Termodinámica 1

Asignación 1er Corte

Ejercicios Observaciones
17.94 17.97 17.100 17.103 Páginas 606-607
17.104 17.107
24 27 28 40 Páginas 542-543
29 31 37 38 Páginas 623-624
40 42

Prof. Jermy Blanco

606 C APÍT U LO 17 Temperatura y calor
17.90. Una varilla de acero con 0.350 m de longitud y una de aluminio
con 0.250 m de longitud, ambas con el mismo diámetro, se colocan ex-
tremo con extremo entre soportes rígidos sin esfuerzo inicial en ellas.
Ahora se incrementa 60.0 C° su temperatura. Calcule el esfuerzo en
cada varilla. (Sugerencia: la longitud de la varilla combinada no cam-
bia, pero las longitudes de las varillas individuales sí. Véase el proble-
ma 17.89.)
17.91. Un anillo de acero con diámetro interior de 2.5000 in a 20.0 °C
se calienta y se ensambla alrededor de un eje de latón con diámetro ex-
terior de 2.5020 in a 20.0 °C. a) ¿A qué temperatura debe calentarse el
anillo durante el ensamble? b) Si el anillo y el eje se enfrían juntos, di-
gamos con aire líquido, ¿a qué temperatura se saldrá el anillo del eje?
17.92. Esfuerzo de volumen por un aumento de temperatura. a) De-
muestre que, si un objeto sometido a presión se calienta sin dejar que
se expanda, el aumento de presión es
Dp 5 Bb DT
donde se supone que el módulo de volumen B y el coeficiente de ex-
pansión de volumen promedio b son positivos y constantes. b) ¿Qué
presión se necesita para evitar que un bloque de acero se expanda, si se
calienta de 20.0 °C a 35.0 °C?
17.93. Un líquido se encierra en un cilindro metálico provisto de un
pistón del mismo metal. Inicialmente el sistema está a una presión de
1.00 atm (1.013 3 105 Pa) y a 30.0 °C. Se empuja el pistón hacia aba-
jo, hasta que la presión sobre el líquido se incrementa en 50.0 atm y se
fija en esta posición. Calcule la nueva temperatura a la que la presión
del líquido será otra vez 1.00 atm. Suponga que el cilindro tiene resis-
tencia suficiente para que su volumen no se altere por los cambios de
presión, sólo por los de temperatura. Use el resultado del problema
17.92. (Sugerencia: véase la sección 11.4.)
Compresibilidad del líquido: k 5 8.50 3 10210 Pa21
Coeficiente de expansión de volumen del líquido: b 5 4.80 3 1024
K21
Coeficiente de expansión de volumen del metal: b 5 3.90 3 1025 K21
17.94. Usted enfría un trozo de hierro al rojo vivo (temperatura de
745 °C) dejándolo caer en una taza aislada con masa insignificante,
que contiene 75.0 g de agua a 20.0 °C. Suponiendo que no hay inter-
cambio de calor con los alrededores, a) ¿cuál será la temperatura final
del agua y b) cuál será la masa final del hierro y del agua que quede?
17.95. Reingreso de naves espaciales. Una nave espacial de alumi-
nio tiene una rapidez orbital de 7700 m>s. a) Calcule la relación entre
su energía cinética y la energía requerida para elevar su temperatura de
0 °C a 600 °C. (El punto de fusión del aluminio es de 660 °C. Suponga
una capacidad calorífica constante de 910 J kg # K.) b) Analice la im-
/
portancia de su respuesta para el problema del reingreso de una nave
tripulada en la atmósfera terrestre.
17.96. Un cabrestante es un tambor o cilindro giratorio sobre el que
desliza una cuerda para amplificar de manera considerable su ten-
sión, al tiempo que se mantienen libres sus extremos (figura 17.33).
Puesto que la tensión adicional es causada por fricción, se genera
energía térmica. a) Si la diferencia de tensión entre los extremos de
la cuerda es de 520.0 N y el cabrestante tiene 10.0 cm de diámetro y
gira una vez cada 0.900 s, calcule la tasa de generación de energía
térmica. ¿Por qué no importa el número de vueltas? b) Si el cabres-
tante es de hierro y tiene una masa de 6.00 kg, ¿con qué rapidez au-
menta su temperatura? Suponga que la temperatura en el cabrestante
es uniforme y que toda la energía térmica generada fluye hacia él.
Figura 17.33 Problema 17.96.
T⬘ , T0
T0
v
17.97. Ley de Debye T3. A temperaturas muy bajas, la capacidad
calorífica molar de la sal de roca varía con la temperatura como T3 se-
gún la ley de Debye:
T3
C5k
U3
donde k 5 1940 J mol # K y U 5 281 K. a) ¿Cuánto calor se requiere
/
para elevar la temperatura de 1.50 mol de sal de roca de 10.0 K a
40.0 K? (Sugerencia: use la ecuación (17.18) en la forma dQ 5 nC dT
e integre.) b) Calcule la capacidad calorífica molar media en este in-
tervalo. c) Calcule la capacidad calorífica molar verdadera a 40.0 K.
17.98. Una persona con masa de 70.0 kg está sentada en una tina
de 190.0 cm por 80.0 cm. Antes de entrar ella, el agua tenía 10.0 cm de
profundidad. El agua está a 37.0 °C. Suponga que el agua se enfriara
espontáneamente para formar hielo a 0.0 °C y que toda la energía libe-
rada se usara para lanzar al pobre bañista verticalmente hacia arriba.
¿Qué altura alcanzaría? (Como veremos en el capítulo 20, la conserva-
ción de la energía permite este suceso pero lo prohíbe la segunda ley
de la termodinámica.)
17.99. Aire caliente en una clase de física. a) Un estudiante típico
que escucha atentamente una clase de física produce 100 W de calor.
¿Cuánto calor desprende un grupo de 90 estudiantes de física, en una
aula durante una clase de 50 min? b) Suponga que toda la energía térmi-
ca del inciso a) se transfiere a los 3200 m3 de aire del aula. El aire tiene
un calor específico de 1020 J kg # K y una densidad de 1.20 kg>m3. Si
/
nada de calor escapa y el sistema de aire acondicionado está apagado,
¿cuánto aumentará la temperatura del aire durante tal clase? c) Si el
grupo está en examen, la producción de calor por estudiante aumenta a
280 W. ¿Cuánto aumenta la temperatura en 50 min en este caso?
17.100. La capacidad calorífica molar de cierta sustancia varía con la
temperatura, según la ecuación empírica:
C 5 29.5 J mol # K 1 1 8.20 3 1023 J mol # K2 2 T
/ /
¿Cuánto calor se necesita para calentar 3.00 mol de la sustancia de
27 °C a 227 °C? (Sugerencia: use la ecuación (17.18) en la forma
dQ 5 nC dT e integre.)
17.101. Para su cabaña campestre, usted decide construir un primitivo
refrigerador de espuma de poliestireno y planea mantener fresco el
interior con un bloque de hielo, cuya masa inicial es de 24.0 kg.
La caja tiene dimensiones de 0.500 m 3 0.800 m 3 0.500 m. El agua
del hielo derretido se recolecta en el fondo de la caja. Suponga que
el bloque de hielo está a 0.00 °C y que la temperatura exterior es de
21.0 °C. Si la tapa de la caja vacía nunca se abre y usted desea que el
interior de la caja permanezca a 5.00 °C durante una semana exacta-

