MA 1102 Quiz 2 Solution Key

(1) Let Pn (x) be a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1. Let f (x) and g(x) be two functions with
derivatives of order n in an open interval around 0 and assume that f (x) = Pn (x)+xn g(x)
where,
lim g(x) = 0
x→0
(a) Show that the Taylor polynomials of degree n at x = 0 of f and Pn are same.
1
(b) Using (a) show that the Taylor Polynomial of of degree n at x = 0 of f (x) = 1−x is
1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn .
[4]
Solution:
1(a)
dk n
f (x) = Pn (x) + xn g(x), thus f (0) = Pn (0). Note that dxk
x g(x)|x=0 = 0 for 1 ≤ k ≤ n.
dn
(we need limx→0 g(x) = 0 to conclude that dxn xn g(x)|x=0 = 0.) Thus for 1 ≤ k ≤ n, we
have,
dk n
f (k) (0) = Pn(k) (0) +
x g(x)|x=0 = Pn(k) (0).
dxk
Hence Taylor polynomial of degree n of f (x) and Pn (x) are same. [2 Marks]
1(b)
Note that
1 x
= 1 + x + · · · + xn + xn .
1−x 1−x
1 x
Let f (x) = 1−x , g(x) = 1−x and Pn (x) = 1 + x + · · · + xn . Note that limx→0 g(x) = 0.
By part (a), Taylor polynomials of degree n at x = 0 of f and Pn are same. Now
dk
Pn(k) (0) = (1 + x + · · · + xn )|x=0 = k!.
dxk
Hence the Taylor polynomial of degree n of Pn (x) at x = 0 is
n (k)
X Pn (0)
Pn (0) + xk = 1 + x + · · · + xn = Pn (x).
k!
k=1

Hence Taylor Polynomial of of degree n at x = 0 of f (x) is 1 + x + · · · + xn . [2 Marks]

2

(2) Expand the function f (x) = x2 as a Fourier series in [−π, π]. Hence, compute the sum
of the series, [4]
1 1 1 1 1
1− 2
+ 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ···
2 3 4 5 6
Solution Z π
1 1
a0 = x2 dx = π 2 .[1Mark]
2π −π 3

Z π
1
an = x2 cos(nx)dx
π −π
" #π
2 x2 sin(nx) 2x cos(nx) 2 sin(nx)
= + −
π n n2 n3
0
4 4
= cos(nπ) = 2 (−1)n .[1Mark]
n2 n

1 π 2
Z
bn = x sin(nx)dx = 0.[1Mark]
π −π
Hence Fourier series of f (x) is

∞
X (−1)n cos(nx)
1 2
π +4 .
3 n2
n=1
Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, value of Fourier series at x = 0 is f (0). Thus
X (−1)n ∞
1
0 = f (0) = π 2 + 4 .
3 n2
n=1

Hence,
∞
X (−1)n+1 π2
= .[1Mark]
n2 12
n=1
 3

(3) Expand f (x) = cos x as a half range Fourier sine series on (0, π). [4]
Solution
We have
∞
X
cos x = bk sin kx for x ∈ (0, π), 1Mark
k=1
where Z π
2
bk = cos x sin kx dx.
π 0
First we observe that
Z π Z π
2 cos x sin kxdx = (sin(k + 1)x + sin(k − 1)x)dx.
0 0

In particular, one gets

Z π
1
b1 = sin(2x)dx = 0.1Mark
π 0

Secondly, for k > 1, we obtain that

Z π Z π
2 cos x sin kxdx = (sin(k + 1)x + sin(k − 1)x)dx
0 0
cos(k + 1)x cos(k − 1)x π
 
= − +
k+1 k−1 
0
k+1 k−1
 
(−1) − 1 (−1) −1
= − +
k+1 k−1
2k
= −[(−1)k−1 − 1] 2
k −1

Hence, 2 Marks

1
Z π
2k 0,

for n odd,
bk = 2 cos x sin kxdx = −[(−1)k−1 − 1] =
π 0 π(k 2 − 1)  4k

π(k2 −1)
, for n even.

1. Simplification for bk for k > 1 is not required for full marks.

4

(4) Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system of linear equations

2x − y + 3z = 3

4x + 2y − 2z = 10

6x − 3y + z = 9

Hence, determine whether there exists real numbers α, β and γ such that x = sin α,
y = cos β and z = tan γ satisfying the above system. Justify your answer. [4]

Proof. (i). Consider the augmented matrix

 
2 −1 3 3
 
 4 2 −2 10 
 
 
6 −3 1 9


 R2 − 2R1 and R3 − 3R1
y
 
2 −1 3 3
 
 0 4 −8 4 
 
 
0 0 −8 0

2 Marks
then we get: x = 2, y = 1, z = 0. 1 Mark.
(ii): Since x = sin α = 2, y = cos β = 1 and z = tan γ = 0, and by the fact that
−1 ≤ sin α ≤ 1, no solution for α exists. Hence no solution such that x = sin α,
y = cos β and z = tan γ satisfy the system. 1 Mark 
 5

(5) Let  
3
1 1 −1
4 
A =  1 − 13 − 23
 
1 
 
2
2 1 3 − 13
Let R = {r1 , r2 , r3 } be its row vectors and C = {c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 } be its column vectors.
(a) Find a row echelon form of A.
(b) Deduce a basis for the row space and the column space of A as subsets of R and C
respectively. [4]
 
3
1 1 −1
4 
Proof. 5(a)  1 − 31 − 23
 
1 
 
2 1
2 1 3 −3

 R2 − 4 R1 and R3 − 8 R1

y 3 3
 
3
1 1 −1
4 
 0 − 53 −2 7
 
3

 
0 − 53 −2 7
3 

 R3 − R2
y
 
3
1 1 −1
4 
 0 − 53 −2 7  2Marks
 
 3 
0 0 0 0

5(b) rank(A) = rank(At ) = 2. Hence dimension of row space and column space is 2. Since
none of the row (column) vectors is multiple of another row (column) vectors, any two element
of R (resp. C) is a basis of row space (resp. column space). For example,
{r1 , r2 } is a basis of row space. [1 Mark]
{c2 , c4 } is a basis of column space. [1 Mark]