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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake

Resistance
Thesis · November 2015
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
PREFACE
This report has been prepared as part of project work to fulfill the requirement of course
syllabus prescribed to Civil Engineering final year course. Among several projects which
were offered to us, we have chosen the project entitled “Structural Analysis and Design of
Commercial Complex for Earthquake Resistance” under the guidance of our dedicated
supervisor and Department of Civil Engineering.
Comparing various models of building structures, we found public building as the most
challenging project. Thus, we have given preference to the construction of the frame
structured nine-stories commercial building with basement, shear wall, lift, escalator,
dome roof. Building frame is the three dimensional structure as space which consist of
rigidly interconnected beams, slab and columns. It produces greater number of the
redundancy thus reduces the moments and facilitates the even distribution of the load.
This project enabled us to acquire knowledge on proper analysis and design of building
for earthquake safety including the capability of solving and tackling the field problem to
somewhat. It has taught us to work in team which will surely help us in the future to
come.
The results of calculation are presented in tabular form and sample calculations are
provided in details to reduce the bulkiness of the report. Sufficient figure and sketches
have been introduced to illustrate the theories. Reference to the appropriate clauses of
standard codes of practices has been made wherever necessary. It is clear that for
understanding the process physically and realizing the structure behaviour, manual steps
by steps procedure is necessary. However due to the time constraint and to be familiar to
the modern technology, the structural analysis and design part is performed using
computer software “SAP 2000 V-14”. The burden of repeated calculations in analysis has
been reduced due to use of computer software. Report is focused on the design of slab,
beam (primary and secondary), column (square and circular), staircase (open newel and
spiral), concrete dome roof and foundation (raft foundation and isolated footing).
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to the help and advice of our dedicated teachers during the
preparation of the project report ““Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial
Building for Earthquake Resistance.”
At the outset we will like to forward our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Supervisor
Assistant Professor Dr. Prachand Man Pradhan, Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, Kathmandu University for providing immense guidance, care, expertise
and support for our project. We benefited alot in a great deal from his logical thoughts,
experience, and incisive comments. He helped us to develop and cultivate our feelings
and institution for structural behavior of the building and their proper design.
We also acknowledge our gratitude towards each other for such a united coordination
amongst the group members during the project as well some of the other friend who helps
throughout the project.
Project Members
Binod Khadka (670212)
Babin Dahal (670206)
Bishal K.C. (670214)
Isha Bhattarai (670222)
Madhab Dangal (670228)
ii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbol Description
 Diameter of Bar
τc Shear Stress
γm Partial Safety Factor
Ab Area of Each Bar
Ag Gross Area of Concrete
Ah Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
Asc Area of Steel in Compression
Ast Area of Steel
Asv Area of Stirrups
B Width
d Effective Depth
d′ Effective Cover
D Overall Depth
e Structure Eccentricity
E Young’s Modulus of Rigidity
Es Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
fck Characteristics Strength of Concrete
fy Characteristics Strength of Steel
fs Steel Stress of Service Load
h Height of building
I Importance Factor (For Base Shear Calculation)
I Moment of Inertia
Ip Polar Moment of Stiffness
k Lateral Stiffness
L Length of Member
Ld Development Length
iii
M Bending Moment
Pc Percentage of Compression Reinforcement
Pt Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
Q Design Lateral Force

R Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
Sv Spacing of Each Bar
T Torsional Moment due to Lateral Force
Ta Fundamental Natural Period of Vibrations
V′ Additional Shear
VB Design Seismic Base Shear
W Seismic Weight of Floor
Xu Actual Depth of Neutral Axis
Xul Ultimate Depth of Neutral Axis
Z Zone Factor
iv
Abbreviations
D.L Dead Load

E.Q Earthquake Load
IS Indian Standard
L.L Live Load
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
Units:
Force KN
Moment KN-m
Length m
Bar Dia. mm
Spacing mm
The outputs of SAP 2000 are corresponding to force in KN and Length in m.
All dimensions are in mm units unless specified.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................ii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations.................................................................................... iii
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... v
Units: ................................................................................................................................... v
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .....................................................................................................................1
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK .....................................................................2
1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ...........................................................................................2
1.4. Brief description of the proposed project........................................................................3
1.5. Units ................................................................................................................................5
1.6. Interpretation ...................................................................................................................5
1.7. Detailing ..........................................................................................................................5
1.1 METHODOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY ...........................................................................................................6
1.8. Literature Review............................................................................................................6
1.9. Selection of building and data collection ........................................................................6
1.10. Study of Architectural Drawing ......................................................................................6
1.11. Preliminary design ..........................................................................................................6
1.12. Load calculation ..............................................................................................................6
1.12.1. Gravity load calculation .................................................................................................7
1.12.2. Loading pattern...............................................................................................................7
1.12.3. Load Cases .....................................................................................................................8
1.13. Modeling and Analysis of building.................................................................................9
1.13.1. Methods and tools for analysis .......................................................................................9
1.14. Design ...........................................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Limit state method ...........................................................................................................10
2.7.2 Assumptions for flexural member ...................................................................................10
2.7.3. Limit state of collapse for compression .......................................................................11
2.7.4. Limit state of serviceability ............................................................................................12
1.8. Earthquake resistant design philosophy ........................................................................12
1.8.1. Configuration................................................................................................................13
1.8.2. Connection....................................................................................................................14
1.8.3. Construction quality .....................................................................................................15
2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN............................................................................ 16
2.1. Design data....................................................................................................................16
vi
2.1.1. Construction Material ...................................................................................................16
2.1.2. Preliminary design of elements ......................................................................................17
3. SEISMICLOAD CALCULATION .............................................................. 26
3.1. Seismic load ..................................................................................................................26
3.2. Base Shear Calculation .................................................................................................26
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS........................................................................ 31
4.1. Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis. .......................................31
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................. 37
5.1. Design of structural elements........................................................................................37
5.1.1. Design of slab ...............................................................................................................37
5.1.2. Design of beam .............................................................................................................45
5.1.3. Design of curve beam ...................................................................................................54
5.1.4. Design of column .........................................................................................................57
5.1.5. Design of staircase........................................................................................................77
5.1.6. Design of basement wall ..............................................................................................84
5.1.7. Design of Lift wall .......................................................................................................91
5.1.8. Design of Shear wall ....................................................................................................97
5.1.9. Design of foundation ..................................................................................................102
6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 115
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 119
7.1. REFERENCE BOOKS: ..............................................................................................119
7.2. REFERENCE CODES: ..............................................................................................119
vii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
At present world, there is rapid emersion of the new technologies related to safe,
economical, stable construction. In such a trend, earthquake has become one of the
natural challenging factor for the efficient construction works.It is one of the dominant
constraints while designing the frame building in the earthquake prone zone like Nepal.
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon as old as the history of the earth itself and is
considered to be most unpredictable one among all other natural disasters. Now a days,
designers and engineers are giving more emphasis towards the earthquake resistance
while analyzing and designing any structure to minimize the seismic impact.
One being a good designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones
like the curtailment rods, and electric poles to more complex ones like multi-storied frame
buildings, shell roofs, bridges etc. These structures are subjected to various loads like
concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, internal or
earthquake load and dynamic forces which are considered during the design phase. The
structure transfers its load to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transferring
the loads, the members of the structure are subjected to internal forces like axial forces,
shearing forces, bending and torsional moments which are discussed while analyzing the
structures.
First of all the most appropriate structural system and initial proportioning of members is
done. Generally the initial drawing of architecture is referred. After that the loads are
estimated based on functionality and purpose of building based on codes. Then the
process of structural analysis and design evolves.
Structural Analysis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure under
stipulated loads and other external effects. Structural design deals with the designing
(sizing: member sizes, reinforcement details and grading of materials) various members
of the structure to resist various forces to which they might be subjected during the life
period of the structure. While analysis, frames are analyzed for earthquake as lateral or
horizontal load. During the earthquake, structural and non-structural damages occur in
which both of them are hazardous to occupants. When earthquake shaking occurs, a
building gets thrown from side to side or up and down. i.e. ground moves violently side
1
by side and building stay at rest. Thus the building gets thrown back and forth by the
motion of the ground with some part of building lagging behind and then moving in the
opposite direction. The level of damage depends upon how well the building has been
designed and constructed.
In our context, the analysis of earthquake is based on seismic coefficient design method
as described in IS 1893: 2002.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various provisions in
Indian Standards as Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete IS 456-2000; Code
of practice for Design loads IS 875 (Part 2)-1987: Design Aids for Reinforcement
Concrete (SP 16) IS 456-1978; Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP
34 (1987) are thoroughly referred for proper analysis, design and detailing of structural
elements viz. beam, slab, column, staircase, foundation, basement wall, lift and shear wall
with respect to safety, strength, stability, ductility & economy in addition to adequate
serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. All the
codes are based on the principles of limit state of design.
The project report posses modeling output (SAP 2000), analysis results, load calculations,
architectural drawings, structural drawings and sample calculations of various structural
elements and their detailing as well.
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK
MAIN OBJECTIVE:
 To achieve a practical knowledge on structural analysis, design and detailing of structural

components using principles of Earthquake resistant design
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
 Modeling of the building for structural analysis.

 Sectional design and structural detailing of the members.
1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1. Identification of the building and requirement of the space
2
2. Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical
and horizontal loads
3. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
4. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load
5. The structural analysis of the building by SAP2000 V14 for different cases of
loads
6. Design of RC frame members, walls, mat foundation, staircases and other by limit
state method of design
7. Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as a part of working
construction document.
1.4. Brief description of the proposed project
Type of the Project : Structural Analysis and design of Commercial Building

for Earthquake Resistance
Building type : Commercial and Official building
Location : Lagankhel, Lalitpur
Structural type : Special moment resisting RCC framed
Plinth area : 467.452m2
No. of storey :9
Floor to floor height
Basement : 3.556 m
Ground and upto 7th floor : 3.7338 m
Dome roof
Column height : 3.81 m
Dome height (crown) : 3.5052 m
Type of slab 1) Two way slab
2) One way slab
Type of beam :
3
1) Primary: 725x800mm (X and Y-axis)mm
2) Secondary: 400x500mm (X and Y-axis)
3) Curve beam: 550x650mm
4) Machine room’s beam: 250x300mm (X and Y-axis)
Type of column :
1) 800x800mm(Interior Column and Isolated Column)

2) 700x700mm(Exterior Column)
3) 900x925mm(Exterior Column at Grid line 2A, 2B
and 2C)
4) 650mm dia.(Middle circular and Dome’s circular
column)
5) 375x375mm
Type of staircase : Open well
Type of foundation : Raft Foundation
Method of analysis : Static Analysis (SAP 2000 V14)
Design concept : limit state design
Concrete Grade used : M25
Reinforcement : Fe415
Dead load : calculated as per IS 857 part I 1987
Live load : calculated as per IS 857 part II 1987
Seismic load : calculated as per IS 1893 (part I) 2002 using Seismic

coefficient method
Preliminary design : IS 456:2000
Soil type : Soft soil
Bearing capacity of soil : 100KN/m2
Frame system
Direction Frame Naming

Transverse 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5, 6-6
Longitudinal A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D, E-E
4
1.5. Units
SI (i.e. metric) units are used in this report. Whenever dimensions are not mentioned in
figure and drawing should be taken as mm.
1.6. Interpretation
Whenever reference to the clause of an Indian standard is made, it will be written as IS
456:2000 for structural design. Also some of clauses are written from the IS 1893:2002,
SP-16 and other important factors from our book other reference books.
1.7. Detailing
Detailing are done by using code IS 13920:1993,Handbook on concrete reinforcement
and detailing (SP 34) and reference books stated in project are extensively used.
5
1.1 METHODOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY
To proceed any sorts work, various methods or steps are adopted from its initial stage to
final stage. Following are some of the methods been adopted during the analysis and
design of nine-storey commercial and official building.
1.8. Literature Review
Before the start of the project, the various related literatures should be properly reviewed
to develop the concept about the project. It is very helpful for providing the correct path
for the smooth functioning of any project work.
1.9. Selection of building and data collection
After having proper concept about the project, the building wasselected then the data
required for the analysis and designing of the building were collected.
1.10. Study of Architectural Drawing
Architectural drawings of the building were properly studied. Rooms within this
commercial and office building were allocated to various purposes such as staff room,
administration, store room, retail shop, restaurant etc.
1.11. Preliminary design
Estimation of various structural elements such as beam and slab were designed and
checks were done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the
column, vertical axial capacity was taken for the design and percentage of steel was
checked.
1.12. Load calculation
After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculations were
done using the IS 875:1987 as reference. The exact value of unit weights of the materials
from the code was used in the calculation. The thickness of materials was taken as per
design requirement.
6
1.12.1. Gravity load calculation
There are three types of loads for which are considered in this analysis.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Lateral load
1.12.1.1. Dead load
Dead load consists of the self-weight of the column, beam, slab and wall. Dimensions of
column, beam, and slab weretaken from preliminary design. For wall load, thickness of
wall was taken from plan,deduction of opening was done according to the average size of
opening in the outer and inner walls and deduction was not made in solid wall. In the case
of the partition wall in the middle of slab, the total weight of the wall was calculated as
uniformly distributed load and assign over the nearest beam.
1.12.1.2. Live load
Live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875:2000 part 2) for various
types and purposes of rooms.
1.12.1.3. Lateral load
Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake/seismic load and wind load. Earthquake
load is determined by calculating lumped mass at floor level and horizontal base shear (IS
1893). It was done by Seismic Coefficient Method. Wind load (IS 875 Part 3) is obtained
by design wind speed and design wind pressure. Earthquake load being the pre-dominant
one between the two lateral loads, hence its effect was only considered. For the analysis
of earthquake load, following methods is generally carried out:
1. Seismic Coefficient method (Static)
2. Response Spectrum method (Dynamic)
In this project we used seismic coefficient method (linear static method).
1.12.2. Loading pattern
The loading is applied to the slab elements directly. The load on slab is taken as per the
requirement stated in IS875:1987(Part I & II).
7
The uniformly distributed dead and live load acting on the slab are transferred to the
beams holding the slab. The slab load is distributed on the floor beams as shown in figure
below. The smaller beam holds the triangular load and the longer beams hold the
trapezoidal load as shown in figure. The beam element also resists the self-weight and the
wall load including all the finish loads on wall such as external and internal plaster.
Lx
Lx/2 Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx/2
Lx/2 Ly-Lx Lx/2
Ly
Ly-Lx
Ly
qt =W * Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx/2
Lx/2 Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx
Fig. Loading pattern in beam
1.12.3. Load Cases
Load cases are independent loading for which the structure is explicitly analysed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose lateral
load resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually sufficient to
analyze in these two principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at a time.
Thus the load cases adopted are as follows.
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
8
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
Following load combination are adopted for design
a) 1.5(DL±LL)
b) 1.5(DL+LL±EQX)
c) 1.5(DL+LL±EQY)
d) 1.2(DL+LL±EQX)
e) 1.2(DL+LL±EQY)
f) 0.9(DL±EQX)
g) 0.9(DL±EQY)
1.13. Modeling and Analysis of building
For the purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we have used the structural analysis
program SAP 2000. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm
system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y
plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in
X-Y plane. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used were defined such as
concrete – M25 and reinforcement – Fe415. Then, the load cases as well as their
combinations with load factors were introduced. Next, structures were analyzed for
different load combinations and the final output was determined in the form of SF, BM
and AF etc.
1.13.1. Methods and tools for analysis
1. Creating grid/ model
2. Defining
a) Material
b) Section (beam, column, slab)
c) Load cases
9
d) Load pattern
e) Load combination
3. Assigning
a) Section
b) Load
4. Analyze the structure
Earthquake loads are calculated using seismic coefficient method.
5. Design of structural elements
6. Limit state design using above mentioned codes.
1.14. Design
Design was done on the basis of limit state of design for collapse and serviceability. The
sample calculations of various structural elements were done with numerous checks and
with the help of MS-excel, the formulation was done for each and every structural
member in the building.
We adopt limit state design method for design.
2.7.1 Limit state method
It uses the concept of the probability and based on the application of method of statistic to
the variation that occurs in the practice in the loads acting in the structures or in the
strength of material.
The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc. and each of these conditions is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use of
which it has been intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state. It means the structure should
be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it
would satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
2.7.2 Assumptions for flexural member
1. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
10
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
3. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any
other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
the result of test. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the
structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial
safety factor γm = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
5. The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor
γm = 1.15 shall be applied.
6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
fy
 0.002
be less than:
1.15E s
Where,
fy= characteristic strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
2.7.3. Limit state of collapse for compression
Assumption:
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:
1. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken

