part
design.
TASKS
1. Cylinder in Torsion. Using the standard formulas for circular shafts, determine the maximum moment that can be applied
without exceeding a shear stress of 250 MPa. Apply to a solid cylindrical shaft of Diam 25 x 200 mm.
2. Cylinder in Torsion FEA. Compare the result above with an FEA calculation. Discuss your calculated result (task 1) and
whether it should best match Von Mises, max shear, principle stress or some other measure in your comparison.
3. Cylindrical Crank. Determine the diameter for a circular solid aluminium "crank-arm". Ignore any stress problems at the
junction of pedal and crank axle.
Crank length = 170mm
Pedal force cantilever length = 60mm
Pedal force = work it out yourself and justify your number. Don't forget to come up with the worst case scenario - within
reason - that the crank should be able to survive.
To do this, calculate the moment applied by the pedal and add it to the force applied by the pedal (apply both of these to the
end of the crank.
(a) Calculate the diameter using the combined stress formula

(b) Determine the Von Mises "stress" of your design.
(c) Check your solution using FEA, on a plain cylinder. To do this, apply a fixed constraint on the axle end, and apply the
force + moment on the pedal end. Comment on any differences. Which is the dominant behaviour of the crank - is it more of a
beam bending or torsional component?
4. Real Bicycle Crank Analysis. A bicycle crank has both torsion and bending. This determines the shape of the part.
If there was no torsion, the crank would be made into a beam shape - thin and deep, and more like a spanner. It would
also be tapered towards the pedal end, and wider at the main axle.
If there was no bending loads it would be a constant circular shape to best handle a constant torsional load.
But the relative magnitude of torsion and bending results in a mixture of beam and circle. In addition, there are complications
due to the fixture of the pedal axle and the crank axle.
To determine the stress at any location in the crank arm, we can measure bending (tensile/compression) or the torsional shear
stress. But we cannot just simply add these together because they are on different planes. That is why FEA defaults to the Von
Mises stress approximation.
Open this Solidworks file (*.SLDPRT) and save as Inventor. Crank_assembledpartst.SLDPRT
The pedal action is a single force applied at the centre of the pedal axle, which produces a combination of bending and torsion
within the crank arm. For simplicity, we will assume the maximum load occurs when the crank is horizontal.
Use a pedal cantilever distance of 50mm from the outside surface of the crank.
a. Analyse the stresses in the crank arm and locate the positions of:
Highest Von Mises stress
Highest tensile stress
Highest compressive stress
Highest shear stress
b. Compare these to values obtained from the web (e.g. Matweb) for heat treated aluminium alloy. (Ideally, it would be best if we
could find out exactly what alloy and heat treatment is applied to a typical bicycle crank). From this maximum stress
information, determine the safety factor for each stress listed above.
c. Make small design changes to reduce weight (try not to increase stress if possible). This should be pretty difficult because this
part was designed professionally. You are not allowed to make it hollow because this is a forged component.
Web Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_yield_criterion
www.learneasy.info
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5/25/2019 Intro to FEA

MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Home LearnPracticeTestBack to MEM09155A

Design a left crank arm for a bicycle.

Tutorial Notes: combined-stresses-worked problems.pdf empty.one

Lecture Video: Empty

Combined Stresses Theory

How do we add up or combine stresses (to get the resultant stress)?

2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses

4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses

5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane

6. Multiple Tensile Stresses

7. Combined Stresses General Case

Analysis of the stresses in Figure 9 produces the following results.

8. Von Mises Stress

What is Von Mises Stress exactly?

Meanwhile, back to unnecessary disasters of the engineering sort...

9. Combined Stresses in Shafts

First things first. Let's look at torsion.

Where element size of the mesh was refined as below;

This agrees with the torsion theory:

The Report: Bicycle Crank Arm

(a) Calculate the diameter using the combined stress formula

Open this Solidworks file (*.SLDPRT) and save as Inventor. Crank_assembledpartst.SLDPRT

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