mente, hasta que el hielo se derrita, ¿cuál debe ser el grosor la es-
puma de poliestireno?
17.102. Calefacción con agua caliente o con vapor. En un sistema
casero de calefacción por agua caliente se alimenta agua a 70.0 °C
(158.0 °F) a los radiadores, de donde sale a 28.0 °C. El sistema se va a
reemplazar por uno de vapor de agua, en el que el vapor a presión at-
mosférica se condensa en los radiadores, saliendo de éstos a 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F). ¿Cuántos kilogramos de vapor suministrarán la misma canti-
dad de calor que suministraba 1.00 kg de agua caliente en el primer
sistema?
17.103. Un calorímetro de cobre con masa de 0.446 kg contiene 0.0950
kg de hielo. El sistema está inicialmente a 0.0 °C. a) Si a la lata se
agregan 0.0350 kg de vapor de agua a 100 °C y 1.00 atm de presión,
¿qué temperatura final alcanzará la lata del calorímetro y su contenido?
b) A la temperatura final, ¿cuántos kilogramos habrá de hielo, cuántos
de agua líquida y cuántos de vapor?
17.104. Un recipiente de espuma de poliestireno de masa insignificante
contiene 1.75 kg de agua y 0.450 kg de hielo. Más hielo, proveniente
de un refrigerador a 215.0 °C, se agrega a la mezcla en el recipiente, y
cuando se alcanza el equilibrio térmico, la masa total del hielo en el re-
cipiente es de 0.778 kg. Suponiendo que no hay intercambio de calor
con los alrededores, ¿cuál es la masa de hielo que se agregó?
17.105. En un recipiente de masa despreciable, se agregan 0.0400 kg de
vapor de agua a 100 °C y presión atmosférica a 0.200 kg de agua a
50.0 °C. a) Si no se transfiere calor con el entorno, ¿qué temperatura fi-
nal alcanzará el sistema? b) A la temperatura final, ¿cuántos kilogra-
mos hay de vapor de agua y cuántos de agua líquida?
17.106. Un tubo conduce desde un calorímetro de 0.150 kg hasta un
matraz donde hierve agua a presión atmosférica. El calorímetro tiene
calor específico de 420 J kg # K que originalmente contiene 0.340 kg
/ mente? ¿Es probable que eso ocurra?
de agua a 15.0 °C. Se permite que se condense vapor en el calorímetro
a presión atmosférica hasta que su temperatura sube a 71.0 °C, después
de lo cual la masa total del calorímetro y su contenido es de 0.525 kg.
Calcule el calor de vaporización del agua con estos datos.
17.107. Un trabajador vierte 1.250 kg de plomo fundido a una tempera-
tura de 365.0 °C en 0.5000 kg de agua a una temperatura de 75.00 °C,
en un recipiente aislado de masa insignificante. Suponiendo que no
hay pérdida de calor hacia los alrededores, calcule la masa de plomo y
del agua remanente en el recipiente cuando los materiales alcanzan el
equilibrio térmico.
17.108. Un método experimental para medir la conductividad térmica
de un material aislante consiste en construir una caja del material y
medir el aporte de potencia a un calentador eléctrico dentro de la caja,
que mantiene el interior a una temperatura medida por encima de la de
la superficie exterior. Suponga que en un aparato así se requiere un
aporte de potencia de 180 W para mantener la superficie interior de la
caja 65.0 C° (aprox. 120 F°) por encima de la temperatura de la super-
ficie exterior. El área total de la caja es de 2.18 m2, y el espesor de la
pared es de 3.90 cm. Calcule la conductividad térmica del material en
unidades del SI.
17.109. Efecto de una ventana en una puerta. Un carpintero cons-
truye una puerta de madera sólida de 2.00 m 3 0.95 m 3 5.0 cm. Su
conductividad térmica es k 5 0.120 W m # K. Las películas de aire en
/ 17.116. La tasa de energía radiante que llega del Sol a la atmósfera su-
las superficies interior y exterior de la puerta tienen la misma resisten-
cia térmica combinada, que un espesor adicional de 1.8 cm de madera
sólida. La temperatura interior es de 20.0 °C, y la exterior, de 28.0 °C.
a) Calcule la tasa de flujo de calor a través de la puerta. b) ¿En qué fac-
tor aumenta el flujo de calor, si en la puerta se coloca una ventana cua-
drada de 0.500 m por lado? El vidrio tiene un espesor de 0.450 cm y
una conductividad térmica de 0.80 W m # K. Las películas de aire jun-
/ de metal de 0.250 m de altura y 0.090 m de diámetro para guardar
to al cristal tienen una resistencia térmica total igual a la de otros 12.0
cm de vidrio.
Problemas 607
17.110. Un plafón de madera con resistencia térmica R1 se cubre con
una capa de aislante con resistencia térmica R2. Demuestre que la re-
sistencia térmica efectiva de la combinación es R 5 R1 1 R2.
17.111. Calcule la relación entre las razones de pérdida de calor a través
de una ventana de un solo cristal con un área de 0.15 m2 y a través de
una ventana de doble cristal con la misma área. Cada cristal tiene un
espesor de 4.2 mm, y el espacio entre los dos cristales de la ventana
doble es de 7.0 mm. El vidrio tiene una conductividad térmica de
0.80 W m # K. Las películas de aire en las superficies interior y exte-
/
rior de ambas ventanas tienen una resistencia térmica combinada de
0.15 m2 # K W.
/
17.112. Se sueldan varillas de cobre, latón y acero para formar una “Y”.
El área transversal de cada varilla es 2.00 cm2. El extremo libre de la
varilla de cobre se mantiene a 100.0 °C; y los extremos libres de las
varillas de latón y acero, a 0.0 °C. Suponga que no hay pérdida de ca-
lor por los costados de las varillas, cuyas longitudes son: cobre, 13.0 cm;
latón, 18.0 cm; acero, 24.0 cm. a) ¿Qué temperatura tiene el punto de
unión? b) Calcule la corriente de calor en cada una de las varillas.
17.113. Tiempo que tarda un lago en cubrirse de hielo. a) Cuando
la temperatura del aire está por debajo de 0 °C, el agua en la superficie
de un lago se congela para formar una plancha de hielo. ¿Por qué no se
congela todo el volumen del lago? b) Demuestre que el espesor del
hielo formado en la superficie de un lago es proporcional a la raíz cua-
drada del tiempo, si el calor de fusión del agua que se congela en la ca-
ra inferior de la capa de hielo atraviesa dicha capa por conducción.
c) Suponiendo que la superficie de arriba del hielo está a 210 °C y que
la de abajo está a 0 °C, calcule el tiempo que tardará en formarse una
capa de hielo de 25 cm de espesor. d) Si el lago del inciso c) tiene una
profundidad uniforme de 40 m, ¿cuánto tardaría en congelarse total-
17.114. Una varilla tiene inicialmente una temperatura uniforme de
0 °C. Un extremo se mantiene a 0 °C y el otro se pone en contacto con
un baño de vapor a 100 °C. La superficie de la varilla está aislada de
modo que el calor sólo puede fluir longitudinalmente por la varilla, que
tiene un área transversal de 2.50 cm2, longitud de 120 cm, conductivi-
dad térmica de 380 W m # K, densidad de 1.00 3 104 kg>m3 y calor es-
/
pecífico de 520 J kg # K. Considere un elemento cilíndrico corto de la
/
varilla de 1.00 cm de longitud. a) Si el gradiente de temperatura en el
extremo más frío de este elemento es de 140 C°>cm, ¿cuántos joules de
energía térmica fluyen por este extremo cada segundo? b) Si la tempe-
ratura media del elemento está aumentando a una tasa de 0.250 C°>s,
calcule el gradiente de temperatura en el otro extremo del elemento.
17.115. Una cabaña rústica tiene un piso cuya área es de 3.50 m 3 3.00 m.
Sus paredes, que miden 2.50 m de alto, están hechas de madera (con-
