Chapter 1 Overview 1

Chapter 1
Overview of Wireless Communication
Graduate Program
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Goal of the Chapter
• To give an overview on what and why of wireless
communication
• Assess impact of wireless communication in our daily life
• Define basic terminologies, historic perspective, and

evolution of wireless communication
Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 2

Overview
• Introduction
• Wireless communication: merits and challenges
• Frequency allocation
• Types of wireless communication
• Duplexing and multiplexing
• Impact and market
• Brief historical review
• Examples of wireless networking
• Trends in cellular radio communications

Wireless Communication
• Transfer of information (i.e., voice, data, and multimedia)
over a distance without the use of electrical wires
• Distances involved may be:
• Short, e.g., remote control or large, e.g., satellite
• Information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves

• Which frequencies are suitable? A couple of slides later!
• Is a broadcast medium
• Multiple access methods are required
• Transmissions are prone to interference
• Wireless channel is unpredictable, e.g., mobility

• System design is more challenging in wireless than in wired
communication

Wired vs. Wireless
• Attenuation is low • Attenuation is high

• Interference is nil: each wire is • Interference is high (co- and
a separate medium/channel adjacent channel, from engines,
lightning, fading due to
movement)
• Clumsy, costly, no mobility • No knots, no digging to lay
cables, tether free

Merits of Wireless Communication
• Freedom from wires
• No cost of installing wires or rewiring
• No bunches of wires running here and there
• Instantaneous communications without the need for physical
connection setup (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi)
• These same reasons drive the market ….
• Various emerging standards….IEEE 802.15.3
• Global coverage
• Communications can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly –
Rural areas, old buildings, battle fields, outer space, vehicular
communications, RFIDs
• Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

Merits of Wireless Communication …
• Stay connected
• Roaming – allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere and
anytime
• Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and
uninterrupted access
• Flexibility
• Services reach you wherever you go (mobility)
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your mail
• Connect to multiple devices simultaneously (no need for physical
connectivity)
• Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for business
and personal reasons
• Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it
Stay connected – anywhere, anytime!

Challenges
• Bandwidth
• Scares spectrum and dictates low data rates
• Efficient use of finite radio spectrum
• E.g., cellular frequency reuse, medium access control protocols,
MIMO systems instead of single TX/RX antenna systems, …..
• Reliability
• Low data rate because of interference
• Need interference minimizing or mitigating techniques
• Power
• Mobility brings about battery operation
• Need efficient hardware, e.g., low power transmitters, receivers,
and signal processing tools
• Sleep mode

Challenges …
• Security
• Shared/broadcast medium => low security
• Privacy and authentication needed
• Providing integrated services: Consumer side challenges
• Voice, data, multimedia over a single network
• Service differentiation, priorities, resource scheduling
Voice Data Video

Delay < 100 ms - < 100 ms
Packet loss < 1% 0 < 1%
BER 10-3 10-6 10-6
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous
• One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well
Challenges …
• Network support for user mobility
• User location identification
• Handover….
• Fading
• Multipath leads to signal superposition at receiving antennas
• High probability of data corruption: need for diversity schemes
• Quality of service (QoS)

• Unreliable links
• Traffic patterns and network conditions constantly change
• Connectivity and coverage
• Internetworking
• Regulatory issues, cost efficiency, …..

Overview
• Introduction

Frequencies for Communication
twisted coax cable optical transmission
pair
1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 µm 1 µm
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV
• VLF = Very Low Frequency

• Basic property of electromagnetic • LF = Low Frequency
waves: • MF = Medium Frequency
speed c = 3x108m/s • HF = High Frequency
• VHF = Very High Frequency
• Frequency f and wave length λ: • UHF = Ultra High Frequency
λ = c/f • SHF = Super High Frequency
• EHF = Extra High Frequency
• UV = Ultraviolet Light

Frequencies for Communication …
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF

30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF

Which Frequency?
• What constitutes a good frequency for wireless
communication?
• Suitable for various environments
• Indoor, outdoor
• Penetration of walls, circumvention of obstacles
• Susceptibility to environmental conditions
• E.g., weather (rainfall, fog)
• Different frequencies attenuated differently