as 0.002.
2. The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the
section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed
extreme fibre.
3. The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based
on the assumptions are as follows:
11
Table 1: Limiting Value of Neutral Axis
Fy Xu,max
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
2.7.4. Limit state of serviceability
This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its
component. This limit may corresponds to
1. Deflection
2. Cracking
3. Vibration
The choice of the degree of reliability should be taken into account the possible
consequences of exceeding the limit state of collapse which may be classified according
to
1. Risk to life negligible and economic consequences small or negligible.

2. Risk to life exists and / or economic consequences considerable and
3. Risk to life great and / or economic consequences also great.
1.8. Earthquake resistant design philosophy
The primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse

during earthquakes thus minimizing the risk of death or injury to people in or around
those buildings.
Engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake-resistant;
such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged
12
severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and
contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided.
This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.
Design Philosophy
1. Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the buildings that carry
vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however buildings parts that
do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
2. Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable
damage, while the other parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable
damage.
3. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe damage, but
the building should not collapse.
The earthquake resistant design process involves various factors to be considered
Some of them are sort listed below:-
1.8.1. Configuration
1. Symmetry:
The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the
axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous.
2. Regularity:
Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many
projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow
rectangular blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times
its width. If longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in
between should be provided.
13
3. Separate Buildings for Different Functions
1.8.2. Connection
Proper selection of the material in proper ratio is needed for the construction of
earthquake resistant design. Material properties should match the requirement of
earthquake resistant concept.This involves various material properties.
Ductility is the major parameter need to be considered in the building performance during
earthquake.Earthquake resistant buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be
built with ductility in them. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during
an earthquake, and to withstand the earthquake effects with some damage, but without
collapse.
Thus, a necessary requirementfor good earthquake-resistantdesign is to have sufficient

ductile materialsat points of tensile stresses.
Again base isolation of the structure from the ground motionswhich actually impose the
forces onthe structure can also be done. For reduction of the coefficient of
frictionbetween the structure and its foundation,one suggested technique is to placetwo
layers of good quality plastic or flexible connection betweenthe structure and its
foundation.
14
1.8.3. Construction quality
Though the connection and configuration of the structure is properly planned, but if the
execution of the work is not accomplished using the planned format or specification then
it may be difficult to achieve earthquake resistant structure. Proper supervision of the
work by expert is required.
15
2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members.
Grid diagram is taken as basic guideline for analysis. Preliminary design of flexural
members of the structural system i.e. for beam and slab are done as per the limit state of
serviceability. Work out is done from deflection criteria and moment criteria. And for
column, it was done from net vertical axial load capacity assuming suitable percentage of
steel.
The principal purpose for preliminary design of any structure is:
1. Obtained a clear picture of structural action

2. Established the dimension s of structure
3. Use the preliminary design as a check on the final design
The preliminary bridges the gap between the design concept and the detail phase.
2.1. Design data
2.1.1.Construction Material
Concrete Grade : M25
Steel Grade : Fe415
Live load on slab : 4 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Live load on staircase : 3 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Live load on roof : 1.5 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table II)
Marble stressed : 26.5KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Brick masonry : 20.4KN/m3 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
RCC Specific Weight : 25KN/m3
Bearing Capacity of Soil : 100KN/m3
16
2.1.2. Preliminary design of elements
2.1.2.1. Preliminary design of slab
Fig:- Cross section of slab with floor finish
Using deflection control criteria defined in IS 456:2000, clause 23.2,

Short span of slab lx =3.315m
Long span of slab ly =3.35m
L/dmin=26×modification factor
For modification factor,
Fs = 0.58×fs× (area of steel required)/area of steel provided
Assuming area of steel required tends to or equal to area of steel provided so
Fs=0.58×415×1/1 = 240.7 KN/m2
Let us assume % of steel for tension reinforcement be
Pst = 0.3% of cross section area of slab
So, modification factor = 1.5 (from clause IS 456:2000, 23.2.1(c) figure no.(4))
So, L/d = 26×1.5
Effective depth = L/ (26×1.5)= 3.315/ (26×1.5)=85mm
Effective cover = 25 mm
Overall depth = 85+25=110 mm

Therefore adopting overall depth (D) = 125 mm
17
2.1.2.2. Preliminary design of beam
For beam preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria.
According to IS 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1 for continuous beams
Span/dmin=26× modification factors
But we will ignore this value because this is for simply supported section and our case is
going to be fixed one.
So we take Span/depth= (13 to 15) and taking value 15
Beam along X-axis
Longest span of beam in X direction is 6.7m
Span/dmin=15
dmin=(6.7×1000)/15 =446.667mm
Taking effective cover=25mm
Therefore,
Overall depth (D)=446.667+25 =471.667mm
Adopting overall depth = 500mm
To find width of beam (b)
Width of beam=1/2d to 2/3d = 500/2 to (2×500)/3
=250mm to 333.33mm
Taking overall width of beam (b) =300mm
Section of beam along X-axis = (300×500) mm
Beam along Y-axis
Span/dmin=15
18
dmin=(6.63×1000)/15 = 442mm
Therefore,
overall depth(D)=442+25 = 467mm
Take overall depth = 475mm
Width of beam=1/2d to 2/3d =475/2 to (2×475)/3
=237.5mm to 316.67mm
Section of beam along Y-axis= (300×450) mm
Design of secondary beam
Beam along X-axis
Span/dmin=17
dmin=(6.7×1000)/17=394.1176mm
Therefore,
Overall depth (D) =394.1176+20=414.1176mm
Adopting overall depth = 425mm
Width of beam=1/2d to 2/3d=425/2 to (2×425)/3
=100mm to 283.333mm
Section of beam along X-axis = (425×200) mm
19
Beam along Y-axis
Span/dmin=17
dmin=(6.63×1000)/17=390mm
Therefore,
Overall depth (D) =390+20=410mm
Take overall depth = 420mm
Width of beam=1/2d to 2/3d=420/2 to (2×420)/3
=210mm to 280mm
Section of beam along Y-axis= 250×420
20
2.1.2.3. Preliminary design of column
Intensity of load from slab
Slab UDL =25KN/m3 ×D =25×125/1000=3.125kN/m2
Live load = 4KN/m2 (IS 875 part II)
Floor finish
Density of marble=26.5KN/m3
Thickness=20mm
UDL= (26.5×20)/1000=0.530KN/m2
Density of screed=24KN/m3
Thickness40mm
UDL= (24×40)/1000=0.960KN/m2
Density of Plaster=20.4KN/m3
Thickness=10mm
UDL= (20.4×10)/1000=0.204KN/m2
Total floor finish= (3.125+4+.530+0.960+.204)=8.819KN/m2
21
For Column C(E,2)
Area of slab =3.3147×3.048=10.1032m2
Transfer load from Slab =89.100KN
Transfer load from Primary Beam
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.3×0.5×25×3.3142+0.3×0.45×25×3.048
=22.717 KN
Transfer load from Secondary Beam
= by×Dy×Density×ly +bx×Dx×Density×lx
= (0.25x0.42x25x3.048)x0.5 +(0.2x0.425x25x3.3147)x0.5
=7.5224 KN
Transfer load from wall
External wall thickness=0.229m
Internal wall thickness=0.102m
External Height of wall=3.7338m
Total external length of wall=6.3627m
Total load from wall =6.3672×0.229×3.7338×20.4
=110.983
Self-weight of Column= B×D×height×Density
22
=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
Total load transfer to a column
= Transfer load from (slab+Prim.Beam+ Sec.Beam+ wall) + self-wt of column
=89.100+22.717+7.5224+110.983+3.7338×25BD
= (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
Ultimate load for 7 storey,
∑Wu=7×1.5× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
Add 20% for earthquake consideration,
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
Therefore,
Puz= 7×1.5×1.2× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
From IS Code 456:2000 Clause 39.6,
Puz=0.45fckAC+0.75fyAs
Assume 3% of Ag of steel
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=192851.875mm2
Take,
B=D=439.149mm
B×D= (450×450) mm
(Note: This section is changed to (700 X 700) mm2 due to the above section turned unsafe
after analysis from SAP2000)
23
For Column C(B,4)
Area of Slab =6.0579 x 5.9055=35.7749m2
Transfer load from Slab=35.7749 x 8.819
= 315.498 KN
=0.5x0.3x25x6.0579 + 0.3x0.45x25x5.9055
=42.648 KN
=0.2x0.425x25x6.0579 + 0.25x0.42x25x5.9055
=28.375KN
Transfer load from wall:
=208.675KN
Self-weight of Column
24
= B×D×height×Density=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
= Transfer load from (slab+Prim.Beam+Sec.Beam +wall) + selfwt of column
=315.498+42.648+28.375+208.675+B×D×3.7338×25
= (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6)
Add 20% for earthquake consideration,
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6)
Therefore,
Puz= 7×1.5×1.2× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=248303.3031mm2
Take,
B=D=498.3mm
B×D= (500×500) mm
(Note: This section is changed to (800×800) mm due to the above section turned unsafe
25
For Column C(C,3)
Area of slab =35.1173 m2
Transfer load from Slab
=8.819×35.1173
=309.699 KN
=0.5x0.3x25x5.4864 + 0.3x0.45x25x6.4008
=42.1767 KN
=0.2x0.425x25x5.4864 + 0.25x0.42x25x6.4008
=28.461KN
Transfer load from wall:
=207.346KN
Self-weight of Column
26
= B×D×height×Density
=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
= Transfer load from (slab+Prim.Beam+Sec.Beam +wall) + selfwt of column
=309.669+42.1767+28.461+207.346+B×D×3.7338×25
= (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5× ((587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
Add 20% for earthquake consideration
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
Therefore,
Puz= 7×1.5×1.2× (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=235092.194mm2
Take,
Diameter =547.11mm
Adopt D= 550mm
(Note: This section is changed to (dia=650) mm due to the above section turned unsafe
27
3. SEISMICLOAD CALCULATION
3.1. Seismic load
This load on a structure is a function of the site, maximum Earthquake intensity or strong
ground motion and the local soil, the stiffness, and its orientation in relation to the
incident seismic waves. It is the combination of overall dead load and approximate
amount of live load acting on the building. For the calculation of the seismic weight of a
floor the floor takes the half the load above and half of the load below the floor for wall
and column dead load this is called lumping of floor mass .The seismic weight W of the
whole building is thesum of the seismic weight of the floor .
3.2. Base Shear Calculation
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression:
Z I Sa
Ah 
2Rg
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V, Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor, I = 1.5 for commercial building
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7, R = 5.0
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Fundamental

natural period of vibration (Ta).
0.09 h
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2 Ta 
d
Where,
h = height of building in m, h = 29.947m
26
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m along the considered
direction of the lateral force.
d along x-direction=24.188m
d along y- direction=17.907m
Natural period of vibration along x-direction
0.09 x 29.947
Ta x   0.548sec
24.188
Natural period of vibration along y-direction
0.09 x 29.947
Ta y   0.637 sec
17.907
For Tax = 0.548 sec and Tay= 0.637 sec
Soil type I (Soft Soil) (Sa/g)x = 2.5
Soil type I (Soft Soil) (Sa/g)y = 2.5
Fig : Chart showing Spectral acceleration coeff. Vs Time period