ductividad térmica de 0.0600 W m # K) de 1.80 cm de grosor y están
/
aisladas con 1.50 cm de un material sintético. Cuando la temperatura
exterior es de 2.00 °C, es necesario calentar la habitación a una tasa de
1.25 kW para mantener su temperatura a 19.0 °C. Calcule la conduc-
tividad térmica del material aislante. Desprecie la pérdida de calor
a través del techo y el piso. Suponga que las superficies interna y ex-
terna de la pared tienen la misma temperatura que el aire en el interior
y afuera de la cabaña.
perior de la Tierra es de cerca de 1.50 kW>m2. La distancia de la Tierra
al Sol es de 1.50 3 1011 m, y el radio del Sol es de 6.96 3 108 m.
a) Calcule la tasa de radiación de energía por unidad de área de la
superficie solar. b) Si el Sol radia como cuerpo negro ideal, ¿qué tem-
peratura superficial tiene?
17.117. Termo para helio líquido. Un físico usa una lata cilíndrica
helio líquido a 4.22 K; a esa temperatura, el calor de vaporización
del helio es de 2.09 3 104 J>kg. La lata está rodeada por completo de
 www.elsolucionario.org
542 CHAPTE R 18 TE M PE RATU R E, H EAT, AN D TH E FI RST L AW OF TH E R M ODYNAM ICS
Module 18-4 Absorption of Heat
•22 One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming
too cold on a night when a severe subfreezing temperature is forecast
is to put a tub of water in the garage. If the mass of the water is 125 kg
and its initial temperature is 20C, (a) how much energy must the wa-
ter transfer to its surroundings in order to freeze completely and
(b) what is the lowest possible temperature of the water and its sur-
roundings until that happens?
•23 SSM A small electric immersion heater is used to heat 100 g
of water for a cup of instant coffee. The heater is labeled
“200 watts” (it converts electrical energy to thermal energy at this
rate). Calculate the time required to bring all this water from
23.0C to 100C, ignoring any heat losses.
•24 A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When
314 J is added as heat to a 30.0 g sample, the sample’s temperature
rises from 25.0C to 45.0C. What are the (a) specific heat and
(b) molar specific heat of this substance? (c) How many moles are
in the sample?
•25 A certain diet doctor encourages people to diet by drinking
ice water. His theory is that the body must burn off enough fat to
raise the temperature of the water from 0.00C to the body tem-
perature of 37.0C. How many liters of ice water would have to be
consumed to burn off 454 g (about 1 lb) of fat, assuming that burn-
ing this much fat requires 3500 Cal be transferred to the ice water?
Why is it not advisable to follow this diet? (One liter  10 3 cm3.
The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3.)
•26 What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of
6.0 Cal/g ( 6000 cal/g), would be equivalent to the change in grav-
itational potential energy of a 73.0 kg man who ascends from sea
level to the top of Mt. Everest, at elevation 8.84 km? Assume that
the average g for the ascent is 9.80 m/s2.
•27 SSM Calculate the minimum amount of energy, in joules,
required to completely melt 130 g of silver initially at 15.0C.
•28 How much water remains unfrozen after 50.2 kJ is trans-
ferred as heat from 260 g of liquid water initially at its freezing
point?
••29 In a solar water heater, energy from the Sun is gathered by
water that circulates through tubes in a rooftop collector. The so-
lar radiation enters the collector through a transparent cover and
warms the water in the tubes; this water is pumped into a holding
tank. Assume that the efficiency of the overall system is 20%
(that is, 80% of the incident solar energy is lost from the system).
What collector area is necessary to raise the temperature of 200
L of water in the tank from 20C to 40°C in 1.0 h when the inten-
sity of incident sunlight is 700 W/m2?
••30 A 0.400 kg sample is placed in a cooling apparatus that re-
moves energy as heat at a con-
stant rate. Figure 18-33 gives 300
the temperature T of the sam-
ple versus time t; the horizon-
tal scale is set by ts  80.0 min.
T (K)
270
The sample freezes during the
energy removal. The specific
heat of the sample in its initial 250
liquid phase is 3000 J/kg K.
0 ts
What are (a) the sample’s heat
t (min)
of fusion and (b) its specific
heat in the frozen phase? Figure 18-33 Problem 30.
••31 ILW What mass of steam at 100C must be mixed with 150 g
of ice at its melting point, in a thermally insulated container, to
produce liquid water at 50C?
••32 The specific heat of a substance varies with temperature ac-
cording to the function c  0.20  0.14T  0.023T 2, with T in C
and c in cal/g K. Find the energy required to raise the temperature
of 2.0 g of this substance from 5.0C to 15C.
••33 Nonmetric version: (a) How long does a 2.0  10 5 Btu/h water
heater take to raise the temperature of 40 gal of water from 70F to
100°F? Metric version: (b) How long does a 59 kW water heater take
to raise the temperature of 150 L of water from 21C to 38C?
••34 Samples A and B are at different initial temperatures
when they are placed in a thermally insulated container and al-
lowed to come to thermal equilibrium. Figure 18-34a gives their
temperatures T versus time t. Sample A has a mass of 5.0 kg; sam-
ple B has a mass of 1.5 kg. Figure 18-34b is a general plot for
the material of sample B. It shows the temperature change T that
the material undergoes when energy is transferred to it as heat Q.
The change T is plotted versus the energy Q per unit mass of the
material, and the scale of the vertical axis is set by Ts  4.0 C.
What is the specific heat of sample A?
100 ΔTs
ΔT (C°)
T (°C) A
60
B
20
0 10 20 0 8 16
t (min) Q /m (kJ/kg)
(a) (b)
Figure 18-34 Problem 34.
••35 An insulated Thermos contains 130 cm3 of hot coffee at
80.0C. You put in a 12.0 g ice cube at its melting point to cool the
coffee. By how many degrees has your coffee cooled once the ice
has melted and equilibrium is reached? Treat the coffee as
though it were pure water and neglect energy exchanges with the
environment.
••36 A 150 g copper bowl contains 220 g of water, both at 20.0C.A
very hot 300 g copper cylinder is dropped into the water, causing the
water to boil, with 5.00 g being converted to steam. The final tem-
perature of the system is 100C. Neglect energy transfers with the
environment. (a) How much energy (in calories) is transferred to
the water as heat? (b) How much to the bowl? (c) What is the orig-
inal temperature of the cylinder?
••37 A person makes a quantity of iced tea by mixing 500 g of hot
tea (essentially water) with an equal mass of ice at its melting
point. Assume the mixture has negligible energy exchanges with its
environment. If the tea’s initial temperature is Ti  90C, when
thermal equilibrium is reached what are (a) the mixture’s tempera-
ture Tf and (b) the remaining mass mf of ice? If Ti  70C, when
thermal equilibrium is reached what are (c) Tf and (d) mf?
••38 A 0.530 kg sample of liquid water and a sample of ice are
placed in a thermally insulated container. The container also con-
tains a device that transfers energy as heat from the liquid water
to the ice at a constant rate P, until thermal equilibrium is
 PROB LE M S 543

