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after experiencing poverty. The information displayed on this paper is to validate the idea that
as an outcome of poverty, adolescents are more likely to be prone to mental disorders due to
having stress, low self-esteem and feeling unattended. The information unwraps the question of
responsibility. Are all impoverished adolescents bound to be subject to mental health issues? Is
there a way to avoid it? To understand the development of personality disorders, this paper
focuses on the systematic constructs that most may not link to the average adolescent growing
oppression. Scarcity involves the constant stress and struggle to survive, provide, and invest.
Internalized oppression deals with difficulty in coping with self-hatred and how it leads lack of
work ethic. Classism refers to the lack of counseling, treatment, and education. In conclusion,
these arguments create a reality for my experience as a teenage minority in which each outcome
Acknowledgements
To my parent’s who did their best to raise me and to the friends who now make me.
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 3
after experiencing poverty. The information displayed on this paper is to validate the idea that
as an outcome of poverty, adolescents are more likely to be prone to mental disorders due to
having stress, low self-esteem and feeling unattended. The information unwraps the question of
responsibility. Are all impoverished adolescents bound to be subject to mental health issues? Is
there a way to avoid it? To understand the development of personality disorders, this paper
focuses on the systematic constructs that most may not link to the average adolescent growing
oppression. Scarcity involves the constant stress and struggle to survive, provide, and invest.
Internalized oppression deals with difficulty in coping with self-hatred and how it leads lack of
work ethic. Classism refers to the lack of counseling, treatment, and education. In conclusion,
these arguments create a reality for my experience as a teenage minority in which each
The Incident
The only thing I fear is my growth and being able to see myself before I was old enough
to fear is something I must live with. People say that your life is not written for you but rather
your actions drive the pen. When I was younger, nothing in the mirror indicated my future. The
only thing I remember seeing was myself getting ready for the next day. When I was in
elementary, my mother helped my sister and I get ready for school the night before. Nothing felt
better than those moments. Every second we had together on those nights were used to make up
It’s August 21, 2008, my mom surprises me with the Jansport backpack I always
wanted. The smooth black and white fabric gives me a sense of comfort; however, the straps
feel a bit rough for my arms so I walk around the house with it on. As I roam around, I imagine
walking through the school halls and making my way into my second grade class, my first day
back. The alarming bells could be heard in the back as I take my seat on the couch. Entertained,
my mother calls me over to get ready for bed. Walking towards my room, my ears catch the
sound of my dog barking. Glancing out a nearby window I see a gloomy, overcast sky and a
light rain falling onto the leafless yard. Suddenly, there’s knocking at the front door.
I make my way towards the security door, confused about who could be knocking at this
hour. Right before I am able to reach the handle, the door slams against the house. The sound of
pounding against the door resonates all throughout the house. It grows louder and louder,
calling out for entry until the cadence matches the same tempo as my heart. The lights go out,
the room is silent. Before I can ask any questions, my mother rushes us to my room and locks
the door. Our bodies fall against the floor as my mother calls the police. Instead of hiding, she
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 5
looks everywhere for any possible entry points. My sister panics but all I can do is stare out the
back window of my room. The moon shined bright through the stormy clouds, hovering over
my life.
Along with that view came an arm, breaking the window, with shattered glass impaled
over it dripping with blood that stained the walls. I follow my mothers lead out the front door
with my arm gripping on my sisters hand over the thoughts that overflow my brain. But these
thoughts are interrupted by something familiar, my dog. She barks at the unknown from the
window. My hands grip on my dogs stomach as I lift her up, but my eyes are beguiled to the
threat. Shivering limbs slowly turn my head towards the figure. Aware, he turns his eyes
picture of Marvin Navarro Aramburo and his dad during Christmas. (2002).
Figure 1. A
Analysis
Introduction
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When I was about seven years old, my father spent his last days in my life trying to
kidnap me between August and September of 2008. On that night, he failed to even talk to me
but on the second attempt, I was held against my will. Fortunately, I convinced him to let me go
and the police arrested him prior to our court session. My father was then diagnosed with
schizophrenia and later deported to Michoacan, Mexico, returning to the same poverty he once
tried to escape. While in jail, he was allowed to express his mind through arts and crafts. I kept
the pendant he made, a lizard which now hangs next to a picture of us during christmas, his
The next few years felt unfamiliar. With a family of four and a one-bedroom apartment,
there was never a moment in which I didn’t feel observed. Daunting eyes followed my every
move. Mumbling became a common sound to my ears. I called for apologies and admonishes
from the most dependable. The creased mind of a young child was dissected from the moment
he spoke to answer two questions … is he normal … should I be afraid? It was clear that my
family feared I would be like my father. As the spitting image of my father, it was hard moving
on. It’s hard to ignore something seen everyday. I have my father's hands. I start to cry when I
see them because they remind me of seeing him. Reminded me of the days I felt the world
revolved around me to make me forever happy in this seemingly giving life. No stress, no
Took me a while before I grew out of ignorance. The real world collapsed my
childhood at an early age, with constant worries about how my family will survive through the
next day. My mother would work twelve hours a day as a garment worker to support our
growth, leaving me with hardly enough time to talk to her about the fear of my sanity.