Now,
0.36 x 1.5 x 2.5
Ah x   0.135
2 x5
0.36 x 1.5 x 2.5
Ah y   0 .135
2 x5
According to IS 1893 (Part I) : 2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral force or design
seismic base shear (VB) along any principle direction is given by
VBx = Ah x W = 0.135 x 49887.683 =6734.837KN
VBy = Ah x W= 0.135 x 49887.683 =6734.837KN
Where, W = Seismic weight of the building
27
Calculation of Load
S.N Description slab(KN) Column Beam Wall Staircase Floor Plaster Escalator Total Live DL + 0.5
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) Finish (KN) (KN) Dead load LL
(KN) load (KN) (KN)
1 Roof/Dome 402.11 418.826 45.590 866.526 866.526
2 7th floor 1028.685 146.626 1605.858 412.670 517.252 50.568 3761.659 1880.830 4702.074
3 6th floor 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1474.431 66.980 474.768 137.517 5357.970 2678.985 6697.462
4 5th floor 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5336.759 2668.379 6670.949
5 4th floor 1050.253 548.163 1483.328 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5214.229 2607.115 6517.787
6 3rd floor 1050.253 548.163 1483.328 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5214.229 2607.115 6517.787
7 2nd floor 990.924 548.163 1483.328 834.425 192.379 437.448 104.218 49.050 4639.935 2319.968 5799.919
8 1st floor 847.91 548.163 1605.858 834.425 192.379 385.443 104.218 98.100 4616.496 2308.248 5770.620
9 Ground 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1022.296 192.379 474.768 132.881 49.050 5075.648 2537.824 6344.560
floor
Total 49887.683
load, W
28
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (VB) computed
above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:
Wi h i2
Qi  VB n
 Wj h 2j
j1
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
hi = Height of floor I measured from base
n = No. of story’s in the building
29
Lateral load calculations
S.N Floor Wi Hi WiHi^2 W h2 W h2
Qix  VBx n i i Qiy  VBy n i i
 W j h 2j  W j h 2j
j 1 j 1
(KN) (KN)
(KN) (m) (KN-m2)
1 Roof/Dome 866.526 29.947 777120.281 423.573 423.573
2 7th floor 4702.074 26.137 3212187.767 1750.816 1750.816
3 6th floor 6697.462 22.403 3361418.921 1832.155 1832.155
4 5th floor 6670.949 18.669 2325036.138 1267.271 1267.271
5 4th floor 6517.787 14.935 1453819.844 792.411 792.411
6 3rd floor 6517.787 11.201 817737.159 445.711 445.711
7 2nd floor 5799.919 7.468 323467.429 176.307 176.307
8 1st floor 5770.620 3.734 80458.345 43.854 43.854
9 Ground 6344.560 0.890 5025.526 2.739 2.739
floor
Total 12356271.410
=
30
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Analysis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure under
stipulated loads and other external effects. The performance characteristics of interest are
stresses and stress resultants such as axial forces, shear forces, bending moments,
deflections and support reactions.
The analysis of the building was done by the estimation of dimensions of various
structural members such as slab, beam, column, staircase, foundation, and basement wall
with the help of preliminary design. And different types of loads such as vertical load
(Dead + finishes, and Live) and earthquake load were calculated. Earthquake being pre-
dominant, only its effect was taken for lateral loads.
For the structural analysis of the structure, mainly four load cases are considered which
are mentioned below:
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
With the help of SAP 2000, element stresses in beams and column were calculated in the
provision of rigid diaphragm system.
4.1. Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis.
Sap 2000 represents the most sophisticated and user friendly releases of the SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis,
and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this interface. Graphical
displays of the results, including real time display of the time history displacements, are
easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three
dimensional frame element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general,
three dimensional beam-column formulations which include the effect of biaxial bending,
torsion, axial deformation and biaxial shear deformation.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include:
31
1. Three-dimensional frames
2. Three-dimensional truss
3. Planar frames
4. Planar grillages
5. Planar trusses
A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting
output.
Loading option allows for gravity, thermal and pre-stress condition in addition to the
usual nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be
in the form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base
accelerations.
INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic
and structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design
earthquake.
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program
SAP 2000 V14, which has a special option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm
system. A floor diaphragm is modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y
plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in
X-Y plane.
32
Fig.: 3D model of building without slab for analysis in SAP
Fig.: 3D model of building with slab for analysis in SAP
33
Fig.: Deformed shape at XZ plane at grid 2-2 (Combination:Envelope)
Fig.: Deformed shape at XZ plane at grid 4-4 (Combination:Envelope)
34
Fig.: Shear force diagram at XZ plane at grid 2-2 (Combination:1.5(D-Eqy))
Fig.: Shear force diagram at XZ plane at grid 4-4 (Combination:1.5(D-Eqy))
35
Fig.: Bending moment diagram at XZ plane at grid 2-2 (Combination:1.5(D-Eqy))
Fig.: Bending moment diagram at XZ plane at grid 4-4 (Combination:1.5(D-Eqy))
36
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
5.1. Design of structural elements
The design section is the most important part. The design of the structural elements
should be done for durability, construction and use in entire service life of the structure.
The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards
for materials, production, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of structure in
service.
This chapter includes all the design process of sample calculation for a single element as
slab, beam, column, staircase, basement wall, lift wall, shear wall, mat and isolated
foundation.
1. Design of slab
2. Design of beam (Primary and secondary beam)
3. Design of curve beam
4. Design of column (Square and circular column)
5. Design of staircase (open-newel staircase)
6. Design of basement wall
7. Design of lift wall
8. Design of shear wall
9. Design of mat and isolated foundation
5.1.1. Design of slab

RCC slabs are designed on the assumption that they consist of a number of series of
beams having a width of one metre, even though it is cast monolithic. They are the plate
elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed loads primarily by
flexure. They may be supported by beams or walls or columns and may be used as the
flange of T or L-beam. Slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more
supports and is classified according to the manner of support as: one way slabs spanning
in one direction, two-way slab spanning in directions, circular slabs, and grid floor slabs
resting directly on columns with no beams and grid floor and ribbed slabs.
Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as are used for beams.
The following methods of analysis are available:
37
1. Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams.
2. Semi empirical coefficients as given in the code, and
3. Yield line theory
Important information regarding the design of slab according to IS456:2000
1. Slab is designed for 1m wide strip

2. Ast min = 0.12% bD for deformed bars (Cl.26.5.2.1)
3. Cover = 25mm
4. If Ly/Lx < 2, two way slab is designed
Compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional cases in a slab. Shear stresses are
usually very low and shear reinforcements is never provided in slabs .It is preferred to
increase the depth of a slab and hence reduce the shear stress rather than provide shear
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is invariably provided at right angles to the
main longitudinal reinforcement in a slab. There are two types of slabs described as
follow:
1. One way slab
These slabs have length more than twice the breadth and may be simply supported or
continuous or can be analyzed in a manner similar to that for continuous beam. It consists
of main reinforcement spanning between the supports (shorter of the length and breadth)
with distribution or temperature reinforcement at right angles to it.
2. Two way slab

The slab is said to be spanning in two directions, when the length to breadth ratio falls
below 2. The deflection and bending moments in a two-way slab are considerably
reduced as compared to those in one- way slab .In a square slab, the two-way action is
equal in each direction. In such case, main reinforcement is provided in both directions in
the form of a mesh.
Here, in this project two way slabs are designed.
38
Type: One long edge discontinuous panel (SAB’34’)

Grade of Concrete M25
Grade of Steel Fe415
Reference Step Calculations Output

1. Thickness of slab and durability
consideration
Effective length
lx = 3.3147 m =3314.7mm
ly = 3.3528m =3352.8mm d =100 mm
Provide , d = 100mm
Assuming clear span cover = 20 mm
Providing 10 mm ϕ bar
Total depth of slab, =100 + 20 + 10/2 =125mm D = 125mm
Assuming total depth, D = 125mm
ly 3352.8 lx = 3314.7mm
Since   1.0115  2
lx 3314.7 ly = 3352.8mm
So, Design as Two Way Slab
2. Design Load
Self-load of slab = 0.125x 25 = 3.125 KN/m2
Finishing load =1.694KN/m2
Partition wall load = 0.000 KN/m2
Dead load = 3.125+1.694+0 = 4.819KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2 (according to occupancy)
Total load = 8.819 KN/m2
Design load , w = 1.5(DL+LL) = 13.229
IS 456-2000 KN/m2
Table 26 Considering unit width of slab , w = 13.229
KN/m
3. Moment Calculation
39
-ve Bending moment coefficient at continuous
IS 456-2000 edges
Annex D-2.1 αx = 0.037805, αy = 0.037
+ve Bending moment coefficient at mid span

αx =0.028575 , αy = 0.028
For Short Span
Supportmoment , Ms = - αxwlx2
= -0.037805×13.229×3.3142
=-5.4984KN-m
Mid span moment , Mm = αywlx2
= -0.037×13.229×3.3142
= -5.3778 KN-m
For Long Span
Support moment , Ms = - αxwlx2
= -0.028575×13.229×3.3142
= -4.1532 KN-m
Mid span moment , Mm = -αywlx2
= -0.028×13.229×3.3142
= -4.0697KN-m
Check for depth from Moment Consideration

IS456-2000
Depth of Slab, d = √
cl.26.5.2.1 d=
=√ 39.908 mm<
100mm, ok
= 39.908 mm
Calculation of Area of Steel :

IS 456-2000 4.
Min Ast = 0.12 % of bD
AnnexG-1.1.b Min Ast = 150
= 0.0012 × 1000 × 125
2
mm2
= 150 mm
Area of Steel along short span :
40
Area of Steel at support ( Top Bars)
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
5.4984×106= 0.87×415×Ast×85(1-
Ast= 156.321mm2 Min Ast

Providing 10 mm ϕ bars
Spacing of bars, Sv =
= 502.429> 300 mm Provide 10 mm
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c ϕ @ 250 mm c/c

Astprovided
Actual,Astprovided =
IS 456-2000 =314.160mm2
2
= 314.160mm
Annex G
Pt = 0.314%
G-1.1.b
Area of Steel at mid span (Bottom Bars)
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast = 152.903mm2
= 513.659> 300 mm
Provide 10 mm
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
IS 456-2000 Actual,Astprovided = Astprovided =
Annex G = 314.160mm2 314.160mm2
G-1.1.b Pt = 0.314%
Area of Steel Along Long Span
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast = 117.357mm2< Min Ast

So, Adopt Ast = 150 mm2
= 523.600mm> 300 mm
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
41
Actual,Astprovided =
= 314.160mm2
IS 456-2000
Annex G
Pt = 0.314%
G-1.1.b
Area of Steel at Mid Span ( Bottom Bars)
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
= 114.968 mm2<Min Ast

Therefore, use Min Ast =150mm2
Provide 10 mm
= 523.600mm > 300 mm
ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
Act. Ast =
Actual,Astprovided = 314.160mm2
= 314.160mm2
Pt = 0.314%
5.
Check for Shear
For x-direction i.e. short span
Shear force at the face of the support, Vu =
IS 456-2000
(Cl.40.4, = Vu = 21.924KN
Table 19 = 21.924 KN
Table 20 Nominal shear stress
τv = Vu/bd
= 21.924×103/1000×100
= 0.2684 N/mm2
ForPt = 0.314% and M25,
τc = 0.3933 N/mm2
For D=125mm, k=1.30
42
τc’ =k×τc
= 1.30×0.3933 τv =
2 2
=0.5113 N/mm 0.2684N/mm
For M25, τcmax= 3.1 N/mm2
τ
v= 0.2684N/mm2<τc= 0.5113 N/mm2<τcmax= 3.1 <τc’ =
N/mm2 0.5113N/mm2
Hence,OK. Hence, Safe
6. Curtailment of the reinforcement

IS456-2000 Curtailment is done by as per simplified method
cl.23.2.1 and Indian Standard Code IS SP 34
7. Check for deflection

Along short span
Since both ends are continuous, the basic value
α may be taken as 26
fs = 0.58×fy×
fs = 0.58 × 415 (156.312/314.160)
=119.768 mm2
Pt =0.314%
Modification factor (γ) = 1.8
( ) 𝑥= 26×1.8
= 46.8mm
( ) 𝑣 =
IS456-2000 = 3.3147/0.100
cl.26.2.1 =33.147<46.8
Hence safe.
43
Check for development length

8.
Ld =
= (10×0.87×415)/(1.6×4×1.4)
=402.95 mm
Ast’= Ast/2
=314.160/2
=157.08 mm2
Moment of resistance by Ast’is
IS456-2000 M1 =0.87× fy×Ast’×d(1-
Cl.26.2.3.3 =0.87*415*157.08*100*(1(415*
157.08)/(1000*100*25)))
= 5.52349 KN-m
Ld = +Lo
For long span

+Lo =1.3(5.52349)/(15.575 )+8×ϕ Lo = 8ϕ
=411.9>322.366mm
Hence safe
For short span

+Lo = 1.3(4.794)/(15.575 )+8×ϕ
= 411.9> 322.366mm
Hence safe
44
5.1.2. Design of beam
Beam is a flexural member and supports the imposed load. It carry load by bending
action. The beam may be rectangle, L and T section consisting of singly and doubly
reinforcement.
Design of beams requires determination of the cross-sectional dimensions and

reinforcement details to satisfy both serviceability and strength requirements. The
serviceability requirement for deflection is controlled by effective span to effective depth
ratio. Generally depth of the beam is large and governed by the strength requirement. The
spacing of reinforcement controls the serviceability requirement for crack. In beams,
spacing of reinforcement bars are small and governed by the minimum spacing
requirement than maximum spacing for crack control. The reinforcements are provided to
satisfy strength requirements. The detailing of longitudinal and transverse bars should
satisfy the bending, shear and bond requirements. The bending moment and shear are
determined from the analysis generally based on the elastic theory.
Beams are designed for the worst condition. So the maximum values from the
combination have been used for the design.
45
Design of primary beam (first floor beam 725*800 mm)
Span length = 5.471 m
Concrete grade (fck) = M25
Steel grade (fy) = Fe 415
Overall depth of beam (D) = 800 mm
Width (b) = 725 mm
Clear cover = 20 mm
Slab depth =125 mm
Element label = 3380
Reference Step Calculation Output

Limiting depth of neutral axis = 0.48d deff = 770 mm
Xulim = 0.48×d
= 369.6 mm
Mulim = 0.362×fck×Xulim× b(d - 0.416Xulim) Mulim=1494.421
= 0.362×25×369.6×725(770 - KN-m
0.416×369.6)
= 1494.421 KN-m
1 For left end of beam
A.
i. For –ve moment
Mu = 1363.012KN-m Singly reinforced
Since Mu< Mulim section
SP 16,
For bottom reinforcement
Table 3
Pt = 1.072%
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 1527.073KN-m
. Since Mu >Mulim
For Top reinforcement Doubly reinforced
section
d’/d = 0.04
SP 16,
Pt = 0.03%
Table 51
d’/d = 0.04
46
Pt = 1.203%
Now, required area of steel at top
=0.03×725*770/100 = 167.475 mm2
Provide ,1-ϕ20 mm rod at top
Top
Now, required area of steel at Bottom reinforcement
=1.072×725*770/100 = 5984.44mm2 Pt=0.03%
Provide ,13-υ 25 mm rod at bottom Bottom
reinforcement
=1.072%
2.
For Mid end of beam
i.
For –ve moment
Mu =37.005 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
Singly reinforced
For bottom reinforcement section
SP 16,
d’/d = 0.04
Table 3
Pt = 0%
For +ve moment
ii.
Mu= 121.435 KN-m
Since, Mu< Mulim Singly reinforced
For bottom reinforcement section
SP 16,
d’/d = 0.04
Table 3
Pt = 0.08%
Now, required area of steel at Bottom
=0.080×450×400/100 = 446.6 mm2
Provide ,2-ϕ20 mm rod at top
3. For Right end of beam