reached. The temperatures T of the liquid water and the ice are
given in Fig. 18-35 as functions of time t; the horizontal scale is set
by ts  80.0 min. (a) What is rate P? (b) What is the initial mass of
the ice in the container? (c) When thermal equilibrium is
reached, what is the mass of the ice produced in this process?
40
state C, and then back to A, as shown in the p-V diagram of Fig. 18-
38a. The vertical scale is set by ps  40 Pa, and the horizontal scale
is set by Vs  4.0 m3. (a) – (g) Complete the table in Fig. 18-38b by
inserting a plus sign, a minus sign, or a zero in each indicated cell.
(h) What is the net work done by the system as it moves once
through the cycle ABCA?

C
20 ps
T (°C)

Pressure (Pa)
0
Q W ΔEint

–20 A B A B (a) (b) +

0 ts
B C + (c) (d)
t (min)
0 Vs C A (e) (f) (g)
Figure 18-35 Problem 38. (a) Volume (m3) (b)

••39 Ethyl alcohol has a boiling point of 78.0C, a freezing Figure 18-38 Problem 44.
point of 114C, a heat of vaporization of 879 kJ/kg, a heat of fu-
sion of 109 kJ/kg, and a specific heat of 2.43 kJ/kgK. How much •45 SSM ILW A gas within a
energy must be removed from 0.510 kg of ethyl alcohol that is ini- closed chamber undergoes the 40