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One way or another, I am haunted. Since then, the decisions I’ve made pile up on my
back leaving me hunched over, unable to visualize anything beyond and making me feel
comfortable feeling as low as the poverty I was raised in. Whether it is through any interaction
or simply walking, the stress over the consciousness of my development slowly deteriorates my
mental health. I’ve usually felt numb to the pain, but when a window of happiness appears it’s
usually shattered by my past emotions. These are the times in which I contemplate my life.
Even now I am, as I analyze the basis in which I, an adolescent growing up in poverty, grew and
had in order to develop. In order to understand the position I am in as of this moment, there
Could this have been prevented, would it be any different if I didn’t grow up in poverty?
I needed to understand why my story, regardless if unique, can be placed on the spectrum of my
country’s social problems. The United States is home to many enduring issues coming together
to form the perfect society in which imperfection flourishes. Aside the issue of race and sex, the
interchangeable issue of social class, poverty specifically, has yet to be dealt with since it was
referred to in ranks. The poverty in which I was birthed from need’s to be involved in the
Study of Focus
The focus of this paper is to validate the idea that as an outcome of poverty, adolescents
are more likely to be prone to personality disorders due to feelings of being stressed,
disorders in adolescents who experience poverty, there must be a focus on the roles played by
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 8
systematic constructs such as: scarcity, classism, and internalized oppression. Through the
works of researchers from sites such as WebMD and the Huffington Post, the paper will dissect
Scarcity
Paying attention to your mental development becomes nearly impossible when each day
is lived without the next secured. The constant stress resulting from living in unsuitable housing
conditions - struggling to pay bills, clothing, and food - drain cognitive capacity that could
otherwise be used for productive purposes (UNESCO, 2014, par. 2). According to the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP), poverty is all about “the denial of opportunities and
choices [that are essential] to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of
living, freedom, dignity, self-esteem and the respect of others” (UNESCO, 2014, par. 2). When
it comes to poverty, there is a constant struggle for people to survive, provide, and invest for
what’s to come, resulting in an overwhelming amount of pressure (Stallone, 2017, par. 4). How
much money you’re letting go of in one moment and how much is left in the end is the only
thing that matters, ceasing any possibility to save up money for the future. Not only does
poverty slow down the process of improvement but also the ability to properly develop a
As an adolescent, there isn’t much that can be done to sustain your family, being left to
either observe or give up your childhood to provide (Ratcliffe C., 2015). Something as simple as
taking care of younger siblings or eating at home is a start to limiting the use of money, but
what about earning? Due to federal child labor laws, the minimum age to work is 14, falling
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 9
right in the middle of the adolescence age gap (Dupiax, 2019, par. 1). It is likely, especially in
mostly to help pay things their family wish they could worry less about. As the labor force
continues to vary between younger ages, the likeliness of being hired is higher. According to the
in July 2018, there were 20.9 million employed 16- to 24-year-olds, about the same
number as the summer before. Between April and July 2018, the number of employed
youth rose by 2.0 million, in line with the change between April and July 2017.
As the numbers gradually increase by the year, it is expected for youth to experience the same
responsibilities as an adult (Johnson M.K., 2011). This would mean learning to manage money
at a young age and feeling self-reliant, absorbing the stress of making sure all money is
On top of these responsibilities, adolescents are expected to keep up with the demands
of school. For students, there is a constant struggle to prioritize time due to the many important
commitments they make such as school work and sports (Ratcliffe, 2015). Not only are the
responsibilities a problem, but also students habit of procrastinating (Novotney, 2010, par. 2).
Too many things to worry about can make an adolescent give into poverty. The weight of
having to provide can cause an adolescent to give up his or her studies in order to continue
providing.
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Data from Figure 2 depicts a list of the most popular reasons for student dropouts by
percentage. According to the chart, 19% of students felt the need to drop out to support their
family while a 27.6% dropped out due to lack of grades (Gould, C. W., 2015). As said before,
the accumulation of liabilities placed on a student can be too stressful to continue to balance. If
a student does attempt to juggle between work and school, the damage will reflect on their
report card. This will cause the lack of grades, affecting the larger percentage of dropouts.
The shaping of children’s biology and behavior by experience starts early and happens
rapidly; therefore, giving a child the best conditions of life is important (Allen LR, 2015).