• The higher frequency range, the better the BW available
but the more the attenuation
• As frequency increases, wavelength decreases

Which Frequency? …
• Complexity of circuitry, antenna size
• Circuit design at high frequency is challenging
• Energy consumption of transmit/receive circuits

• Regulatory aspects and money paid to get license
• Some frequencies are reserved for specific usage, some are free
• Available bandwidth
• The more the money, the longer it takes for the operators’ return
• Slows down rate of new technology introduction
• E.g., Total Cost of 3G Licenses in Europe 110bn Euros

Typical Frequencies
• FM radio ~ 88 MHz
• TV Broadcast ~ 200 MHz
• GSM phones ~ 900 MHz
• UMTS phones ~ 2GHz
• GPS ~ 1.2 GHZ
• PCS Phones ~ 1.8 GHz
• Bluetooth ~ 2.4 GHz
• WiFi ~ 2.4 GHz
• Around 2 GHz is the ISM band
• Is a license-free band

Spectrum Regulations
• Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
• ITU auctions spectral blocks for set applications
• Some spectrum set aside for universal use
Spectral allocation/regulation heavily impacts the evolution

of wireless technologies

Standard Bodies
• CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio)
• Study groups for radio spectrum usage and interworking of
wireless systems
• Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formally CCIR and
IFRB)
• World conference, radio regulations
• Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU-T (formally
CCITT)
• All worldwide wireline and wireless standards
• IEEE standards often accepted

Overview
• Introduction

Types of Wireless Communication
• Radio transmission
• Easily generated, omni-directionally travel long distances, easily
penetrate buildings
• Problems
• Frequency-dependent
• Relative low-bandwidth for data communication
• Tightly licensed by governments
• Microwave transmission
• Widely used for long distance communications
• Given a high S/N ratio relatively inexpensive
• Problems
• Don’t pass through building well – LOS Communication
• Weather and frequency-dependent

Types of Wireless Communication …
• Infrared and millimeter waves
• Widely used for millimeter waves – 30 GHz
• Unable to pass through solid objects
• Used for indoor Wireless LANs, not for outdoors – 10m range
• Light-wave transmission
• Unguided optical signal, such as laser
• Connect two LANs in two buildings via laser mounted on the roofs
• Unidirectional, easy to install, don’t require license
• Problems
• Unable to penetrate rain or thick fog
• Laser beam can be easily diverted by turbulent air

Wireless Systems: Range Comparison
1m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000Km
IR Bluetooth WLAN Mobile & FM MW SM Satellite

WLL Radio Radio Radio Links

Overview
• Introduction
• Wireless communication: Merits and challenges
• Types of wireless communications
• Examples of wireless networks

Frequency Carriers/Channels
• The information from sender to receiver is carried over a
well-defined frequency band
• This is called a channel
• Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and

capacity (bit-rate)
• Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to

transmit information in parallel and independently
• Duplexing and multiplexing techniques are required

Duplexing and Multiplexing
• Duplexing
• Given a single pair of communicating peers, duplexing describes
rules when each peer is allowed to send to the other one
• Using which resource: e.g., FDD
• Mutiplexing
• Given several pairs, multiplexing describes when which pair,
using which resources (e.g., FDMA), is allowed to communicate
• Main resources: Time, frequency, (+ some others)

• Example combinations?

Duplexing
• Simplex, half- and full-duplex: Variants of duplexing
• Simplex: Is a one way communication, i.e., one source
transmits and the other only receives
• E.g., remote control, radio broadcast
• To enable two-way communication, we can use

• Frequency as in FDD or
• Time as in TDD
• Full duplex: Transmission in two way and simultaneously
• Use two different frequency bands, called FDD
• Half duplex: Two way transmission but one at a time

• Use one frequency band but peers transmit one after the other,
called TDD

Full Duplex - FDD
• FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
• In cellular context
• Downlink channel: from BS to MS
• Uplink channel: from MS to BS
• Downlink and uplink channels use different frequency
bands
• Guard band is used to provide sufficient isolation
Mobile Downlink Channel Base Station

Terminal Uplink Channel B
M

Example - Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio
Uplink Channel Downlink Channel
991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799
824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz
Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Uplink Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Downlink Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
Each pair are separated by 45 MHz; each uplink and downlink channel
occupies 25 MHz; and channels 800-990 are unused