Pressure (N/m2)
tially a gas at 78.0C so that it becomes a solid at 114C? cycle shown in the p-V diagram
C B
of Fig. 18-39. The horizontal 30
••40 Calculate the specific heat of a metal from the following scale is set by Vs  4.0 m3.
data. A container made of the metal has a mass of 3.6 kg and con- Calculate the net energy added 20
tains 14 kg of water. A 1.8 kg piece of the metal initially at a tem- to the system as heat during
perature of 180C is dropped into the water. The container and one complete cycle. 10
water initially have a temperature of 16.0C, and the final tempera- A
ture of the entire (insulated) system is 18.0C. •46 Suppose 200 J of work is
0 Vs
done on a system and 70.0 cal is
•••41 SSM WWW (a) Two 50 g ice cubes are dropped into 200 g extracted from the system as Volume (m3)
of water in a thermally insulated container. If the water is initially heat. In the sense of the first law Figure 18-39 Problem 45.
at 25C, and the ice comes directly from a freezer at 15C, what is of thermodynamics, what are
the final temperature at thermal equilibrium? (b) What is the final the values (including algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) Eint?
temperature if only one ice cube is used?
••47 SSM WWW When a system is taken from state i to state f
•••42 A 20.0 g copper ring at
along path iaf in Fig. 18-40, Q  50 cal and W  20 cal. Along path
0.000C has an inner diameter of d ibf, Q  36 cal. (a) What is W along path ibf? (b) If W  13 cal
D  2.54000 cm. An aluminum
for the return path fi, what is Q for this path? (c) If Eint,i  10 cal,
sphere at 100.0C has a diameter
what is Eint, f? If Eint,b  22 cal, what is Q for (d) path ib and (e)
of d  2.545 08 cm. The sphere is
path bf ?
put on top of the ring (Fig. 18-36), Al
and the two are allowed to come a f
Pressure

to thermal equilibrium, with no Cu

heat lost to the surroundings. The
sphere just passes through the D i b
ring at the equilibrium tempera-
ture. What is the mass of the Figure 18-36 Problem 42. 0
Volume
sphere? Figure 18-40 Problem 47.
Module 18-5 The First Law of
Thermodynamics A
p0 B
•43 In Fig. 18-37, a gas sample ex- ••48 As a gas is held within a
Pressure (Pa)

pands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its closed chamber, it passes through the
pressure decreases from p0 to B cycle shown in Fig. 18-41. Determine
C
Pressure

p0 /4.0. If V0  1.0 m3 and p0  40 the energy transferred by the system

Pa, how much work is done by the as heat during constant-pressure
gas if its pressure changes with vol- process CA if the energy added as heat
A C
ume via (a) path A, (b) path B, and QAB during constant-volume process
(c) path C? 0 V0 4.0V0 AB is 20.0 J, no energy is transferred
3 as heat during adiabatic process BC,
•44 A thermodynamic system Volume (m ) 0 Volume
and the net work done during the cycle
is taken from state A to state B to Figure 18-37 Problem 43. is 15.0 J. Figure 18-41 Problem 48.