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With the stresses of poverty accumulating over the years, damage is sure to be reflected
on an adolescent's brain. Through further study, research indicates that the effects of poverty on
physiologic and neurobiologic development are likely central to the lifelong effects of poverty,
attached to physical and mental health. In a research article titled Poverty, Stress, and Brain
Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention b y Clancy Blair, from the NBC
(National Center for Biotechnology), the author states,“ One study examined a cross-sectional
sample of 389 children aged 4 to 22 years and found that children in families in poverty had
reduced gray matter volumes in the frontal and temporal cortex and the hippocampus.”
Figure 3. Brainscape. Image giving facts about loss of gray matter. (2017).
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Gray matter functions as the brain parts where information is processed. To understand
this, think about it as a computer system. The gray matter of our brain acts as the computer
while white matter acts as cables that connect everything and transmit signals (Heerema, 2019).
So why does this matter? Well, the lower the gray matter is the harder it is to process
information, causing such things as short term memory and language impairment. Even worse,
new research shows that the lack of gray matter in the brain is linked to schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder. According to Lack Of Grey Matter In Brain Is Linked To Schizophrenia And
Bipolar Disorder by ScienceDaily, it is said that, “A new study shows that adolescents
experiencing a first outbreak of psychosis have lower levels of gray matter in their brains than
healthy teenagers.” With the accumulation of stressors an adolescent endures in poverty, there is
a higher likeliness of a psychotic episode (Tanap, 2019). Stress damages mental health, leading
sometimes to substance abuse, which all cause psychotic breakdowns (Tanap, 2019). Slowly,
the mind of an adolescent enduring poverty is deteriorating as stress runs through the mind,
As an adolescent, there are struggles to how mental health is dealt with because of the
culture within poverty (Miller, 2001). There is no time to think about your sanity when there are
commitments and problems taking up most of your time. It’s not a question of morality to
protect an adolescents brain, it’s about the long-lasting effects on their growth. In the end, the
only important thing is to preserve and support our society’s most important legacy, the
developing brain.
Internalized Oppression
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Being born, there is no sense of placement within the world around you. The only thing
you learn as you grow older is how to fit in with what was given to you. The lesson you learn
with the life given builds your nurture as well as an evident nature for following generations.
There’s not always a positive perspective of life, leaving questions about the possibilities you
The struggle is the ability to accept. Accepting the fact that you grew up a certain way is
the beginning to a healthy lifestyle. Not many people bring up the idea of a culture within
poverty that has managed to oppress itself through decades. And so because we don't talk about,
But why are we struggling? The idea that people themselves accept stereotypes and lies
normalized for them by society create what researchers call “internalized oppression” (GCORR,
2016). Internalized oppression is when individuals or groups of people are discriminated against
through unjust means and the oppressed victimize themselves. I am poor because I deserve it.
This “victim mentality” causes the person, in this case an adolescent, to believe that what they is
Internalized oppression among adolescents in poverty starts with the psychology concept
known as the “fundamental attribution error”. According to Maia Szalavitz in her 2017 article,
Why do we think poor people are poor because of their own bad choices?, she states that, “This
is a natural tendency to see the behavior of others as being determined by their character – while
excusing our own behavior based on circumstances (Szalavitz, 2017, par. 4). With this
mentality in mind, it is hard to look forward to any progress or achievement that seems out of
reach. People turn to the most convenient routes, reducing work ethic. Not about the job
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 14
themselves but the ability to study hard for them. With already having insufficient school
support, an adolescent in poverty might find no reason to put in extra work into studying if a
If you’re feeling like a victim from your own mentality, there is a struggle with low
self-confidence (Lefkoe, par. 5). The anxiety felt from the constant abuse of your own thoughts
make it hard for someone in poverty to feel the means to improve both mentally and socially.
Low self-esteem encourages the student to give up because they might not succeed, affecting
their mental health and ability to form a healthy lifestyle. As this self-hatred increases, the more
likely it is to suffer from a mental defect. When it comes to low self-esteem, it tends to work in
a vicious cycle with other mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and psychosis
(Gold, 2016, par. 6). According to Anne Gold, the Director of CIRES Education & Outreach at
it's hard to say which comes first, only that the combination is both common and
troublesome. Someone who already lives with a mental illness may find that low self-esteem
develops due to the social stigma surrounding mental illness. Stigma can perpetuate the feeling
With that being said, no one is born with a victim mentality, just as no one is born with stress or
anxiety. It is acquired through the experiences, in this case poverty, that a person grows up with.
There is hardly any motivation to seek treatment, mostly because it’s thought to be
normal to experience this. We accept the limitations put upon us by society; we perpetuate the
dehumanizing messages being drilled into us because we have taken them to heart and made
them our truth (Lynn, 2016, par. 5). We become new slaves of the modern world, finding a
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 15
means to survive and not improving due to the idea that “this is what I deserve”. Our faith in the
stereotypes make up part of it, driving the life of our mental health.