Half Duplex - TDD
• TDD: Time Division Duplex
• A singe frequency channel is used
• The channel is divided into time slots
• Mobile station and base station transmit on time slots
alternately
Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

Virtually shared,
Multiplexing & Shared Resources but exclusively
controlled!
• Multiplexing: Gives a means to
regulate access to a resource that is
shared by multiple users
• The switching element that serves as a
controller
• Another example of “shared

resources”
• Classroom, with “air” as physical medium
• Main resources: Time, frequency, (+ Shared!

some others)?
• TDMA, FDMA, SDMA, CDMA
Sem. II, 2010/11 30

Reading
• Read the following papers:
• D. Cox, Wireless Personal Communications: What is It?, IEEE
Personal Communications Magazine, (April 1995), pp. 20-35.
• S. Verdu, Wireless Bandwidth in the Making, IEEE Communications
Magazine,(July 2000), pp. 53-58.
• Produce a 5-10 pages report and 10-15 pages slides on the

basic aspects of the following (due date: 26.04.2011)
• International standardization and standards organizations
• Ad-hoc networks
• Sensor networks
• Wi-Max
• UWB
• MANET

Overview
• Introduction
• Examples of wireless networks

Global Cellular Subscribers (estimated, 2005)
Country Subscribers, mln. Share, %
1.China 398 19.3
2.USA 202 9.9
3.Russia 115 5.6
4.Japan 95 4.6
5.Brazil 86 4.1 Note:
• 11 Million in 1990
6.India 79 3.8 • 750 Million in 2000
• Forecasted to reach
7.Germany 73 3.5
3.2 Billion in 2010
8.Italy 59 2.9
9.UK 58 2.8
Top 15 countries 1,414 68.5
Worldwide total 2,065 100
Source:
Sem. II,Computer
2010/11 Industry Almanac
Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 - Introduction 33
Worldwide Cellular Subscribers Growth
1200
1000
Subscribers [million]
800
600
400
200
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Cellular Subscribers per Region (June 2002)
Middle East;
1,6
Africa; 3,1
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada); Asia Pacific;
22 36,9
Europe; 36,4

Global ICT Development
Source: http://www.mocom2020.com/2009/03/41-billion-mobile-phone-subscribers-worldwide/

GSM Subscribers Worldwide
• Source: GSM association (www.gsmworld.com)

Mobile Phone Subscribers Worldwide approx. 1.7 bn
1600
1400
1200
Subscribers [million]
GSM total
1000 TDMA total
CDMA total
800 PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400
200
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year

Growth: Technology take-up time to 50M users
Telephone
75 Years
Radio
35 Years
TV
13 Years
Wireless Communication
12 Years
Internet
4 Years

Example Coverage of GSM Networks (www.gsmworld.com, 2004)
T-Mobile (GSM-900/1800) Germany O2 (GSM-1800) Germany
AT&T (GSM-850/1900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa

Example of 3G Coverage (www.gsmworld.com, Oct 2006)
Vodafone E-Plus (light: 2G!)

Mobile Systems Market
• Ericsson sells half of the mobile base stations
• 1 base station ~ 100 thousand - 1 million dollar
• Nokia has the biggest market in cell-phones

• 1 cell-phone ~ 100 dollar
• Nokia has to sell 10,000 cell-phones to match the revenue

Ericsson obtains from selling just one base-station!

Some Data – On Mobile Communications
• Many mobile web users are mobile-only
Percentage of mobile web users who never or infrequently use the

desktop web
Percentage Percentage
Country Country
mobile-only mobile-only
Egypt 70% Indonesia 44%
India 59% Thailand 32%
South Africa 57% China 30%
Ghana 55% US 25%
Kenya 54% UK 22%
Nigeria 50% Russia 19%
Source: On Device Research (December 2010) Survey group: 15,204 via: mobiThinking

WLAN Market Expands

Case of Ethiopia
No Key Performance Products/Services Number of Subscribers

Indicator
1 Fixed Line PSTN 844,533

Services VSAT 1,607
CDMA-WLL 25,853
Prepaid CDMA 2000 109,936
Postpaid CDMA 2000 2,805
CDMA Pay Phone 99