16 • When an ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process, (a) no
work is done by the system, (b) no heat is transferred to the system,
(c) the internal energy of the system remains constant, (d) the
amount of heat transfer into the system equals the amount of work
done by the system.
17 • True or false:
(a) When a system can go from state 1 to state 2 by several differ-
ent processes, the amount of heat absorbed by the system will
be the same for all processes.
(b) When a system can go from state 1 to state 2 by several differ-
ent processes, the amount of work done on the system will be
the same for all processes.
(c) When a system goes from state 1 to state 2 by several different
processes, the change in the internal energy of the system will
be the same for all processes.
(d) The internal energy of a given amount of an ideal gas depends
only on its absolute temperature.
(e) A quasi-static process is one in which the system is never far
from being in equilibrium.
(f) For any substance that expands when heated, its CP is greater
than its CV .
18 • The volume of a sample of gas remains constant while its
pressure increases. (a) The internal energy of the system is un-
changed. (b) The system does work. (c) The system absorbs no heat.
(d) The change in internal energy must equal the heat absorbed by
the system. (e) None of the above
19 •• When an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process,
(a) no work is done by the system, (b) no heat is absorbed by the
system, (c) the heat absorbed by the system equals the change in
the system’s internal energy, (d) the heat absorbed by the system
equals the work done by the system.
20 •• Consider the following series of sequential quasi-static
processes that a system undergoes: (1) an adiabatic expansion,
(2) an isothermal expansion, (3) an adiabatic compression, and
(4) an isothermal compression that brings the system back to its
original state. Sketch the series of processes on a PV diagram, and
then sketch the series of processes on a VT diagram (in which vol-
ume is plotted as a function of temperature).
21 • An ideal gas in a cylinder is at pressure P and volume V.
During a quasi-static adiabatic process, the gas is compressed until
its volume has decreased to V>2. Then, in a quasi-static isothermal
process, the gas is allowed to expand until its volume again has a
value of V. What kind of process will return the system to its origi-
nal state? Sketch the cycle on a graph. SSM
22 •• Metal A is denser than metal B. Which would you expect
to have a higher heat capacity per unit mass—metal A or metal B?
Why?
23 •• An ideal gas undergoes a process during which
P 1V  constant and the volume of the gas decreases. Does its tem-
perature increase, decrease, or remain the same during this process?
Explain.
ESTIMATION AND
APPROXIMATION
24 • E NGINEERING A PPLICATION , C ONTEXT-R ICH During the
early stages of designing a modern electric generating plant, you are
in charge of the team of environmental engineers. The new plant is to
be located on the ocean and will use ocean water for cooling. The
plant will produce electrical power at the rate of 1.00 GW. Because
Problems | 623
the plant will have an efficiency of one-third (typical of most modern
plants), heat will be released to the cooling water at the rate of
2.00 GW. If environmental codes require that only water with a tem-
perature increase of 15°F or less can be returned to the ocean, esti-
mate the flow rate (in kg>s) of cooling water through the plant.
25 •• A typical microwave oven has a power consumption of
about 1200 W. Estimate how long it should take to boil a cup of water
in the microwave, assuming that 50 percent of the electrical power
consumption goes into heating the water. How does this estimate
correspond to everyday experience? SSM
26 •• A demonstration of the heating of a gas under adiabatic
compression involves putting a small strip of paper into a large
glass test tube, which is then sealed with a piston. If the piston com-
presses the trapped air very rapidly, the paper will catch fire.
Assuming that the burning point of paper is 451°F, estimate the fac-
tor by which the volume of the air trapped by the piston must be
reduced for this demonstration to work.
27 •• A small change in the volume of a liquid occurs when
heating the liquid at constant pressure. Use the following data to
estimate the fractional contribution this change makes to the heat
capacity of water between 4.00°C and 100°C. The density of water
at 4.00°C and 1.00 atm pressure is 1.000 g>cm3. The density of liquid
water at 100°C and 1.00 atm pressure is 0.9584 g>cm3.
HEAT CAPACITY,
SPECIFIC HEAT, LATENT HEAT
28 • E N G I N E E R I N G A P P L I C AT I O N , C O N T E X T-R I C H You de-
signed a solar home that contains 1.00  105 kg of concrete
(specific heat  1.00 kJ>kg # K). How much heat is released by the
concrete at night when it cools from 25.0°C to 20.0°C?
29 • How much heat must be absorbed by 60.0 g of ice at
10.0°C to transform it into 60.0 g of liquid water at 40.0°C? SSM
30 •• How much heat must be released by 0.100 kg of steam
at 150°C to transform it into 0.100 kg of ice at 0.00°C?
31 •• A 50.0-g piece of aluminum at 20°C is cooled to 196°C
by placing it in a large container of liquid nitrogen at that tempera-
ture. How much nitrogen is vaporized? (Assume that the specific
heat of aluminum is constant over this temperature range.)
32 •• E NGINEERING A PPLICATION , C ONTEXT-R ICH You are su-
pervising the creation of some lead castings for use in the construc-
tion industry. Each casting involves one of your workers pouring
0.500 kg of molten lead that has a temperature of 327°C into a cav-
ity in a large block of ice at 0°C. How much liquid water should you
plan on draining per hour if there are 100 workers who are able to
each average one casting every 10.0 min?
CALORIMETRY
33 • E NGINEERING A PPLICATION , C ONTEXT-R ICH While
spending the summer on your uncle’s horse farm, you spend a
week apprenticing with his farrier (a person who makes and fits
horseshoes). You observe the way he cools a shoe after pounding
the hot, pliable shoe into the correct size and shape. Suppose a
750-g iron horseshoe is taken from the farrier’s fire, shaped, and at
a temperature of 650°C, dropped into a 25.0-L bucket of water at
10.0°C. What is the final temperature of the water after the horse-
shoe and water arrive at equilibrium? Neglect any heating of the
bucket and assume the specific heat of iron is 460 J>(kg # K). SSM
624 | CHAPTER 18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
34 • The specific heat of a certain metal can be determined
by measuring the temperature change that occurs when a piece
of the metal is heated and then placed in an insulated container
that is made of the same material and contains water. Suppose
the piece of metal has a mass of 100 g and is initially at 100°C.
The container has a mass of 200 g and contains 500 g of water at
an initial temperature of 20.0°C. The final temperature is 21.4°C.
What is the specific heat of the metal?
35 •• B IOLOGICAL A PPLICATION During his many appearances
at the Tour de France, champion bicyclist Lance Armstrong typi-
cally expended an average power of 400 W, 5.0 hours a day for
20 days. What quantity of water, initially at 24°C, could be brought
to a boil if you could harness all of that energy?
36 •• A 25.0-g glass tumbler contains 200 mL of water at 24.0°C.
If two 15.0-g ice cubes, each at a temperature of 3.00°C, are
dropped into the tumbler, what is the final temperature of the drink?
Neglect any heat transfer between the tumbler and the room.
37 •• A 200-g piece of ice at 0°C is placed in 500 g of water
at 20°C. This system is in a container of negligible heat capacity
and is insulated from its surroundings. (a) What is the final equi-
librium temperature of the system? (b) How much of the ice
melts? SSM
38 •• A 3.5-kg block of copper at a temperature of 80°C is
dropped into a bucket containing a mixture of ice and water
whose total mass is 1.2 kg. When thermal equilibrium is reached,
the temperature of the water is 8.0°C. How much ice was in the
bucket before the copper block was placed in it? (Assume that
the heat capacity of the bucket is negligible.)
39 •• A well-insulated bucket of negligible heat capacity con-
tains 150 g of ice at 0°C. (a) If 20 g of steam at 100°C is injected into
the bucket, what is the final equilibrium temperature of the system?
(b) Is any ice left after the system reaches equilibrium?
40 •• A calorimeter of negligible heat capacity contains 1.00 kg
of water at 303 K and 50.0 g of ice at 273 K. (a) Find the final temper-
ature T. (b) Find the final temperature T if the mass of ice is 500 g.
41 •• A 200-g aluminum calorimeter contains 600 g of water at
20.0°C. A 100-g piece of ice cooled to 20.0°C is placed in the
calorimeter. (a) Find the final temperature of the system, assuming
no heat is transferred to or from the system. (b) A 200-g piece of ice