A. For –ve moment
i. Mu = 1603.826KN-m
Since Mu> Mulim Doubly reinforced
For top reinforcement section
SP 16, d’/d=0.04
Table 51 Pt=0.085%
d’/d=0.04
Pt=1.276%
47
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 1280.562KN-m
. Since, Mu< Mulim
For bottom reinforcement Singly reinforced
Pt = 0.989% section
SP 16,
Table 3
Now, required area of steel at top
0.085*725*770/100 = 474.513mm2
Now, required area of steel at Bottom
= 1.276*725*770/100 = 7123.27mm2
Provide, 9-ϕ 32 mm rod at bottom
Check for minimum and maximum area of

4.
reinforcement:
Astmin= 0.85bd/fy
= 0.85×725*770/415 = 1143.404 mm2
Astmin = 1143.404
IS 456 -2000
Ast max = 4% of bd mm2
Cl.26.5.1.1
= 0.04×725*770 = 22330 mm2
Ast max = 223300
mm2
5. Check for shear:
At Left end,
Maximum shear force, Vu= 443.716 KN
Percentage area of bottom reinforcement Vu= 443.716 KN
P = (100×Ast)/bd
= (100×6384.219)/(725*770)
= 1.144%
Shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.604 N/mm2
τc = 0.604 N/mm2
IS 456:2000 And shear strength ,Vc= 0.604×725*770
Table 19 = 337.183 KN Vc=337.183 KN
The strength of shear reinforcement
Vus = Vu - Vc
= 443.716-337.183= 106.533 KN
Adopt ϕ 8 mm 2 legged stirrup with area Vus = 106.533KN
Asv=2×50.265 = 100.53 mm2
48
Spacing of reinforcement,
Sv =
IS 456-2000 𝑣
Cl.40.4.c Sv = 262.343 mm < 300 mm

<0.75d = 577.5 mm
Provide ϕ8 mm 2-legged stirrup at 150mm
spacing.
6. For Development length

For Tension:
Ld =
IS 456-2000 ϕ
Cl.26.2.1
Ld = 40.295ϕ
Ast = 6384.219mm2
Xu = 0.87×fy×Ast/(0.362×fck×b) =351.308 mm
M1=0.87fy×Ast(d - 0.42×Xu) =1434.76KN-m
Vu=443.716KN
Ld ≤ M1/Vu + lo
IS 456-2000 40.295ϕ ≤ 1434.76×106/443.716×103

Cl.26.2.3.3.c ϕ ≤ 80.246 mm
There must be minimum half reinforcement in the top bar even there is no any moment.
49
Design of secondary beam (first floor beam 400*500 mm)
Span length = 5471 mm
Concrete grade (fck) = M25
Steel grade (fy) = Fe 415
Overall depth of beam (D) = 500 mm
Width (b) =400 mm
Clear cover = 20 mm
Slab depth =125 mm
Element = 3804

Limiting depth of neutral axis = 0.48d deff =470mm
Xulim= 0.48×d
= 225.6 mm
Mulim = 0.36fck×Xulim×b(d - 0.416Xulim) Mulim =112.019
= 0.362×25×225.6×400*(470 - 0.416×225.6) KN-m
= 307.191KN-m
1 For left end of beam
A. For –ve moment
i. Mu = 123.669 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim Singly
For top reinforcement reinforced
section
SP 16, d’/d = 0.06
Table 51 Pt = 0.%
d’/d = 0.06
Pt= 0.417%
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 71.75 KN-m
Singly
. Since Mu < Mulim reinforced
50
For Top reinforcement section
d’/d = 0.06
SP 16, Pt = 0%
Table 51
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0.231%
Now, required area of steel at top= 0 mm2 Top
Now, required area of steel at Bottom reinforcement
=0.417×470×400/100 = 783.96 mm2 pt=0
Provide , 4 - ϕ16mm rod at bottom Bottom

reinforcement
=0.417%
For Mid end of beam

2.
For –ve moment
i.
Mu = 4.228 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
SP 16,
For top reinforcement Singly
Table 51
d’/d = 0.06 reinforced
section
Pt = 0
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0%
For +ve moment
ii.
Mu =54.119 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
For Top reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Single
Pt = 0 reinforced
section
d’/d = 0.01
Pt = 0
For Right end of beam

3.
51
A. For –ve moment
i. Mu = 95.162 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
For top reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0 Singly
For bottom reinforcement reinforced
SP 16,
section
Table 51 d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0.315%
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 54.119 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
For Top reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0%
Singly
For bottom reinforcement reinforced
d’/d = 0.0 section
SP 16, Pt = 0.171%
Table 51 Now, required area of steel=592.2 mm2
Provide , 3-ϕ 16mm rod
4. Check for minimum and maximum area of Bottom

reinforcement: reinforcement=
0.315%
Astmin = 0.85bd/fy
= 0.85×470*400/415
Astmin= 385.06
= 385.06 mm2 mm2
IS 456 -2000
Ast min= 4% of bd
Cl.26.5.1.1
= 0.04×470×400 Ast min= 7520
mm2
= 7520 mm2
5. Check for shear:

Vu = 60.659 KN
52
At Left end,
Maximum shear force, Vu = 60.659 KN Vu = 60.659 KN
Percentage area of bottom reinforcement
P = (100×Ast)/bd
= (100×804.248)/(400*470)
= 0.428%
Shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.67N/mm2 τc = 0.67N/mm2
IS 456:2000
Table 19 And shear strength ,Vc = 0.67×400×470 Vc = 125.96 KN
= 125.96 KN
The strength of shear reinforcement
Vus = Vu - Vc Vus = 33.06 KN
= 60.659-125.96 = 65.301 KN
Adopt ϕ 8mm 2- legged stirrup with area
Asv=2×50.265 = 100.53 mm2
Spacing of reinforcement,
Sv =
IS 456-2000
Cl.40.4.c
Sv = 261.241 mm < 300 mm
< 0.75d = 352.5 mm
Provide ϕ 8mm 2-legged stirrup at 200mm
spacing.
IS 456-2000 6.
For Development length
Cl.26.2.1 i.
For tension:
Ld =
415 ϕ
Ld
Ld = 40.295ϕ
53
5.1.3. Design of curve beam
Such beams are mostly encountered in circular reservoirs, curved balconies, domes, etc. It
is subjected to torsional moments in addition to shear and bending because the centre of
gravity of loads does not coincide with centre line axis of member. Torsional moments
cause overturning unless end support are restraint. So, designing bending moment, shear
force and torsional moment. Torsional moment converted into equivalent bending and
equivalent shear.
Reference Step Calculation Result
1. Design Constants
Size of beam = (550*650)mm
Radius of Dome =6.42m
2. Load Calculation
Self-weight of beam per meter length
=0.55*0.65*25
=8.9375 KN/m
Super imposed load from dome =2.5 KN/m per
m
Total load = 11.437 KN/m
3. Calculation of moment,
Maximum negative B.M at middle support
= -0.429wR2
= -0.429*11.437*6.422
= -202.227 KN/m
Maximum positive B.M at 29o 44’=0.152wR2

= 0.152*11.437*6.422
=71.651 KN-m
Equivalent Torsional Moment 59o

2
29’=0.103wR
=0.103*11.437*6.422
=48.553 KN-m
Equivalent Moment From Torsion =

=48.553(1+0.65/0.55)/1.7
=62.314 KN-m
B.M at 59o 29’ = wR2( sin -2 sin /2) B.M at 59o 29’=
-0.2359 KN-m
=11.437 x 6.422( sin 59.29’ -2
sin259.29/2)
54
= -0.2359KN-m
Maximum B.M including eff of torsion at

59o29’ =
= 62.314 + 0.2359 Maximum B.M =
=62.5499 KN-m 62.5499 KN-m
4. Approximate design of the section

For Mix M25
Mu = 0.138 fck* bd2
= 0.138x25x550x6502
= 801693750 N-mm2 Mu =801.69 KN-m
=801.69 KN-m > M Max >M Max
Then D = 650 mm
d = 600 mm D = 650 mm
d = 600 mm
5. Calculation of main Steel reinforcement
Ast. Required for +ve B.M at 29o 44’
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
71.651×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×600 (1-

)
Ast (reqd) = 336.447 mm2 Ast (reqd) =
Providing 2 nos: ɸ16 mm bar throughout 336.447 mm2
Ast. Required for -ve B.M at 59o 29’

Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast (reqd) =
62.549×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×600 (1- 294.745 mm2
)
Ast (reqd) = 294.745 mm2

Providing 2 nos: ɸ16 mm bar throughout
Ast Required for middle support

Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast (reqd) =
202.227×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×600 (1- 982.024 mm2
)
Ast (reqd) = 982.02 mm2

Providing 4nos: ɸ20 mm bar throughout
For side face reinforcement.
55
Ast(pro)=0.12% of bD Ast=429mm2
=.12*550*650/100
=429mm2
Providing 4nos: ɸ16 mm bar throughout
Ast% = 0.3807
6. Check for shear

Max shear force due to UDL at end column Ʈc =0.277 N/mm2
=
=
=41.911 KN
Equivalent Shear force due to torsion = 1.6×T/b

= 1.6 ×48.553/0.55
=141.245 KN
Total shear force at 59o 29’ =141.245+41.911

=183.156KN
Is.456- =
2000.Tabl
= 0.3807
e 23
Therefore, Ʈc =0.277 N/mm2
Shear strength of section = 0.277×505×600
=91.41 KN
Vs =91.746KN
Vs =(183.156 – 91.41) KN
= 91.746KN
Using 8 mm 2 legged closed stirrups
Sv =
Sv =
Sv = 237.37 mm
= 237.37mm
Provide spacing of stirrup 150 mm c/c

throughout
56
5.1.4. Design of column
Columns are vertical structural element subjected to axial loads, whose length is more
than twice the least lateral dimension. It is reinforced with
longitudinal and transverse steel. Reinforced concrete
column are used to transfer the load of the structure to its
main longitudinal bars to resist compression or bending; and
transverse steel to resist bursting force. The shape of a
column may be square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal or
circular. The strength of columns depends on the strength of
materials, shape and size of the cross-section, length and the
degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends.
The design of column section can be made either by working stress method or by the limit
state method. The working stress method of design of column is based on the behavior of
the structure at working load ensuring that the stress in concrete and steel do not exceed
their allowance values.
It is assumed to possess adequate safety against collapse. The limit state method of design
of column is based on the behavior of structure at collapse ensuring adequate margin of
safety. The serviceability limits of deflections and cracks are assumed to be satisfied as
the column being primarily a compression member has very small deflections and cracks.
Design of Square column (D3) (800×800)

Length of column (Lo) =3.556-.8=2.756m
Size of column=800×800mm
Effective cover=60mm
Effective length=0.65×2.756=1.7914m
Slenderness ratio along X=Leffx/0.80=1.7914/0.80=2.23925<12 (CL25.1.2, IS
456:2000)
Slenderness ratio along Y=Leffy/0.80=1.7914/0.80=2.23925<12 (CL25.1.2, IS
456:2000)
Thus, the column is short column
57
Materials
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe415+
Cl.26.5.3.1.a 1 Description
IS 456:2000 Pu=9066.287KN
Mux=27.399KN-m
Muy=7.4957KN-m
Min Pt=0.8% of Ag
Max Pt=4% of Ag(upto 6% for extreme case)
Cl.25.4 2 Minimum eccentricity exmin=32.78

IS 456:2000 ex min=Lo/500+800/30=32.78>20mm mm
ey min=Lo/500+800/30=32.78>20mm eymin=32.78
mm
3 Moment calculations
Moment due to applied eccentricity Design
Muxa=Pu×exmin=9066.287×0.0327=297.192KN-m moment
Muya=Pu×exmin=9066.287×0.0327=297.292KN-m Mux=27.399
KN-m
Chart 44 4 Design Muy=7.497
SP16 Assume the reinforcement percentage,Pt=3% KN-m
Pt/fck=3/25=0.12
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-
axis:
d’/D=60/800=0.075
Pu/(fckbD)=9066.287×1000/(25×800×800)=0.5666 Mux1=1536
Cl.39.6,IS From chart 44 KN-m
456:2000 Mux1/(fckbD2)=0.12
Mux1=0.120×25×800×8002 =1536KN-m
58
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about Y-
axis:
d’/D=60/800=0.075
Pu/(fckbD)= 9066.287×1000/(25×800×800)=0.5666
From chart 44 Muy1=1536
Muy1/(fckb2D)=0.12 KN-m
Muy1=0.12×25×800×8002 =1536 KN-m
Calculation of Puz
Puz=0.45fckAc+0.75fyAsc
=0.45×25×(800×800-
0.03×800×800)+0.75×415×0.03×800×800
=15288 KN
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS Pu/Puz=9066.287/15288=0.593
456:2000 αn=1.7906
(Mux/Mux1) αn+ (Muy/Muy1) αn
=(27.399/1536)1.7906+(7.475/1536)1.7906
=0.00811<1
So,
Asc=Pt×bD/100
Asc=3×800×800/100=19200mm2 Asc
Adopting,24-32mmΦ of rods, Provided=19
IS456:2000, Asc(Provided)=24×π×322/4=19301.945mm2 301.945mm2
Table 19 Design of Shear

5
% of steel provided = 3 %
IS456:2000, τc' = 0.92 N/mm2
cl.40.2.2 Considering the lowest Pu= 1282.259 KN
δ=1+(3×Pu)/(Ag×fck)= 1+(3x1282.259)/(8002x25)
59
= 1.0002<1.5
τc =δ×τc' = 1.0002x0.92 = 0.9201 N/mm2 τc= 0.9201

N/mm2
Vc=τc ×B×D = 0.92x800x800 = 588.917 KN
Vc=588.917
Shear force as per analysis(from sap)
6 KN
Vx= 131.88 KN
Vx= 131.88
Vy= 121.817 KN KN
Vy=
121.817KN
Shear force due to plastic hinge at end of Beams
EQ in X-direction
Mubl = Hogging moment of resistance

Mulim=1747.9
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x800x7402= 1747.939KNm
39KNm
bl
Mu = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
=0.87×415×19200
×740(1-(19200×415)/(25×800×740))
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim

Mubl=
.·.Mubl= 1747.939KNm 1747.939
KNm
Mubr=Sagging moment of resistance
Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
Mubr=
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim
1747.939
br
.·.Mu = 1747.939KNm KNm
IS  M ubllim  M ubrlim 
Vu  1.4 

13920:1993,  hst 
cl. 7.3.4b
60
 1747.939 1747.939
Vu  1.4 
 3.556 
Vu=1376.32
= 1376.329KN 9KN
EQ in Y-direction
MubL = Hogging moment of resistance
Mulim = 3.99×b×d2 =
2
3.99x800x740 =1747.939KNm
Mulim=1747
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x800x7402= 1747.939KNm .939KNm
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
=0.87×415×19200 Mubl=
1747.939
×740(1-(19200×415)/(25×800×740))
KNm
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 1747.939KNm

Mubr=
Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) 1747.939
KNm
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubr= 1747.939KNm
Vu=1376.32
 M bl  M ubrlim 
Vu  1.4 u lim 

9KN
 h st 
IS
 1747.939 1747.939
13920:1993, Vu  1.4  Vx=1376.32
 3.556 
9KN
cl. 7.3.4b
= 1376.329KN
Vy=1376.32
Design shear is maximum of 6 (ii) or 6 (iii) 9KN
61
Vx = 1376.329KN
Vy = 1376.329KN
Design of lateral ties in X-direction
Vs = Vx – Vc = 1376.329–588.917 = 787.412 KN
Design of lateral ties in Y-direction
Vs = Vy–Vc = 1376.329–588.917 = 787.412 KN
Effective Depth, d = 740 mm
providing 8 legged 8mm dia. Ties
Sv = (0.87×fy×Asv×d)/Vs Sv=136.40
mm
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×740)/( 787.412×1000)
= 136.40 mm
The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least

lateral dimension of the column.
IS13920:199
3, Cl.7.3.3 Sv = 740/2 = 370mm 8mmØ Ties
@ 136 mm
providing 8mmØ Ties @ 136 mm c/c in central part
c/c
Area of X-section of bar forming rectangular hoop to
be used as Confining links
f ck  Ag 
Ash  0.18  Sh    1
fy  k
A 
Here,
Ash= π×82/4= 50.260 mm2
Ak = (800-2×40+2×8)×(800-2×40+2×8)
62
= 541696 mm2
IS13920:199 And,.·. h = (800-80+16)/2 = 368 Ak= 541696

3, mm2
s = Ash/( 0.18×h×(fck/fy)×(Ag/Ak - 1)) = 69.405
Cl.7.4.8 mm
Spacing of hoop should be least of
1/4 of minimum lateral dimension
= 800/4= 200 mm 8mmØ links

@ 100mm
But need not be less than 75 mm nor more than
c/c
100mm
IS13920:199
3, Provide 8mmØ links @ 100mm c/c for a distance Lo
which shall not be less than
Cl.7.4.6
Larger lateral dimension = 800 mm
1/6 of clear span=1/6×(2756)=459.333mm

Cl.56.3.2.c,IS
456:2000 450 mm
Hence, provide 8mmØ links @ 100mm c/c for a

distance L0 = 800 mm on either side from the joint
Design of lateral ties:
Diameter
ϕ =Not less than 6mm
=Not less than 1/4th of dia. of largest bar
(i.e. ¼×32=8mm)
Adopt diameter =8mm
63
Design of Square column (E 4) (700×700)
Length of column (Lo) =3.556-.8=2.756m
Size of column=700×700 mm
Effective cover=60 mm
Effective length=0.65×2.756=1.7914 m
Slenderness ratio along X=Leffx/0.60=1.7914/0.70=2.5591<12 (CL25.1.2, IS 456:2000)
Slenderness ratio along Y=Leffy/0.60=1.7914/0.70=2.5519<12 (CL25.1.2, IS 456:2000)
Materials

IS 456:2000 Pu =6728.42KN
Mux= 48.5035KN-m
Muy=0.0699KN-m
Min Pt= 0.8% of Ag
Max Pt= 4% of Ag(upto 6% for extreme case)
Cl.25.4 2 Minimum eccentricity exmin=28.84mm

IS 456:2000 ex min=Lo/500+700/30=28.84>20 mm eymin=28.84mm
ey min=Lo/500+700/30=28.84>20 mm
3 Moment calculations Design

Moment due to applied eccentricity moment
Muxa=Pu×exmin=6728.42×0.028=194.04KN-m Mux=194.04
Muya=Pu×exmin=6728.42×0.028=194.04KN-m KN-m
64
Muy=194.04
4 Design KN-m
Assume the reinforcement percentage, Pt=2.5%
Pt/fck=2.5/25=0.1
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-
axis:
d’/D=60/700=0.085
Chart 44 Pu/(fckbD)= 6728.42×1000/(25×700×700)=0.549
SP16 From chart Mux1=771.75K
Mux1/(fckbD2)=0.09 N-m
Mux1=0.09×25×700×7002 =771.75KN-m

axis:
Cl.39.6,IS d’/D=60/700=0.085
456:2000 Pu/(fckbD)= 6728.42×1000/(25×700×700)=0.549
From chart
Muy1/(fckb2D)=0.09
Muy1=0.09×25×700×7002 =771.75KN-m
Muy1=771.75K
Calculation of Puz N-m
=0.45×25×(700×700-
0.025×700×700)+0.75×415×0.025×700×700
=10979.062KN
Pu/Puz=6728.42/10979.062=0.6128
αn=1.688
=(48.5033/771.75)1.688+(0.0699/771.75)1.688
=0.009<1
So,
Asc=Pt×bD/100
Asc=2.5×700×700/100=12250mm2
65
Adopting,16-32mmΦ of rods,
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS Asc(Provided)=16×π×322/4=12867.963mm2
456:2000 Asc
5 Design of Shear Provided=1286
7.963mm2
τc' = 0.92 N/mm2

IS456:2000,
Considering the lowest Pu= -6728.420KN
Φt=8 mm
Table 19 2
δ=1+(3×Pu)/(Ag×fck)= 1+(3x-6728.420)/(700 x25)
= 0.9983<1.5
IS456:2000,
τc =δ×τc' = 1.0002x0.92 = 0.91848 N/mm2
cl.40.2.2
Vc=τc ×B×D = 0.91848x700x700 = 450.05718 KN τc= 0.91848
N/mm2
6 Shear force as per analysis(from sap)
Vc=450.05718
Vx= 145.143 KN
KN
Vy= 121.298 KN
Vx= 145.143
Shear force due to plastic hinge at end of Beams KN
EQ in X-direction Vy= 121.298

KN
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x700x6402
= 1144.0128KNm
=0.87×415×12250
IS Mulim=
×640(1-(12250×415)/(25×700×640))
13920:1993, 1144.0128 KNm
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
cl. 7.3.4b
66
.·.Mubl= 1144.0128KNm
Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) Mubl=

1144.0128
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
KNm
.·.Mubr= 1144.0128 KNm
 M ubllim  M ubrlim 
Vu  1.4 

 hst 
Mubr=
 1144.0128  1144.0128  1144.0128
Vu  1.4 
 3.556  KNm
= 900.797 KN
EQ in Y-direction
Mubl = Hogging moment of resistance Vu=900.797

KN
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x700x6402
= 1144.0128KNm
Mulim=1747.9
=0.87×415×12250
39 KNm
×640(1-(12250×415)/(25×700×640))
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 1144.0128KNm
IS
13920:1993, Mubr=Sagging moment of resistance
Mubl=
cl. 7.3.4b Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) 1144.0128
KNm
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubr= 1144.0128 KNm
67
 M ubllim  M ubrlim  Mubr=
Vu  1.4 

 h st  1144.0128
KNm
 1144.0128  1144.0128 
Vu  1.4 
 3.556 
= 900.797 KN
Design shear is maximum of 6 (ii) or 6 (iii)

Vu= 900.797
Vx = 900.797 KN
KN
Vy = 900.797 KN

Vx = 1376.329
Vs = Vx – Vc = 900.797 – 450.05718= 450.74 KN KN
Design of lateral ties in Y-direction Vy = 1376.329

KN
Vs = Vy–Vc = 900.797 – 450.05718= 450.74 KN

IS13920:199
3, Cl.7.3.3 Sv = (0.87×fy×Asv×d)/Vs
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×640)/( 450.74×1000)
= 206.085 mm

Sv = 640/2 = 320mm
providing 8mmØ Ties @ 206mm c/c in central part Sv=206.085

mm
Area of X-section of bar forming rectangular hoop to
be used as Confining links
68
f  Ag  8mmØ Ties @
Ash  0.18  Sh  ck
  1
f y  Ak  206 mm c/c
IS13920:199
3,
Here,
Cl.7.4.8
Ash= π×82/4= 50.260 mm2
Ak = (700-2×40+2×8)×(700-2×40+2×8)
= 404496 mm2
And,.·. h = (800-80+16)/2 = 318
s = Ash/( 0.18×h×(fck/fy)×(Ag/Ak - 1)) = 68.95 mm
IS13920:199 Ak=404496
3, mm2
1/4 of minimum lateral dimension
Cl.7.4.6
= 700/4= 175 mm

Cl.56.3.2.c,IS 100mm
456:2000
Provide 8mmØ links @ 100mm c/c for a distance Lo
Larger lateral dimension = 800 mm
1/6 of clear span=1/6×(2756)=459.33mm 8mmØ links @

100mm c/c
450 mm

Diameter
ϕ = Not less than 6 mm
= Not less than 1/4th of dia. of largest bar
(i.e. ¼×32=8 mm)
Adopt diameter =8 mm
69
Design of circular column (C 3) (Diameter =650mm)

Length of column (Lo) =3.556-0.8=2.756 m
Size of column = mm
Effective cover=60 mm
Effective length=0.65×2.756=1.7914m
Slenderness ratio along X=Leffx/0.65=1.7914/0.65=2.756<12 (CL25.1.2, IS 456:2000)
Slenderness ratio along Y=Leffy/0.65=1.7914/0.65=2.756<12 (CL25.1.2, IS 456:2000)
Materials
IS 456:2000 Pu = 3980.836KN
Mux= 128.3193 KN-m
Muy=28.219 KN-m
Min Pt= 0.8% of Ag
Max Pt= 4% of Ag(upto 6% for extreme case)
2 As the circular section of the column is

dimensionally similar defined by its diameter,
design for longitudinal reinforcement can be
made by single axis bending only, considering
resultant of biaxial moments given by,
Cl.25.4 exmin=25.24
IS 456:2000 Minimum eccentricity 8mm
ex min=Lo/500+800/30= 25.248>20 mm eymin=25.24
ey min=Lo/500+800/30= 25.248>20 mm 8mm
70
3 Moment calculations
Moment due to applied eccentricity
Muxa=Pu×exmin=3980.836×25.248=100.508 KN-m
Muya=Pu×eymin=3980.836×25.248=
Muy<100.508 KN-m<Mux
Therefore , it is a short column about both axis of
bending and additional moment are neglisible. Mu’=162.99
Mu’= (128.3192+100.5082)1/2 KN-m
Mu’=162.99KN-m
4 Design
Area of longitudinal reinforcement
d’=40mm clear cover +assumed diameter/2 d’=54mm
=40+14 =54mm
Assume the reinforcement percentage, Pt=2%

Chart 56 Pt/fck=2/25=0.08
SP16 Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-
axis: Design
d’/D =54/650 =0.0830 moment
Pu/(fckbD)=3980.836×1000/(25×6502)=0.3768 Mux=128.31
From chart 56 93 KN-m
Mux1/(fckbD2)=0.06 Muy=28.219
Cl.39.6,IS Mux1=0.120×25×650x6502 =411.937 KN-m KN-m
456:2000
axis:
d’/D =54/650 =0.0830
Pu/(fckbD)=3980.836×1000/(25×6502)=0.3768
From chart 56
Mux1/(fckbD2)=0.06 Mux1=411.9
Mux1=0.120×25×650x6502 =411.937 KN-m 37KN-m
71
5 Calculation of Puz
=0.45×25× -0.03
× )+0.75×415×0.03×
=5792.105288 KN Puz=5792.10
Pu/Puz=3980.836/5792.105=0.6873 5288 KN
αn=1.8122
=(162.99/411.937)1.8122+(162.99/411.937)1.8122
=0.372659<1
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS So,
456:2000 Asc=Pt×bD/100
Asc=2×6502/100=8450 mm2
Adopting,20-25mmΦ of rods,
Asc(Provided)=20×π×252/4= 9817.477mm2 Asc
Provided=98
6 Design of Shear 17.477mm2
IS456:2000, τc' = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19 Considering the lowest Pu= 518.182 KN
δ=1+(3×Pu)/(Ag×fck)= 1+(3x518.182)/(
x25)
= 1.0002<1.5
IS456:2000,
τc =δ×τc' = 1.0002x0.82 = 0.8202 N/mm2 τc= 0.8202
cl.40.2.2
N/mm2
Vc=τc x area = 0.8202x331830.724 = 272.1676 KN
Vc=272.167
72
Shear force as per analysis(from sap) 6 KN
Vx= 5.658 KN Vx= 5.658

KN
Vy= 71.76 KN
Vy=
Shear force due to plastic hinge at end of Beams
71.76KN
EQ in X-direction
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x650x5902=
902.79735KNm
Mulim=902.
797KNm
=0.87×415×8450
Mubl=
×590(1-(8450×415)/(25×650×590)) 902.797KN
m
= 1141.6365 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 902.79735KNm
br Mubr=
Mu =Sagging moment of resistance
902.797KN
br
Mu = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) m
= 1141.6365 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubr= 902.79735KNm
 M bl  M ubrlim 
Vu  1.4 u lim 

 h st 
 902.797  902.797 Vu=710.864

Vu  1.4 
 3.556  1KN
= 710.8641KN
IS
EQ in Y-direction
13920:1993,
73
cl. 7.3.4b Mubl = Hogging moment of resistance Mulim=902.
797KNm
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x650x5902=
902.79735KNm
=0.87×415×8450
×590(1-(8450×415)/(25×650×590))
= 1141.6365 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 902.79735KNm Mubl=

902.797KN
m
Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
= 1141.6365 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubr= 902.79735KNm
Mubr=
 M bl  M ubrlim  902.797KN
Vu  1.4 u lim 

 h st  m
 902.797  902.797
Vu  1.4 
 3.556 
= 710.8641KN Vu=710.864
1KN
Design shear is maximum of 6 (ii) or 6 (iii)

