Degree of hydration = (weight of hydrated cement)/(initial unhydrated cement weight)

Weight of hydrated cement = 80g (=25.4ml)

Weight of unhydrated cement = 20g (31.8-25.4=6.4ml

Non-evaporable water content

0.23x80=18.4g(=18.4ml)

Volume occupied by solid products of hydration

(80/3.15)+(0.23x80)-(0.23x80x0.254)=39.12ml

Gel porosity; (wg: gel water weight)

wg/(39.12+wg)=0.28
wg=15.2g(=15.2ml)

Total water content at 0.8 degree of hydration

(0.23x80)+15.2=33.6g(=33.6ml)
Capillary water = (total water-total water content)
= 55-33.6 = 21.4ml
Volume of empty capillary pores =
(Total volume)-(vol. of hydrated products+unhydrated cement+gel-water+capillary water)
= (55+31.8)-(39.2+6.35+21.4+15.2)
=4.65ml

Predicting Strength of cement paste

Powers and Brownyard

𝑆"#$%& = 𝑃) 𝑋 +
 𝑉-
𝑋=
𝑉- + 𝑉/"
𝑉- = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
= 15.2+39.2
=54.4ml
𝑉/" = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 21.4+4.65
=26.05ml

54.4
𝑋= = 0.68
54.4 + 26.05

𝑆"#$%& = 234×0.68M = 73.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

Degree of hydration: 1

Weight of hydrated cement 100g (=31.8ml)

Weight of unhydrated cement = 0

Non-evaporable water content

0.23x100=23g(=23.0ml)

Volume occupied by solid products of hydration

(100/3.15)+(0.23x100)-(0.23x100x0.254)=48.9ml

Gel porosity; (wg: gel water weight)

wg/(48.9+wg)=0.28
wg=19g(=19ml)

Total water content at 1 degree of hydration

(0.23x100)+19=42.0g(=42.0ml)

Capillary water = (total water-total water content)

= 55-42 = 13.0ml
Volume of empty capillary pores =
(Total volume)-(vol. of hydrated products+unhydrated cement+gel-water+capillary water)
= (55+31.8)-(48.9+0+13+19)
=5.9ml
Predicting Strength of cement paste

Powers and Brownyard

𝑆"#$%& = 𝑃) 𝑋 +
𝑉-
𝑋=
𝑉- + 𝑉/"
𝑉- = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
= 19.0+48.9
=67.9
𝑉/" = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 5.9+13
=18.9

67.9
𝑋= = 0.782
67.9 + 18.9

𝑆"#$%& = 234×0.782M = 112𝑀𝑃𝑎

Weight of hydrated cement = 70g (=22.2ml)

Weight of unhydrated cement = 30g (31.8-22.2=9.6ml)

Non-evaporable water content

0.23x70=16.1g(=16.1ml)

Volume occupied by solid products of hydration

(70/3.15)+(0.23x70)-(0.23x70x0.254)=34.23ml

Gel porosity; (wg: gel water weight)

wg/(34.23+wg)=0.28
wg=13.3g(=13.3ml)

Total water content at 0.7 degree of hydration

(0.23x70)+13.3=29.2g(=29.2ml)

Capillary water = (total water-total water content)

= 35-29.2 = 5.8ml
Volume of empty capillary pores =
(Total volume)-(vol. of hydrated products+unhydrated cement+gel-water+capillary water)
= (35+31.8)-(34.23+9.52+13+5.8)
=4.25ml
Powers and Brownyard
𝑆"#$%& = 𝑃) 𝑋 +
𝑉-
𝑋=
𝑉- + 𝑉/"
𝑉- = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
= 13.3+34.23
=47.53
𝑉/" = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 4.25+5.8
=10.05

47.53
𝑋= = 0.825
47.53 + 10.05

𝑆"#$%& = 234×0.825M = 131.4𝑀𝑃𝑎

if x g of cement is hydrated and all of 30g water is consumed for hydration,

volume occupied by solids products of hydration

x/3.15+0.23x-0.254*0.23x=0.489x
gel porosity
wg/(0.489x+wg)=0.28------------------(1)

total water content

0.23x+wg=35g--------------------------(2)

solve simultaneous equations (1) & (2)

x= 83.0g

Weight of hydrated cement 83g (=26.35)

Weight of unhydrated cement = 17g(=5.4ml)

Non-evaporable water content

0.23x83=19.1g(=19.1ml)

Volume occupied by solid products of hydration

(83/3.15)+(0.23x83)-(0.23x83x0.254)=40.6ml

Gel porosity; (wg: gel water weight)

wg/(40.6+wg)=0.28
wg=15.8g(=15.8ml)

Total water content at 1 degree of hydration

(0.23x83)+15.8=35g(=35ml)
Capillary water = (total water-total water content)
=0
Volume of empty capillary pores =
(Total volume)-(vol. of hydrated products+unhydrated cement+gel-water+capillary water)
= (35+31.8)-(40.6+5.4+15.8)
=5ml

Powers and Brownyard

𝑆"#$%& = 𝑃) 𝑋 +
𝑉-
𝑋=
𝑉- + 𝑉/"
𝑉- = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
= 15.8+40.6
=56.4
𝑉/" = 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
=5
=5

56.4
𝑋= = 0.92
56.4 + 5

𝑆"#$%& = 234×0.92M = 182.2𝑀𝑃𝑎