at 20.0°C is added. How much ice remains in the system after the
system reaches equilibrium? (c) Would the answer for Part (b)
change if both pieces of ice were added at the same time?
42 •• The specific heat of a 100-g block of a substance is to be
determined. The block is placed in a 25-g copper calorimeter holding
60 g of water at 20°C. Then, 120 mL of water at 80°C are added to the
calorimeter. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the temperature
of the system is 54°C. Determine the specific heat of the block.
43 •• A 100-g piece of copper is heated in a furnace to a
temperature tC . The copper is then inserted into a 150-g copper
calorimeter containing 200 g of water. The initial temperature of
the water and calorimeter is 16.0°C, and the temperature after
equilibrium is established is 38.0°C. When the calorimeter and
its contents are weighed, 1.20 g of water are found to have evap-
orated. What was the temperature tC? SSM
44 ••• A 200-g aluminum calorimeter contains 500 g of
water at 20.0°C . Aluminum shot with a mass equal to 300 g is
heated to 100.0°C and is then placed in the calorimeter. Find
the final temperature of the system, assuming that there is no
heat transfer to the surroundings.
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
45 • A diatomic gas does 300 J of work and also absorbs
2.50 kJ of heat. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
46 • If a gas absorbs 1.67 MJ of heat while doing 800 kJ of
work, what is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
47 • If a gas absorbs 84 J of heat while doing 30 J of work,
what is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
48 •• A lead bullet initially at 30°C just melts upon striking a
target. Assuming that all of the initial kinetic energy of the bullet
goes into the internal energy of the bullet, calculate the impact speed
of the bullet.
49 •• During a cold day, you can warm your hands by
rubbing them together. Assume the coefficient of kinetic friction
between your hands is 0.500, the normal force between your
hands is 35.0 N, and that you rub them together at an average rel-
ative speed of 35.0 cm>s. (a) What is the rate at which mechanical
energy is dissipated? (b) Assume further that the mass of each
of your hands is 350 g, the specific heat of your hands is
4.00 kJ>kg # K, and that all the dissipated mechanical energy goes
into increasing the temperature of your hands. How long must
you rub your hands together to produce a 5.00°C increase in their
temperature?
WORK AND
THE PV DIAGRAM FOR A GAS
In Problems 50 through 53, the initial state of 1.00 mol of
a dilute gas is P1 ⴝ 3.00 atm, V1 ⴝ 1.00 L, and Eint 1 ⴝ 456 J,
and its final state is P2 ⴝ 2.00 atm, V2 ⴝ 3.00 L, and
Eint 2 ⴝ 912 J.
50 • The gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure until it
reaches its final volume. It is then cooled at constant volume until
it reaches its final pressure. (a) Illustrate this process on a PV
diagram and calculate the work done by the gas. (b) Find the heat
absorbed by the gas during this process.
51 • The gas is first cooled at constant volume until it reaches
its final pressure. It is then allowed to expand at constant pressure
until it reaches its final volume. (a) Illustrate this process on a PV
diagram and calculate the work done by the gas. (b) Find the heat
absorbed by the gas during this process. SSM
52 •• The gas is allowed to expand isothermally until it reaches
its final volume and its pressure is 1.00 atm. It is then heated at
constant volume until it reaches its final pressure. (a) Illustrate this
process on a PV diagram and calculate the work done by the gas.
(b) Find the heat absorbed by the gas during this process.
592 CHAPTER 20 | The First Law of Thermodynamics
6. Is it possible to convert internal energy to mechanical
energy? Explain with examples.
7. It is the morning of a day that will become hot. You just
purchased drinks for a picnic and are loading them, with
ice, into a chest in the back of your car. (a) You wrap a wool
blanket around the chest. Does doing so help to keep the
beverages cool, or should you expect the wool blanket to
warm them up? Explain your answer. (b) Your younger sis-
ter suggests you wrap her up in another wool blanket to
keep her cool on the hot day like the ice chest. Explain
your response to her.
8. You need to pick up a very hot cooking pot in your kitchen.
You have a pair of cotton oven mitts. To pick up the pot
most comfortably, should you soak them in cold water or
keep them dry?
9. Suppose you pour hot coffee for your guests, and one of
them wants it with cream. He wants the coffee to be as
warm as possible several minutes later when he drinks it.
To have the warmest coffee, should the person add the
cream just after the coffee is poured or just before drink-
ing? Explain.
10. When camping in a canyon on a still night, a camper
notices that as soon as the sun strikes the surrounding
peaks, a breeze begins to stir. What causes the breeze?
Problems
The problems found in this chapter may be assigned
online in Enhanced WebAssign
1. denotes straightforward problem; 2. denotes intermediate problem;
3. denotes challenging problem
1. full solution available in the Student Solutions Manual/Study Guide
1. denotes problems most often assigned in Enhanced WebAssign;
these provide students with targeted feedback and either a Master It
tutorial or a Watch It solution video.
Section 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
1. A 55.0-kg woman cheats on her diet and eats a 540 Calo-
rie (540 kcal) jelly doughnut for breakfast. (a) How many
joules of energy are the equivalent of one jelly doughnut?
(b) How many steps must the woman climb on a very tall
stairway to change the gravitational potential energy of
the woman–Earth system by a value equivalent to the food
energy in one jelly doughnut? Assume the height of a single
stair is 15.0 cm. (c) If the human body is only 25.0% effi-
cient in converting chemical potential energy to mechani-
cal energy, how many steps must the woman climb to work
off her breakfast?
Section 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
2. The highest waterfall in the world is the Salto Angel Falls
in Venezuela. Its longest single falls has a height of 807 m.
If water at the top of the falls is at 15.0°C, what is the maxi-
mum temperature of the water at the bottom of the falls?
Assume all the kinetic energy of the water as it reaches the
bottom goes into raising its temperature.
11. Rub the palm of your hand on a metal surface for about
30 seconds. Place the palm of your other hand on an
unrubbed portion of the surface and then on the rubbed
portion. The rubbed portion will feel warmer. Now repeat
this process on a wood surface. Why does the temperature
difference between the rubbed and unrubbed portions of
the wood surface seem larger than for the metal surface?
12. In 1801, Humphry Davy rubbed together pieces of ice inside
an icehouse. He made sure that nothing in the environ-
ment was at a higher temperature than the rubbed pieces.
He observed the production of drops of liquid water. Make
a table listing this and other experiments or processes to
illustrate each of the following situations. (a) A system can
absorb energy by heat, increase in internal energy, and
increase in temperature. (b) A system can absorb energy
by heat and increase in internal energy without an increase
in temperature. (c) A system can absorb energy by heat
without increasing in temperature or in internal energy.
(d) A system can increase in internal energy and in tem-
perature without absorbing energy by heat. (e) A system
can increase in internal energy without absorbing energy
by heat or increasing in temperature.
denotes asking for quantitative and conceptual reasoning
denotes symbolic reasoning problem
denotes Master It tutorial available in Enhanced WebAssign
denotes guided problem
shaded denotes “paired problems” that develop reasoning with
symbols and numerical values
3. A combination of 0.250 kg of water at 20.0°C, 0.400 kg of
aluminum at 26.0°C, and 0.100 kg of copper at 100°C is
mixed in an insulated container and allowed to come to
thermal equilibrium. Ignore any energy transfer to or
from the container. What is the final temperature of the
mixture?
4. Consider Joule’s apparatus described in Figure 20.1. The
mass of each of the two blocks is 1.50 kg, and the insulated
tank is filled with 200 g of water. What is the increase in
the water’s temperature after the blocks fall through a dis-
tance of 3.00 m?
5. What mass of water at 25.0°C must be allowed to come to
thermal equilibrium with a 1.85-kg cube of aluminum ini-
tially at 150°C to lower the temperature of the aluminum
to 65.0°C? Assume any water turned to steam subsequently
condenses.
6. The temperature of a silver bar rises by 10.0°C when it
absorbs 1.23 kJ of energy by heat. The mass of the bar is
525 g. Determine the specific heat of silver from these
data.