IS Vx =
Vx = 710.8641KN
13920:1993, 710.8641
Vy = 710.8641KN KN Vy =
cl. 7.3.4b
710.8641
74
Vs = Vx – Vc = 710.864–272.1676= 438.6965 KN KN
Design of lateral ties in Y-direction
Vs = Vy–Vc = 710.864–272.1676= 438.6965 KN
Sv = (0.87×fy×Asv×d)/Vs
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×590)/( 438.6965×1000)
= 195.201 mm Sv=195.201
mm
Sv = 590/2 = 295mm
providing 8mmØ Ties @ 195 mm c/c in central part
Area of X-section of bar forming rectangular hoop to 8mmØ Ties

be used as Confining links @ 195 mm
IS13920:199 c/c
f  Ag 
3, Cl.7.4.7 Ash  0.09  SDk  ck   1
f y  Ak 
Here,
Ash= π×82/4= 50.260 mm2
And,.·. Dk = (650-80+16)/2 = 554mm
Ak=241051.
Ak = π×5542/4=241051.2627 mm2
2627 mm2
s = Ash/( 0.09×Dk×(fck/fy)×(Ag/Ak - 1)) = 44.432
75
mm
IS13920:199 1/4 of minimum lateral dimension 8mmØ links

3, @ 75mm c/c
= 650/4= 162.5 mm
Cl.7.4.8
100mm
Provide 8mmØ links @ 75mm c/c for a distance Lo

IS13920:199
3, Larger lateral dimension = 650 mm
Cl.7.4.6 1/6 of clear span=1/6×(2756)=459.333mm
450 mm

Diameter
ϕ = Not less than 6 mm
= Not less than 1/4th of dia. of largest bar
(i.e. ¼×32=8 mm)
Adopt diameter =8 mm
76
5.1.5. Design of staircase
Staircase is an inclined structural system for the movement from one level to another.
Since it is stepped, it is called
staircase.The geometrical forms of
staircase may be quiet different
depending on the individual
circumstances involved. The stairs and
landing slab can angled in different form
to get different types of staircase. A
staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. It
may span either in the direction of the
steps or in the direction of going. Structurally, staircase may be classified largely into two
categories, depending on the predominant direction in which the slab component of the
stair undergoes flexure – stair slab spanning transversely and stair slab spanning
longitudinally.
The design of staircase requires proportioning of its different components and

determination of reinforcement and it’s detailing to satisfy both the serviceability and
strength requirements. The design of staircase is made for serviceability requirements of
deflection and cracks. The serviceability requirement of deflection is controlled by the
effective span to effective depth ratio. The design of reinforcement is made to satisfy the
strength requirements for moments and shears. The design for moment is made for
maximum moments either by the working stress method or by the limit state method. The
area of steel is expressed as diameter and spacing of bars. It is provided along the span of
staircase and necessary curtailment is made wherever it is not required as in the case of
edge-supported slabs.
Generally, the shear reinforcement is not required in staircase as the shear strength of
concrete is much greater than the nominal shear stress. The shear strength of concrete in
staircase is determined as in the case of edge- supported slab. The detailing of
reinforcement in staircase shall be similar to that of the edge supported slab except at the
junction of landing and flight of staircase where it should ensure that the reinforcement
bars in tension tending to straighten out do not cause cracking in concrete.
77
Fig.: Open-well staircase
78
Design of staircase
1. Known Data
Riser Height, R = 177.8 mm
Tread Height = 304.5 mm
Floor Height = 3.7301 m
Flight Width, W = 2.2331 m
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3
Live Load = 4 KN/m3
2. Along X-X
Load Calculation
Effective Length = 6.6231 m Assuming
Length/depth = 20 simply
3
Depth (d) = 6.6231×10 /20 = 331.155 mm supported
Providing depth ,d = 330 mm
Assuming , clear cover = 20 mm
Diameter of bar = 10mm
Thus, total depth = 330+20+5 = 355 mm
On going
Self -weight due to Waist slab = 25×0.355×0.35261/0.3045
= 10.277 KN/m2
Self -weight due to Steps = 25*0.5*0.1778

= 2.2225 KN/m2
Floor finishes load= 1.694KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load =18.1935 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×18.1935= 27.29025 KN/m2
79
Load per unit meter = 27.29025 KN/m W
=27.29025
On Landing KN/m
Dead load = 25×0.355 = 8.875 KN/m2
floor finishes load = 1.694KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 14.569 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×14.569 = 21.8535 KN/m2 W =
Load per unit meter = 21.8535KN/m 21.87535
3. Analysis KN/m
∑MA= 0
RB ×6.6231 =
21.854×2.23312/2+27.2902×2.1569×(2.2331+2.1569/2)
+21.8535×2.2331( 2.2331+2.156+2.2331/2)
RB = 78.22577KN
RA+ RB= 156.4515
=78.22577KN
Let point of zero shear force occurs at a distance x from A
78.22577-21.8535×2.2331-27.29025×(x-2.2331)= 0 Mumax=
X = 3.1131 m 131.094
Maximum bending moment is at shear force is zero KN-m
Therefore, Mumax= 78.22577× 3.1131 -21.8535*2.2331*
(2.2331/2+1.07845)-27.29025*(0.8824/2)2 Vumax=
= 131.094 KN-m 78.22577
Vumax = 78.22577KN KN
MaxmB.MMumax= 131.094KN-m
4. Checking for depth of slab

Mu = 0.138*fck *bd2
d =√
= 194.93 mm < d(provided)
80
IS 456-
2000 Xulim = ×d
(Cl.26.5.2.
1)
= × 355
= 170.083 mm
Mulim= 0.362×fck× Xulim× b ×(d-0.42Xulim)

= 0.362×25×170.083×1000×(355-0.42×170.083)
= 436.4779 KN-m >Mumax
IS 456- S0, it can be design singly reinforced.
2000
(Cl.26.3.3. 5. Design of main reinforcement
b) C=T
0.362×fck×Xu×b = 0.87×fy×Ast
0.362×25× Xu×1000 = 0.87×415×Ast
Xu = 0.04×Ast Ast =
Mumax = 0.87×fy×Ast×(d-0.42×Xu) 969.1564
118.5222×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×(355-0.42×0.04×Ast) mm2
Ast = 969.1564 mm2
Minimum reinforcement
Astmim= 0.12/100×bD
= 0.12/100×1000×355
= 426 mm2
IS 456-
2000
(Cl.40.4,
table 19)
81
Let us provide 10 mm diameter of reinforcement
Spacing required = (1000×78.54)/969.1564
= 81.04 mm
Max. spacing ≤ 3d or 300 mm
= 660 or 300 mm Astprovided
So, spacing provided = 80 mm =
981.75m
Astprovided = m2
= 981.75 mm2
Provide ɸ 10 mm bars @80 mm c/c
IS 456-
2000 6.
Distribution bars
(Cl.23.2.1)
Astdis = Astmin =426 mm2
Let us provide 8 mm diameter of reinforcement
Spacing required = (1000×50.265)/426
= 117.993 mm
spacing provided = 115 mm
Provide ɸ 8 mm bars @115 mm c/c
Check for shear

7. τvavg =
Nominal shear stress, τvavg =
0.2370
= N/mm2
= 0.2370 N/mm2
Percentage of reinforcement = 100×Astprovided/bd
= 100×981.75/(1000×330) τc
= 0.2975 =0.2975
Shear strength of M25 concrete for 0.2975% steel N/mm2
τc =0.3657 N/mm2
Shear strength of slab=Kτc
=1.16× 0.3657 =0.4242 N/mm2>τvavg OK.
8. Deflection check
82
dmin=
Pt(%) = 0.2975
Fs = 0.58×fy ×
= 0.58 × 415× 969.1564/981.75

= 237.6124 N/mm2
Therefore, mft = 1.7025
dmin=
=194.511 mm < d(provided)330mm

OK
9. Development length
Ld =
=
IS 456-
2000 = 402.958 mm
(Cl.26.2.1) Ast’=Astprovided /2
=981.75/2
=490.875 mm2
M1 =0.87x415x490.875x(330- )
=57.0419 KN-m
Let, Lo=0
Ld ≤1.3M1/V+Lo
≤1.3×57.0419×103/73.3122+0
≤ 1011.489 mm
OK
83
5.1.6. Design of basement wall
Basement wall or retaining wall is a reinforced cement concrete structure generally built
beneath the ground level to retain the earth and prevent moisture from seeping into the
building. Since the basement wall is supported by the mat foundation, the stability is
ensured and the design of the basement wall is limited to the safe design of vertical stem.
It is designed for both moment and shear criteria.
Basement walls carry lateral earth pressure generally as vertical slabs supported by floor
framing at the basement level and upper floor level. The axial forces in the floor
structures are, in turn, either resisted by shear walls or balanced by the lateral earth
pressure coming from the opposite side of the building.
Although basement walls act as vertical slabs supported by the horizontal floor framing ,
keep in mind that during the early construction stage when the upper floor has not yet
been built the wall may have to be designed as a cantilever.
84
Reference Step Calculation Result

1. Design Constants
Clear height between the floor = 3.556 m
Soil type:
Clay with Gravel
Unit weight of soil, γ = 20.8 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of the soil, =30°
Surcharge produced due to vehicular movement,
Ws = 5 KN/m3
Safe bearing capacity of the soil , qs = 90 KN/m3
2. Moment Calculation
Ka =
= 0.333
Lateral load due to the soil pressure, Pa = Ka ×γ ×h2

= 0.333× 20.8×3.5562/2
Pa = 43.793
= 43.793 KN/m2
KN/m2
Lateral load due to surcharge load, Ps = Ka × Ws ×h

=0.333×5×3.556
= 5.921 KN/m2
Ps =5.921
KN/m2
Characteristics Bending moment at the base of

3.
the wall,
Since weight of wall gives the insignificant moment,
so this can be neglected in the design.
Mc = 62.437
Mc = Pa ×h/3+Ps×h/2
KN-m
= 46.793×3.556/3+ 5.921×3.556/2
85
= 62.437 KN-m
Design moment , Mu = 1.5 Mc

= 1.5×62.437 Mu = 93.655
= 93.655 KN-m KN-m
4. Approximate design of the section

let effective depth of the wall = d
B.M. = 0.138 ×fck×bd2
93.655×106 = 0.138×25×1000×d2 D = 220 mm
d = 220 mm
d = 180 mm
Let clear cover = 30 mm

Diameter of bars = 20 mm
Overall depth of wall, D = 220 mm
Take d = 220-30-20/2
= 180 mm
5.
Calculation of main Steel reinforcement
BM = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast =
1420.218
93.655×106 = 0.87×500×Ast×180 (1- )
mm2
Ast = 1420.218 mm2
Min. Ast = 0.0012×b×D =0.0012×1000×220 Min. Ast =

= 0.0012×1000× 220 260mm2
IS 456- = 260 mm2
2000
(Cl.32.5.a) Max. Dia. Of bar = D/8 = 220/8= 27.5 mm
86
Providing ɸ16 mm bar
Spacing of bar is
IS 456-
2000 S=
(Cl.26.5.2.
2)
= 141.57 mm
16 ϕ mm
Provide ϕ16 mm bar @ 120 mm c/c
bar @ 120
mm c/c
So, Astprovided =
= 1675.517 mm2
Pt(%) =
= 0.93% Pt(%)=
Max. Spacing = 3d =3× 180 = 540 mm 0.93%
Max. Spacing ≤ 450 mm
Provide nominal vertical reinforcement on the face

of wall ϕ16 mm @ 300 mm c/c at the front face.
IS 456-
2000
(Cl.32.5. 6. Check for shear
b) The critical section for shear strength is taken at a
distance of d from the face of the support. Thus,
critical section is at d= 0.262 m from the top of mat
foundation.
i.e. at z, i.e.(3.556-0.262) = 3.294 m below the top
edge of wall.
Shear force at critical section is, Vu = 1.5× (Ka ×
Ws× Z + Ka×γ×Z2/2)
87
= 1.5×(0.333×5×3.294+ 0.333×20.8×3.2942/2) Vu =64.593
=64.593 KN KN
Nominal shear stress, τ =
=
τ =0.359
= 0.359 N/mm2
N/mm2
Pt(%) provided =0.931%

Permissible shear stress, τc=0.621 N/mm2
τc=0.621
τ > τ, Hence safe.
N/mm2
IS 456-
Calculation of horizontal reinforcement steel bar
2000 7. Hence safe
Area of Hz. Reinforcement = 0.002Dh
(Cl.40.1)
= 0.002×220×3556 = 1564.64 mm2
As the temperature change occurs at front face of
basement wall, 2/3 of horizontal reinforcement is
provided at front face and 1/3 of horizontal
IS 456-
reinforcement is provided in inner face.
2000
Front face horizontal reinforcement steel is,
(Cl.40.4,
= 2/3×1564.64 = 1043.093 mm2
table 19)
Providing 10 mm-ϕ bar
No. of bar required, N = 1564.64/78.54
= 19.92
N= 20
IS 456-
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides-ϕ)/(N-1)
2000
= (3556- 2×15-10)/(20-1)
(Cl.32.5.c.
= 185.053 mm
1)
Provide 10 mm-ϕ bar @ 150 mm c/c
10 mm-ϕ
Inner face horizontal reinforcement steel,
bar@150
= 1/3×1564.64 = 521.547 mm2
mm c/c
Providing 10 mm-ϕ bar
88
No. of bar required, N = 7
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides-ϕ)/(N-1)
= (3556-2×15-10)/(7-1)
= 586 mm
Max. spacing = 3d or 450 mm
= 540 or 450 mm
Provide 10 mm-ϕ bar @ 300 mm c/c
Hence, spacing provided for hz .steel is OK.
Curtailment of reinforcement
8. No bars can be curtailed in less Ld distance from the
bottom of stem.
Ld =
= 776.786 mm
The curtailment of bar can be done in two layer: 1/3

and 2/3 heights of stem above the base.
Let us curtail bars at 2/3 distance i.e. 2371 mm from
base
IS 456-
Lateral load due to soil pressure,
2000
Pa = ka×γ×h2/2
Cl.26.2.1 Pa= 19.479
= 0.333× 20.8×2.3712/2
KN/m
= 19.479 KN/m
89
Lateral load due to surcharge load,
Ps = Ka × Ws ×h Ps=4.68
= 0.333× 5×2.371 KN/m
= 4.68 KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of wall
is,
Mc = Pa× h/3 + Ps × h/2
= 19.479×2.371/3+ 4.08×2.371/2 Mc=20.943
= 20.943 KN-m KN-m
Design Moment, Mu = 1.5 Mc
= 1.5×20.943 Mu=31.415
= 31.415KN-m KN-m
Since this moment is less than half of the moment at

base of stem. It is safe
90
5.1.7. Design of Lift wall
Lifts are structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to
counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and seismic loads are the
most common loads that shear walls are designed to carry. Wall thickness varies from
140 mm to 500 mm, depending on the number of stories, building age, and thermal
insulation requirements. In general, these walls are continuous throughout the building
height; however, some walls are discontinued at the street front or basement level to
allow for commercial or parking spaces.
(Note: The distribution of the lateral load should be carried out as per the stiffness of the
structural element. However, for the simplicity in this case , it is assumed that the
stiffness of the structural elements are equal.)
91
We have,
R=5.00
I=1.50
Z=0.36
Time in x-direction=0.9535 sec
Sa/g=1.7514
Ah=0.0345
Vb=182.6625
Moment at base=1932.5405KN-m
Lateral load calculations