Case of Ethiopia …

Indicator
2 GSM Prepaid Mobile Voice 8,608,518
3 GSM Postpaid Mobile Voice 68,693
Roaming Can be generated from
HLR Record
4 CDMA Prepaid Voice 13,546
Voice + Data 75,429
5 CDMA Postpaid Voice 976
Voice + Data 757
Data Only 208
More mobiles than fixed, i.e., wireless is becoming better option to increase tele-density

Case of Ethiopia …
Indicator
6 Broadband Service ADSL (Fixed Broadband > 1390
256 KB)
CDMA (a fixed Voice + 25,853
Data)
Prepaid CDMA EV-DO 11,490
Prepaid CDMA EV-DO 375
GSM Prepaid Mobile 1,678,775

Internet (GPRS/EDGE)
GSM Postpaid Mobile 68,426
Internet (GPRS/EDGE)
WCDMA Mobile Internet 16,792
(GPRS AND HSDPA)
7 Narrowband Service Dial-up Internet 26,982
Prepaid CDMA 1X 9,486
Prepaid CDMA 1X 444
ADSL (<256 KBps) 505

Overview
• Introduction

History of Wireless Communication
• Many people in history used light for communication
• 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
• Carrier Pigeons
• 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
• Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance:
• 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
• J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic fields, wave
equations (1864)
• H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)
Sem. II, 2010/11 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 - Introduction 49

History of Wireless Communication …
• 1895 Guglielmo Marconi
• first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
• long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
• 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
• huge base stations
(30 antennas, each 100m high)
• 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York – San Francisco
• 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
• reflection at the ionosphere
• smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum
tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
• 1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV

news)
• 1933 Frequency modulation (FM) introduced by E. H. Armstrong
• FM has been the primary modulation technique for mobile communication
systems until late 80
• 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)

• 1982 Start of GSM-specification
• Goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
• 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System, analog)
• 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

• 1991 Specification of DECT
• Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
• 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data
transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000
user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
• 1992 Start of GSM

• In D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
• Automatic location, hand-over, cellular
• Roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
• Services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
• 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

• ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
• Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

• 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
• IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
• Already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
• 1998 Specification of GSM successors

• For UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000
• 1998 Iridium
• 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
• 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

• IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
• Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
• 1999 Decision about IMT-2000

• Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …

History of wireless communication …
• 1999 Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
• First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
• Access to many services via the mobile phone
• 2000 GSM with higher data rates

• HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
• First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
• 2000 UMTS auctions/beauty contests

• Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany for 6
UMTS licences!)
• 2001 Start of 3G systems

• Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
• 2005 Broadband wireless

• First public WiMAx/IEEE 802.16 last mile experiments

Overview
• Introduction
• Cellular systems
• Basic terminologies
• Paging systems
• Wireless PANs (WPANs)
• Wireless LANs, WLL, WMAN, and WAN
• Satellite systems
• Emerging wireless systems

Cellular Systems - Architecture
Radio tower
PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center

Cellular Systems …
• Geographic region divided into cells
• Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations
• Co-channel interference between same frequency using cells
• Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking
burden
• Edges are determined based on

• Link budget: total power emitted and received
• Number of users
• Interference: dictates re-use factor
• There is an overlap of cells at the boundary

• Handoff takes place

Cellular Systems - Basic Terminologies
• Mobile station (MS)
• A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations
• They can be either hand-held personal units (portables) or installed
on vehicles (mobiles)
• Base station (BS)

• A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations
• Base stations are located at the center or edge of a coverage
region, consists of transmitter and receiver antennas, and are
mounted on top of towers
• Provides gateway functionality between wireless and wire-line
links, ~1 million dollar
• Base stations coordinate handoff and control functions

Cellular Systems - Basic Terminologies …
• Mobile switching center (MSC)
• Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large
service area
• In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the BS and MS to the
PSTN (telephone network)
• Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
• Subscriber
• A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
• Transceiver
• A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving
radio signals

• Control channel
• Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call
initiation and other beacon and control purposes
• Downlink (forward) channel

• Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base
station to the mobile
• Uplink (reverse) channel

• Radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile to
base station

• Simplex systems
• Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
• Half duplex systems

• Communication systems which allow two-way communication by
using the same radio channel for both transmission and reception
• At any given time, the user can either transmit or receive
information
• Full duplex systems

• Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication
• Transmission and reception is typically on two different channels
(FDD)

• Handoff
• The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or
base station to an other
• Roamer
• A mobile station which operates in a service area (market) other
than that from which service has been subscribed
• Page
• A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area,
usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same
time

Overview
• Introduction
• Paging systems

Paging Systems
• Broad coverage for short messaging
• Message broadcast from all base stations
• Simple terminals
• Low complexity, very low-powered pagers (receiver) devices
• Optimized for 1-way transmission
• Answer-back hard
• Overtaken by cellular

Overview
• Introduction
• Paging systems

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
• Operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band
• Widely supported by
telecommunications, PC,
and consumer electronics
companies
• Provides an ad-hoc
approach to enable various
devices to communicate
• Wireless Body Area
Networks (read!)
Personal Area Network …
• Network of devices carried by an individual person
• Music player, cell phone, camera in glasses, …
• Wearable computer
• Technologies
• IEEE 802.15 standards
family (Zigbee,
Bluetooth, UWB)
• Possibly infrared

Overview
• Introduction
• Paging systems

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
• Network between devices in close physical proximity
(offices, homes, …), usually stationary or moving at low
speed, provide access to fixed infrastructure
• Good options for coffee shops, airports, libraries, etc.. . to provide
internet connection (connect “local” computers in 100m range)
• The term Wi-Fi is widely used
01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

Wireless LANs Standards …
• 802.11b
• Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
• Speeds of 5.5 - 11 Mbps, approx. 100 m
• 802.11a/g
• Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz
• OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
• Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx 100 m range
• 802.11n (recently approved)

• Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
• Adaptive OFDM/MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
• Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 100 m range
• Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

Wireless LAN …
• Channel access is shared (random access)
• WLANs provides license-free, low-power short-range data
communication
Sem. II, 2010/11 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 71

Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
• Solves the “last mile” problem
• To provide high-speed services to individual subscribers
• Fixed transmitter and receiver
• Time-invariance channel

Reading Assignment
• Produce a 5-10 pages report on the following fixed
broadband WLL technologies as well as WPAN solutions
(due date: 03.05.2011)
• Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
• Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services (MMDS)
• Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
• Free Space Optics
• Zigbee
• Bluetooth

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
• Network covering a city, metropolitan areas
• “Last mile” application, usually at best low mobility
• Technologies
• Various IEEE 802.11 derivates
• WiMax/IEEE 802.16 – competes with DSL
• IEEE 802.20 (???)
Sem. II, 2010/11 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 74

Wide-Area Network (WAN)
• Network covering country/continent/earth
• Anytime, anywhere connectivity
• Good for even highly mobile users
• Technologies
• Cellular systems (GSM, UMTS, HSDPA)
• Broadcast systems (DVB)
• Satellites
Sem. II, 2010/11 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 Overview 75

Overview
• Introduction
• Paging systems

Satellite Systems
• Cover very large areas
• Very useful in sparsely populated areas, rural areas, sea, mountain
areas
• Limited-quality voice/data transmission
• Different orbit heights
• GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
• Optimized for one-way transmission
• Radio and movie broadcasts
• Expensive Base stations (satellite)
• Moving base station unlike the cellular system

Satellite Systems …
• Traditional Applications
• Weather satellite
• Radio and TV broadcasting
• Military satellite
• Telecommunication applications
• Global telephone connections
• Backbone for global networks
• Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing
• Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
• Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices
• Iridium, Globalstar, Teledesic, Inmarsat are some example
systems

Overlay Networks – the Global Goal
Integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitan area
campus-based horizontal
handover
in-house
WS 09/10 - v 1.3 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 - Introduction 79

Overview
• Introduction
• Paging systems

Emerging Wireless Systems
• Ad hoc Wireless systems
• Sensor networks
• Ultra Wideband (UWB) systems

Ad-Hoc Networks
• Peer-to-peer communications
• No backbone infrastructure
• Routing can be multihope
• Topology is dynamic
• Fully connected with different links SINRs