Classism
Although there might be a sense of comfort within poor adolescents’ self-esteem, there
be a means in which to turn to. The development of any mental health issue should be able to be
preventable or reduced at the least. However, that’s not the case. When it comes to having
accessibility, social class divides the opportunity to receive certain aid towards stress or even
schizophrenia. This creates the intent to find help harder, leaving the adolescent unattended.
This is all a matter of classism. Classism refers to the "attitudes and discriminatory
actions towards others based on their low socioeconomic status" (NCCJ, 2007). Classism is
associated with lower levels of school belonging, negative psychosocial outcomes, and greater
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 16
intentions of leaving school (Regina Day, 2009). For a student, classism balances out through
school and society as a whole, being limited to the amount of resources in both.
In a school environment, low-income adolescents are less likely to turn to guidance from
a counselor. In Not Enough Students Have Mentors, And We Must Change That by Andre Perry,
it is claimed that, “ [The fact that students don't rely on counselors] is especially true for
low-income students and underrepresented populations who are less likely to have a connection
with someone in a managerial position.” The effects of an adolescent not having any way to
clear out their thoughts can be dangerous and lead to lifelong effects. Unattended stress has
permanent effects on our emotional well-being and responses. Without the release of emotions
such as stress, anxiety, and guilty that come from poverty, the higher is the likeliness of mental
causes hyperarousal, which impairs concentration, attention, learning and memory, all of which
can consequently cause depression and other health conditions. Student’s aren’t aware of this
because it’s not something that is brought to their attention. With other commitments and
problems in mind, the awareness of weather your mind is mentally stable is limited and often
ignored.
Not only is there a lack of attention in school grounds but also outside. Economic
inequality is increasingly linked to disparities in life expectancy across the income distribution
(D., Khullar., 2018). The accessibility of medical treatment for adolescents in poverty is hard to
receive with or without financial aid. The support around where your family lives is based on
the income needed to support it. Poor patients, regardless if they have insurance or not, often
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 17
skip care because of cost. Low income families often struggle with,“... the high cost of care,
finding a convenient time to go to the doctor, poor experiences with care, and a lack of trust in
the health care system” (C. Lewis, 2017). Cost isn’t the most impactful reason for limited
attention as it’s reported “indeed, nearly half of all people in poor or fair health — or 46.4
percent — are either uninsured or have affordability problems despite having health insurance”
The most important reason is time. With the struggle to survive and keep up with
commitments, there is no time for a parent to focus on the mental well-being of their child.
Seeking outside professional attention for an adolescent is not in their best interest when it
comes to family management, usually leaving their mental health to deteriorate over the span of
their lifetime. To someone who’s priorities differ from those economically enfrancised, this is
Opinion
in and the development of my character. From the moment that I was born, I was limited to the
needs my family craved. As an adolescent, nothing else was on my mind but surviving.
My father came to the United States at a young age, around the same age I am now. At
18, he tried his best escaping the unforgiving poverty that Mexico endures in Michoacan, with
him often having to live in the street with a dozen other siblings. Coming into the United States,
things didn’t change for him. He worked hard for most of the years to support his brother who
was mentally challenged, not having time for his own mental health.
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 18
My family, as well as I, were subject to the scarcity that poverty enforces. I am forced
find a means in which to survive and provide, that’s why I have a job now to support my family.
I do not have time to invest for my future, which is why I chose to go to CSULA instead of UC
Davis. I am internally oppressed by the belief that this is what I deserve and this is why I don’t
have the ethic to improve. I am subject to classism, limiting my options even if I try to seek
The mixture of all these ideas are the causes of the stress, anxiety, and loneliness I feel
on a day-to-day basis. This causes the long-term feeling of sadness, and can probably explain
why my father developed schizophrenia. I am a product of my nurture and the only thing I can
do now is
Conclusion
anxiety, and the feeling of being unattended all are factors when it comes to developing
Adolescents need to survive one way or another, so they either contribute or give up. If
they choose to give up, they will drown in their feeling of helplessness. If they try to help, they
will most likely find a job, risking grades and mental health due to the amount of
responsibilities.
An adolescent subject to poverty will question if they deserve the state they’re in.
Victim mentality will take over the adolescents intent to try and look for a better opportunities.
This creates a new form of slavery in which poverty seems right and the effects of it feel right.
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Classism makes the ability to receive treatment difficult. The limits that school provides
as well as the fear of consulting, leaving all the accumulated stress and emotions untreated. This
results in the inevitable likeliness for an adolescent experiencing poverty to suffer from a
personality disorder.
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