S.N Floor Wi Pu Hi WiHi^2 wihi^2/ Qi QiHi
(KN) (KN) (m) (KN-m2) ∑(wihi^2) (KN) (KN-m)
1 7th floor 227.128 227.128 29.693 200247.514 0.328 59.864 1777.522
2 6th floor 214.453 441.581 25.959 144511.148 0.237 43.202 1121.464
3 5th floor 214.453 656.034 22.225 105929.193 0.173 31.668 703.813
4 4th floor 214.453 870.487 18.491 73326.730 0.120 21.921 405.347
5 3rd floor 214.453 1084.940 14.757 46703.758 0.076 13.962 206.045
6 2nd floor 214.453 1299.393 11.024 26060.276 0.043 7.791 85.882
7 1st floor 214.453 1513.846 7.290 11396.286 0.019 3.407 24.836
8 Ground 214.453 1728.299 3.556 2711.787 0.004 0.811 2.883
floor
9 Basement 203.093 1931.392 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total 610886.693 1 4327.791
=
92
1. Known data
Length of lift wall = 3.2004 m
Breadth of lift wall =1.6764m
Floor height(H) = 3.556 m
Wall thickness (t) = 225 mm
Moment = 2514.665 KN-m
Vu = 182.6625 KN
Pu = 1931.3918 KN
2. Check for slenderness ratio

Effective height of wall Hwe = 0.75H
IS 456-2000 = 0.75×3.556
= 2.667 m Hwe = 2.667 m
Cl.32.2.4.a
Cl. 32.2.3 Slenderness ratio = Hwe/.225

= 2.667/0.225
= 11.8533< 30
3. Minimum eccentricity
IS 456-2000 emin = 0.05t = 0.05×225 =11.25 mm emin= 11.25 mm
Cl. 32.2.2
4. Additional eccentricity
IS 456-2000 ea = (H2/2500t) = (35362/(2500×225)) ea= 22.48 mm
Cl.32.2.5 = 22.48 mm
5. Ultimate load carrying capacity

Ultimate load carrying capacity per unit
length of the wall is
IS 456-2000 Puw = 0.3(t - 1.2e - 2ea)×fck
Cl.32.2.5 Puw = 0.3(225 - 1.2×11.25 - 2×22.48)×25
93
Puw = 1249.05 N/mm Puw = 1249.05
N/mm
6. Calculation for main vertical
reinforcement
Assume, clear cover=20 mm
Using ɸ 16 mm bar effective cover
d’= 28 mm d’ = 28 mm
When lateral load is acting along X-
direction
Mu= 4327.791 /2 = 2163.895 KN-m
Vu = 182.66525/2 = 91.33125 KN
Pu = 1931 /2 = 965.6959 KN
d’/D = 28/3200 = 0.0087
Adopt d’/D = 0.05
Mu/fckbD2 =
2163.895×106/(25×200×32002)
SP 16 = 0.00375
Chart 31 Pu/fckbD = 965.695×103 /(25×200×3200)
= 0.0536
Pt/fck = 0.012
Pt = 0.012×25 = 0.3
Area of steel = 0.3/100×(225×3200)
= 2160 mm2
Min Ast = 0.002×225×3200 = 1440 mm2
Area of ɸ 16 mm = 201.062 mm 2
No. of bars = 2160/201.062 = 10.74 = 11
nos
Spacing of bar, Sv = (3200- 28 -16)/(11- 1)
IS 456-2000 = 315.6 mm
Cl.32.5.b
7. Check for spacing

Spacing of vertical steel reinforcement
94
should be least of 3t and 450 mm
= 3×225 = 675 mm and 450 mm Sv= 300 mm
To take account of the reverse effect,

provide ϕ 16 mm bar @ 300 mm c/c on
both face of the wall
Since lift is square of same no face as in Y-

direction axis.
IS 456-2000 Take ϕ 16 mm bars @ 300mm c/c on both
Cl.32.5.c.1 faces of the wall in X- axis too.
8. Calculation of Horizontal steel

reinforcement
Area of the horizontal reinforcement
= 0.2% of b ×h
= 0.002×225×3556
=1600.2 mm2
Provide ϕ 12 mm bar =113.04 mm2
No of bars = 1600.2/113.04 = 14.1560

= 15
Spacing of bars, Sv = 3556/(15-1)
= 254 mm
To take account of the reversal effect, Sb= ϕ 12 mm

provide ϕ 12 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c on @250 mm c/c
both sides of the wall
IS 456-2000
Cl.32.4.2 9. Check for shear
When lateral load acting along X-
direction
Nominal shear stress
95
τv = Vu/td = Vu/td
τv=0.2168N/mm 2
= Vu/(t×d)
= (91.33125×103)/(225×3200)
IS 456-2000 = 0.2168 N/mm2
Cl.32.4.2.1
Allowable shear stress
τallowable
τallowable = 0.17fck
=4.25N/mm2
= 0.17×25 = 4.25 N/mm2
So ok
Design of shear strength of concrete
Hw/Lw = 3556/3200 = 1.111>1
IS 456-2000 τcw should be lesser of
Cl.32.4.3.a a.τcw = (3- Hw/Lw) ×k1×

= (3-1.1112) ×0.2×
= 1.8887 N/mm2
τv = 1.8887
N/mm2
b.τcw = k2×
IS 456-2000
τcw = 4.27176
Cl.32.4.3.b
= 0.045×5×18.9856 N/mm2
= 4.27176 N/mm2
And should not be less than Hence safe.
0.5×√ = 0.75 N/mm2

τcw = 1.888 N/mm2
Since τcw > τv

The design safe.
96
5.1.8. Design of Shear wall

Shear wall are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system which also resist
shear forces and uplift forces. It is used for sufficient strength and stiffness or when the
allowable span width ratio for floor or roof diaphragm is exceeded. It provides necessary
lateral strength to resist horizontal earthquake forces. It also provides lateral stiffness to
prevent the roof or floor above from excessive side-way.
Reference Steps Calculation Output
1 Description
Material used:
M20 Concrete
Fe415 Steel
Length of shear wall = 3048mm
Thickness of web = 228.6mm
Data from SAP.

The maximum factored forces in the panel
between the foundation and first floor obtained
from SAP are as follows;
Maximum Shear Force = 1891.044 KN
(1.5DL+Eqy)
Maximum Axial Force =5543.642 KN (1.5DL
+Eqx)
Maximum Bending Moment =2255.4859 KNm
(0.9D-1.5 Eqx)
2 Design for shear

Design Shear Force = 1891.044KN
Let the effective depth in resisting shear, dw
=1891.044
So the Nominal shear stress,
tv=(1891.044*1000)/(3048*228.6) = 2.714
97
Table 19 of N/mm2
IS:456-2000 Let the minimum vertical reinforcement
(0.25%) be provided in the web,
Shear strength of concrete, tc = 0.36 N/mm2
Shear carried by concrete,
Vuc=0.36*3048*228.6
=250.8382 KN
Hence, shear to be resisted by horizontal
IS reinforcement,
13920:1993(clause Vus=Vu-Vuc =1891.044-250.8382
9.2.5) =1640.2058 KN
The area of horizontal shear reinforcement, Ah,
to be provided within a vertical spacing, Sv is
given by
Vus=(0.87fyAhdw)/Sv
Here,Ah/Sv= 1.49
Using, 10 mm bars in double-curtain of

IS 13920:1993 reinforcement,
Clause 9.1.4 Sv= 105mm
However, minimum horizontal reinforcement

IS 13920:1993 of 0.25% requires the spacing to be 266mm.
Clause 9.1.7
Also, the maximum spacing in any direction
shall not exceed the smaller of lw/5, 3tw and
67.47mm.
So provide 8mm bars at 65 mm c/c spacing in a

double curtain in the horizontal direction and
provide 16 mm bars at 100 mm c/c spacing in
vertical direction
98
3 Flexure Strength of Web
Design Bending Moment = 2255.4859KN-m
Annex A clause The axial load for this case =556.301KN
9.3.1 of IS
13920:1993 Axial compression increases the moment
capacity, so factored axial force is taken as,
Pu=0.8x556.301= 445.041KN
Let vertical reinforcement in the web be 0.25%

The moment of resistance of a slender
rectangular shear wall section with uniformly
distributed vertical reinforcement may be
estimated as per the formula given below:
0.87
υ=
=0.045
Now,
( )
For ≤ Xu , the moment of resistance of the
wall section is calculated by the following

equation.
99
( )( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
From the above equation, the moment of

resistance of the web,
Muv=1431.6552 KNm.
The remaining moment, i.e. (Mu-
Muv)=823.8307 KNm is resisted as axial load
by reinforcement in the boundary elements.
Boundary elements
4 The axial compression at the extreme fiber due

to combined axial load and bending on the
section is computed by:
Pu/A + My/I
Here ,
The moment of inertia of the wall section,
I=0.5394 m4
The gross sectional area A= 0.6968 m2
The neutral axis lies at 1.463m from the

extreme fiber.
The compressive stress in the extreme fiber is

6 N/mm2.
As this is greater than 0.2fck boundary
elements at wall edges should be provided. The
boundary elements should be designed to
100
handle the extra moment (Mu-Muv) that is
resisted through axial load in the elements.
Here, the centre to centre distance between the

extreme end elements, Cw, is 3.048m.
The axial force on the boundary element due to

this extra moment is,
(Mu-Muv)/Cw = 270.2857
Thus the maximum factored compression on
the boundary elements = 270.2857 +
0.05*5543.642 =547.4678 KN
The boundary elements have been designed for
axial loads and bending in the design for
columns with 12-16mm bars.
This gives an axial load capacity to the column
elements which is enough to handle the axial
load transfer due to the extra moment.
101
5.1.9. Design of foundation
Foundation is the basic and the lowermost part of structure which provides an uniform
base for the superstructure and transfers the load of the same down to the soil below it
uniformly.
5.1.9.1. Raft or mat foundation
If the loads transmitted by the columns in the structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
pressure so small that individual footings would cover more than
50% of the whole area it may be better to provide continuous
footing under all columns and walls. Such a footing is called a
raft or mat foundation. The raft is designed by analyzing it as a
series of continuous strips centered on the appropriate column
rows in both directions. The shear and bending moment diagram
may be drawn using continuous beam analysis or coefficients
for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements. The steel requirement
will vary from strip.
Design of mat foundation
Required Data:
Case Considered = 1.5(DL+LL)
Total Design (factored) Load = 79496.922KN
Service Load = 79496.922/1.5 = 52997.948 KN
Safe Soil Bearing Capacity = 100 KN/m2
According to 1893( Part 1 ): 2002 (clause 6.3.5.2), table 1, the percentage of Permissible
Increase in Allowable Bearing Pressure or Resistance of Soils for soft soil in case of mat
foundation is 50.
So, for load combination with EQ load safe bearing capacity= 150 KN/m2
Grade of concrete = M-25
Grade of steel = Fe-415
X = 12.116 m
102
Y = 8.954 m
Xk= 1027915.282/79496.922 = 12.930
Yk= 692462.0885/79496.922 = 8.711
ex = X - Xk = 12.116-12.930 = -0.814m
ey = Y - Yk = 8.954-8.711 = 0.243m
Ixx=bd3/12=27.032×20.7073/12 = 20000.851m4
Iyy=db3/12=20.707×27.0323/12 =34085.563 m4
Total area = 27.032×20.707 = 559.752 m2
Mx = P x ey =79496.922 x 0.243 = 19317.752 KN-m
My = P x ex = 79496.922 x (-0.814) = -64710.495KN-m
P/A = 79496.922 /559.752 = 142.022 KN/m2< 150 KN/m2
103
Table: Showing soil pressure at different point:
Point P/A ±Mx/Ix ±My/Iy X Y σ
(KN/m2) (KN/m3) (KN/m3) (m) (KN/m2)
(m)
A2 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -13.566 -10.417 157.721
A3 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -13.566 -2.858 165.023
A4 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -13.566 3.849 171.502
A5 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -13.566 10.304 177.737
B2 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -5.486 -10.417 142.377
B3 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -5.486 -2.858 149.679
B4 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -5.486 3.849 156.158
B5 142.022 0.966 -1.899 -5.486 10.304 162.394
C3 142.022 0.966 -1.899 0 -2.858 139.261
C4 142.022 0.966 -1.899 0 3.849 145.740
C5 142.022 0.966 -1.899 0 10.304 151.976
D2 142.022 0.966 -1.899 5.486 -10.417 121.541
D3 142.022 0.966 -1.899 5.486 -2.858 128.843
D4 142.022 0.966 -1.899 5.486 3.849 135.322
D5 142.022 0.966 -1.899 5.486 10.304 141.558
E2 142.022 0.966 -1.899 13.466 -10.417 106.387
E3 142.022 0.966 -1.899 13.466 -2.858 113.689
E4 142.022 0.966 -1.899 13.466 3.849 120.168
E5 142.022 0.966 -1.899 13.466 10.304 126.404
104
In the Y-direction the raft is divided into 5 strips, i.e. 5 equivalent beams
i) Beam A-A with 4.765m width and soil pressure =177.737 KN/m2
ii) Beam B-B with 6.0579m width and soil pressure = (177.737+162.394)/2 =170.066
KN/m2
iii) Beam C-C with 5.4864m width and soil pressure = (162.394+151.976)/2 =157.185
KN/m2
iv) Beam D-D with 6.0579m width and soil pressure = (151.976+141.558)/2 =146.767
KN/m2
v) Beam E-E with 4.6647m width and soil pressure = (141.558+126.404)/2 =133.981
KN/m2
In the X-direction the raft is divided into 4 strips, i.e. 4 equivalent beams
i) Beam 2-2 with 4.5105m width and soil pressure =157.721 KN/m2
ii) Beam 3-3 with 6.4008m width and soil pressure = (157.721+165.023)/2= 161.372
KN/m2
iii) Beam 4-4 with 5.9055m width and soil pressure = (165.023+171.502)/2 =168.263
KN/m2
iv) Beam 5-5 with 5.321m width and soil pressure = (177.737+171.502)/2 =174.620
KN/m2
105
Ref. Step Calculations Output