Ad-Hoc Networks …
• Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure
for many emerging applications
• The capacity of such networks is generally unknown
• Transmission, access, and routing strategies for these
networks are generally ad hoc
• Crosslayer design critical and very challenging
• Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for
communication and networking

Ad Hoc Networks Typical Application: Road Traffic
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
Personal Travel Assistant,

DAB, PDA, laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
WS 09/10 - v 1.3 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 84

Sensor Networks
• Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries
• Data flows to centralized location
• Low per-node rates but up to 100,000 nodes
• Data highly correlated in time and space
• Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception,
compression, and signal processing

Ultra Wide Band Systems
• Ultra Wide Band (UWB) is an emerging wireless
communication technology that can transmit data at around
100 Mb/s (up to 1000 Mb/s)
• UWB transmits ultra-low power radio signals with very
narrow pulses (nanoseconds)
• Because of its low power requirements, UWB is very
difficult to detect (hence secure)

Ultra Wide Band Systems …

• Why UWB?
• Exceptional multi-path immunity
• Low power consumption
• Large bandwidth
• Secure communications
• Low interference
• No need for license to operate
• Next generation communication systems


Overview
• Introduction

Trends in Cellular Radio Communications …
CT0/1
FDMA
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA
EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC HSDPA
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)
AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System

NMT – Nordic Mobile Telephone System 91
Trends in Cellular Radio Communications
• First Generation (1G)
• Analog systems, mostly FM
• E.g., NMT, AMPS
• Voice traffic
• FDMA/FDD multiple access
• Second Generation (2G)

• Digital systems
• Digital modulation
• Voice traffic
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access

Trends in Cellular Radio Communications …
• 2.5G
• Digital systems
• Voice + Low-rate data service
• Third Generation (3G)

• Digital
• Voice + high-rate data service
• Multimedia transmission also

Wireless Systems: Overview of Development
cordless wireless LAN
cellular phones satellites
phones
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A
AMPS 1984:
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1989:
CT 2
1991: 1991: 1991:
1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM Inmarsat-B proprietary
1993:
Inmarsat-M
PDC
1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital IEEE 802.16
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
4G – fourth generation: when and how?
Sem II, 2010/11 Mobile Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 94

Conclusion
• The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems
and applications
• However, the random nature of the wireless channel poses
significant challenges
• Multiple approaches are used to overcome the challenges
• Existing and emerging systems provide excellent quality for certain
applications but poor interoperability
• Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the

evolution of wireless technology
• In emerging technologies, technical challenges transcend
across all layers of the system design
• Cross-layer design emerging as a key theme in wireless networks

Chapter 1 Overview 1

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Chapter 1

Overview of Wireless Communication

• Assess impact of wireless communication in our daily life

• Define basic terminologies, historic perspective, and

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 2

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 3

• Information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves

• Wireless channel is unpredictable, e.g., mobility

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 4

• Attenuation is low • Attenuation is high

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 5

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 6

Stay connected – anywhere, anytime!

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 8

Voice Data Video

• Quality of service (QoS)

• Regulatory issues, cost efficiency, …..

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 11

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

• VLF = Very Low Frequency

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 12

Radio Micro Cosmic

Visible light < 30 KHz VLF

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 13

• Different frequencies attenuated differently

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 14

• Energy consumption of transmit/receive circuits

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 15

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 16

Spectral allocation/regulation heavily impacts the evolution

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 17

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 18

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 19

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 20

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 21

1m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000Km

IR Bluetooth WLAN Mobile & FM MW SM Satellite

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 22

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 23

• Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and

• Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 24

• Main resources: Time, frequency, (+ some others)

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 25

• To enable two-way communication, we can use

• Half duplex: Two way transmission but one at a time

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 26

Mobile Downlink Channel Base Station

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 27

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Downlink Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 28

Mobile Base Station

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 29

• Another example of “shared

• Main resources: Time, frequency, (+ Shared!

Sem. II, 2010/11 30

• Produce a 5-10 pages report and 10-15 pages slides on the

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 31

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 32

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 34

Sem. II, 2010/11 Wireless Communications - Ch. 1 – Overview 35