Strip A-A 1. Upward soil pressure, q =177.737KN/m2 q= 177.737
Max Span length, l=6.7056m KN/m2
2. Moment calculation l = 6.7056m
2
IS 456-2000 Maximum support moment, Ms=ql /10
Table12 Ms=177.737×6.7056 2/10
=799.196 KNm per m width Ms=799.196
IS 456-2000 Maximum Span moment, Mm=ql2/12 KNm
Table12 Mm=177.737×6.70562/12
3. =665.996 KNm per m width Mm=665.996
Depth from Moment consideration KNm
SP16 M
Depth of footing, d=
Table D 2.66  b
799.196 106
=  548.133mm
2.66  1000
Check for two way shear i.e Punching shear d=548.133mm
IS 456-2000 Permissible punching shear, τc=β×0.25 f ck
Cl31.6.3.1
=1×0.25× 25
=1.25N/mm2
For middle column A3 or 1582 τc=1.25N/mm2
4. perimeter, bo=2(0.5d+1.7)+2(d+0.7)=3d+4.8
Pu 2552.208 103
τv=   1.25
bo d (3d  4800)d
d=349.169mm
For side column A2 or 1581
5. perimeter, bo=2(1900+d/2)+2(d/2+1925)
=7650+2d
IS 456-2000 Pu 2053.505 103

τv=   1.25
Cl31.6.2.1 bo d (7650  2d )d
d=203.879 mm
Since, footing is critical in shear, so increasing
106
depth. Adopt effective depth of 750mm &
overall depth of 800mm
IS 456-2000 Calculation of Area of steel
Cl26.5.2.1 Min Ast =0.12% of bD =0.12×1000×800 Min Ast
6. =960mm2 =960mm2
Area of steel of support(bottom bars)
IS 456-2000 f ck 4.6M u
Ast  0.5 (1  1  )bd
Annex G.1.1.b fy f ck bd 2
25 4.6  799.196 106

Ast  0.5 (1  1  )1000 750
415 25  1000 7502
=3176.129 mm2>Min Ast
Providing 25mmϕ bars
Ab =490.874 mm2
Spacing of Bars
Ab
Sv   1000
Ast
490.874 25mm @
Sv   1000  154.551mm
3176.129
150mm c/c
Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c
Ab
ActAst   1000
Sv
ActAst
490.874
ActA st   1000  3272.493mm 2 =3272.493mm2
150
Pt =0.436%
Area of steel at mid span(Top bars)
f ck 4.6M u
Ast  0.5 (1  1  )bd
fy f ck bd 2
IS 456-2000
Annex G.1.1.b 25 4.6  665.996  106
Ast  0.5 (1  1  )1000 750
415 25  1000 7502
=2611.676mm2>Min Ast
Providing 25mm bars
Ab =490.874mm2 Provided Ast
A =2611.676mm2
Spacing of bars S v  b  1000
Ast
107
490.874
Sv   1000  187.954mm
2611.676
Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c 25mm @
Ab 120mm c/c
ActAst   1000
Sv
490.874
ActAst   1000  3272.493mm 2
150
ActAst
Pt =0.436% =3272.493m2
Upward soil pressure, q =174.6195 KN/m2

Max Span length, l=6.6294m
Moment calculation
Maximum support moment, Ms=ql2/10 q= 174.6195
2
Ms=174.6195 ×6.6294 /10 KN/m2
=767.434 KNm per m width l = 6.554m
2
Maximum Span moment, Mm=ql /12
1. Mm=174.6195 ×6.6294 2/12
=639.529 KNm per m width Ms=767.434 KNm
2. Depth from Moment consideration
M
Depth of footing, d=
2.66  b Mm=639.529
767.434  106 KNm
=  537.130mm
2.66  1000
Strip 5-5 Check for two way shear i.e. Punching shear
3. Permissible punching shear, τc=β×0.25 f ck
d=537.130 mm
=1×0.25 25
IS 456-2000
=1.25N/mm2
Table12
For edge column A5 or 1584
perimeter, bo=4(0.5d+1700)=2d+6800
IS 456-2000
Pu 1879.827  103
Table12 τv=   1.25
bo d (2d  6800)d
108
d=208.384mm
SP16 For column D5 or 1596
Table D perimeter, bo=2(700+d)+2(0.5d+1700)
4. =4800+3d
Pu 2373.763 103
τv=   1.25
bo d (4800  3d )d
IS 456-2000 d=328.275mm
Cl31.6.3.1 Since, footing is critical in shear, so increasing
depth. Adopt effective depth of 750mm &
5. overall depth of 800mm
Calculation of Area of steel
Min Ast =0.12% of bD =0.12×1000×800 Min Ast
IS 456-2000 =960mm2 =960mm2
Cl31.6.2.1 Area of steel of support(bottom bars)
f ck 4.6M u
Ast  0.5 (1  1  )bd
fy f ck bd 2
25 4.6  767.434  106

Ast  0.5 (1  1  )1000 750
415 25  1000 7502
6. =3040.054mm2>Min Ast Ast req=3040.054
IS 456-2000 Providing 25mmϕ bars mm2
Cl31.6.2.1 Ab =490.874 mm2
Spacing of Bars
Ab
Sv   1000
Ast
490.874
Sv   1000  161.469mm
3040.054
IS 456-2000 Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c 25mm @

Cl26.5.2.1 Ab 150mm c/c
ActAst   1000
Sv
IS 456-2000 490.874 ActAst=3272.493

ActAst  1000  3272.493mm 2
Annex G.1.1.b 150 mm2
Pt =0.436%
Area of steel at mid span(Top bars)
109
f ck 4.6M u
Ast  0.5 (1  1  )bd
fy f ck bd 2
25 4.6  639.529  106

Ast  0.5 (1  1  )1000 750
415 25  1000 7502 Ast req
=2501.408mm2>Min Ast =2501.408mm2
Providing 25mm bars
Ab =490.874mm2
Ab
Sv   1000
Ast
Spacing of bars
490.874
Sv  1000  196.239mm
2501.408
Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c 25mm @
Ab 150mm c/c
ActAst   1000
Sv
490.874
ActAst   1000 =3272.493 mm2
150 ActAst =3272.493
IS 456-2000 Pt =0.436% mm2
Annex G.1.1.b Total Pt =0.436+0.436 =0.872%
110
5.1.6.2. Isolated Footing
These footings are provided under RCC columns of a framed structure to distribute the
load on larger area. It may be square, rectangle or circular in plan. If condition of shear is
satisfied then the thickness of footing is reduced at the edges for economy.
The bending moment, beam shear and punching shear govern the thickness or depth of
the footing near the column face.
Footing type: Isolated
Given input and required parameters:
Square column size = 800 x 800 mm2
Grade of concrete (fck) = 25 MPa
Grade of steel = 415 MPA
Clear Cover = 50 mm
Axial load (P) = 1153.379 KN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 100 KN/m2
Angular friction (Φ) = 30 degree
Unit weight of soil (γ) = 1000 mm
111
Reference Steps Calculation Values Unit Output

1 Footing area calculation
Min depth of footing from GL
IS
ℎ=𝜎/ 𝑠 𝑛 )/(1+𝑠 𝑛 0.585 m
1080:1985
Approximate footing (Af)=P/ϭ 11.534 m^2
Overburden Load (P') =ɣhAf 128.153 KN
Total Axial Load (Pt) = P + P' 1281.532 KN
Area required (Areq)=Pt/ϭ 12.815 m^2
For Square Footing size Size
Length(L) 3.580 M L=4m
Breath(B) 3.580 M B=4m
Area provided(Apro) 16.000 m^2 0k
2 Depth Calculation
Upward soil pressure(wu) 108.129 KN/m^2
Design moment at column face
138.405 KNm
Mu=((𝑤𝑢 𝑥^2)/2)*b
Table
C,SP 16 Mu=0.138fckbd^2
d 204.294 mm
Adopted d 500.000 mm d=500m
Overall depth(D) 550.000 mm D=500m
3 Astreqd Calculation
Annex-G
IS
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d( 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑦/
456:2000 𝑏 )
Astreqd(Ast) 658.628 mm^2
Use Φ bar 16.000 mm
ast=(∏ Φ^2)/4 201.062
Spacing=(1000ast/Ast) 305.274 mm Provide
Adopted Spacing(S) 120.000 mm 16
112
Astprov 1675.516 mm^2 120
Astprov (p) 0.335 %
4 Check for one way shear
Grade of Concrete 25.000 Mpa
p 0.335 %
Table19
IS Design shear strength(τc) 0.404 N/mm^2
456:2000
Critical depth is taken at distance d
from colunm face
Shear force(Vu) 475.769 KN
Nominal shear stress(τv) 0.238 N/mm^2 <τc(OK)
5 Check for two way shear

The critical section is taken at 0.5d
from face of column
Shear force (Vu) 1547.330 KN
Cl
31.6.2.1
Nominal shear stress (τv) 0.595 N/mm^2
IS
456:2000
Cl 31.6.3 τc=0.25*√fck 1.250
IS
456:2000 =(𝑠ℎ 𝑡 𝑠 𝑙𝑢 𝑛)/( 1.000
𝑙 𝑛𝑔 𝑠 𝑙𝑢 𝑛)
should
ks=0.5+βc 1.500 be <= 1
Take ks 1.000
τc'=ks*τc 1.250 N/mm^2 >τc (OK)
6 Development Length
Cl 26.2.1
Ld=47.0
IS 47.012 υ
dia
456:2000 Ld= )/4𝜏𝑏
113
Ld 752.188 mm Ld=752mm
Actual embedment length provide
1550.000 mm
from face of column >Ld (OK)
Load transfer from column to
7
footing
Nominal bearing stress in the column
3.004 N/mm^2
concrete, σbr = Pu/Ac
Cl 34.4
IS
456:2000 Allowable bearing stress =0.45*fck 11.250 N/mm^2
σbr<σall
Hence safe,
no need of
separate
dowel bars
114
6. CONCLUSION
This project is the result of group effort of whole group’s member and the valuable
guidance of our supervisor. The project work enables us to consolidate the knowledge of
analysis and design of structure during our B.E course.
Since the project site is located at Lagankhel, we have given more emphasis on
earthquake load rather than others. The seismic coefficient method is used to analysis the
building due to more practicable and easy. SAP 2000 V14 provided to be helpful tools in
the analysis of frame for various loading condition. In the project, the analysis, design and
detailing of all require element of building were done based on 3-D frame analysis by
SAP 2000 V14.
Detail structural design of building is important aspect of construction procedure.

Practically an engineer employed must have knowledge on designs, construction
procedures, site study etc. Design and layout of the building services like pipeline,
electrical appliances, sanitary and sewage system were not covered in this project. The
environmental, social and economical condition of the locality was not taken into
consideration. The project work was only related with the practical application of the
studied courses in the field. Detail cost estimate of the project was not included in this
report.
Finally we hope that efforts and coordination for the project work will prove much useful
in our career and project will be helpful in providing information on the earthquake
resistant design and its safe practice and we hope, this project will help us in similar jobs
that we might have in our hands in the future.
115
ANNEX
116
TABLES
117
DRAWINGS
118
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.1. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Jain, A. K. - Reinforced Concrete-Limit State Design
2. Sinha, S. N. - Reinforced Concrete Design
3. Varghese, P.C. - Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete
4. Pillai, S. Unnikrishna and Menon, Devdas - Reinforced Concrete Design
5. Agarwal, Pankaj and Shrikhande, Manish – Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
7.2. REFERENCE CODES:
1. IS 456 : 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

2. IS 875 : 1987 Code of Practice for Design Load for Building and
Structures (Part I – Dead Loads; Part II – Imposed
Loads)
3. IS 1893(Part I):2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
4. IS 13920 : 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected to Seismic Forces – Code of Practice
5. SP 16 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS
456:1978
6. SP 34 Hand book on Concrete Reinforcement and
Detailing
119
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake

Thesis · November 2015

Final year Civil Engineering Project View project

Structural Rehabilitation and Strengthening View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Binod Khadka (670212)

Babin Dahal (670206)

Bishal K.C. (670214)

Isha Bhattarai (670222)

Madhab Dangal (670228)

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Q Design Lateral Force

D.L Dead Load

All dimensions are in mm units unless specified.

1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK

 To achieve a practical knowledge on structural analysis, design and detailing of structural

 Modeling of the building for structural analysis.

1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. Identification of the building and requirement of the space

1.4. Brief description of the proposed project

Type of the Project : Structural Analysis and design of Commercial Building

Building type : Commercial and Official building

Location : Lagankhel, Lalitpur

Structural type : Special moment resisting RCC framed

Plinth area : 467.452m2

Floor to floor height

Ground and upto 7th floor : 3.7338 m

Column height : 3.81 m

Dome height (crown) : 3.5052 m

Type of slab 1) Two way slab

2) One way slab

1) 800x800mm(Interior Column and Isolated Column)

Type of staircase : Open well

Type of foundation : Raft Foundation

Method of analysis : Static Analysis (SAP 2000 V14)

Design concept : limit state design

Concrete Grade used : M25

Dead load : calculated as per IS 857 part I 1987

Live load : calculated as per IS 857 part II 1987

Seismic load : calculated as per IS 1893 (part I) 2002 using Seismic

Preliminary design : IS 456:2000

Soil type : Soft soil

Bearing capacity of soil : 100KN/m2

Direction Frame Naming

1.8. Literature Review

1.9. Selection of building and data collection

1.10. Study of Architectural Drawing

1.11. Preliminary design

1.12. Load calculation

1.12.1.1. Dead load

1.12.1.2. Live load

1.12.1.3. Lateral load

1.12.2. Loading pattern

Lx/2 Ly-Lx Lx/2

Fig. Loading pattern in beam

1.12.3. Load Cases

4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)

Following load combination are adopted for design

1.13. Modeling and Analysis of building

1.13.1. Methods and tools for analysis

1. Creating grid/ model

b) Section (beam, column, slab)

4. Analyze the structure