7. In cold climates, including the northern United States, a
house can be built with very large windows facing south to
take advantage of solar heating. Sunlight shining in dur-
ing the daytime is absorbed by the floor, interior walls, and
objects in the room, raising their temperature to 38.0°C.
If the house is well insulated, you may model it as losing
energy by heat steadily at the rate 6 000 W on a day in April
when the average exterior temperature is 4°C and when the
conventional heating system is not used at all. During the
period between 5:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., the temperature
of the house drops and a sufficiently large “thermal mass”
is required to keep it from dropping too far. The thermal
mass can be a large quantity of stone (with specific heat
850 J/kg ? °C) in the floor and the interior walls exposed
to sunlight. What mass of stone is required if the tempera-
ture is not to drop below 18.0°C overnight?
8. An aluminum cup of mass 200 g contains 800 g of water
in thermal equilibrium at 80.0°C. The combination of cup
and water is cooled uniformly so that the temperature
decreases by 1.50°C per minute. At what rate is energy
being removed by heat? Express your answer in watts.
9. A 1.50-kg iron horseshoe initially at 600°C is dropped into
a bucket containing 20.0 kg of water at 25.0°C. What is the
final temperature of the water–horseshoe system? Ignore
the heat capacity of the container and assume a negligible
amount of water boils away.
10.
An electric drill with a steel drill bit of mass m 5
27.0 g and diameter 0.635 cm is used to drill into a cubi-
cal steel block of mass M 5 240 g. Assume steel has the
same properties as iron. The cutting process can be mod-
eled as happening at one point on the circumference of
the bit. This point moves in a helix at constant tangential
speed 40.0 m/s and exerts a force of constant magnitude
3.20 N on the block. As shown in Figure P20.10, a groove in
the bit carries the chips up to the top of the block, where
they form a pile around the hole. The drill is turned on
and drills into the block for a time interval of 15.0 s. Let’s
assume this time interval is long enough for conduction
within the steel to bring it all to a uniform temperature.
Furthermore, assume the steel objects lose a negligible
amount of energy by conduction, convection, and radia-
tion into their environment. (a) Suppose the drill bit cuts
three-quarters of the way through the block during 15.0 s.
Find the temperature change of the whole quantity of steel.
(b) What If? Now suppose the drill bit is dull and cuts only
m
M 14. How much energy is required to change a 40.0-g ice cube
Figure P20.10
| Problems 593
one-eighth of the way through the block in 15.0 s. Identify
the temperature change of the whole quantity of steel in
this case. (c) What pieces of data, if any, are unnecessary
for the solution? Explain.
11. An aluminum calorimeter with a mass of 100 g con-
tains 250 g of water. The calorimeter and water are in ther-
mal equilibrium at 10.0°C. Two metallic blocks are placed
into the water. One is a 50.0-g piece of copper at 80.0°C.
The other has a mass of 70.0 g and is originally at a tem-
perature of 100°C. The entire system stabilizes at a final
temperature of 20.0°C. (a) Determine the specific heat of
the unknown sample. (b) Using the data in Table 20.1, can
you make a positive identification of the unknown mate-
rial? Can you identify a possible material? (c) Explain your
answers for part (b).
12. A 3.00-g copper coin at 25.0°C drops 50.0 m to the
ground. (a) Assuming 60.0% of the change in gravitational
potential energy of the coin–Earth system goes into increas-
ing the internal energy of the coin, determine the coin’s
final temperature. (b) What If? Does the result depend on
the mass of the coin? Explain.
13. Two thermally insulated vessels are connected by a narrow
tube fitted with a valve that is initially closed as shown in
Figure P20.13. One vessel of volume 16.8 L contains oxygen
at a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 1.75 atm. The
other vessel of volume 22.4 L contains oxygen at a tempera-
ture of 450 K and a pressure of 2.25 atm. When the valve is
opened, the gases in the two vessels mix and the tempera-
ture and pressure become uniform throughout. (a) What
is the final temperature? (b) What is the final pressure?
Pistons locked
in place
Valve
P  1.75 atm P  2.25 atm
V  16.8 L V  22.4 L
T  300 K T  450 K
Figure P20.13
Section 20.3 Latent Heat
from ice at 210.0°C to steam at 110°C?
15. A 75.0-g ice cube at 0°C is placed in 825 g of water at 25.0°C.
What is the final temperature of the mixture?
16. A 3.00-g lead bullet at 30.0°C is fired at a speed of 240 m/s
into a large block of ice at 0°C, in which it becomes embed-
ded. What quantity of ice melts?
17. Steam at 100°C is added to ice at 0°C. (a) Find the amount
of ice melted and the final temperature when the mass of
594 CHAPTER 20 | The First Law of Thermodynamics

steam is 10.0 g and the mass of ice is 50.0 g. (b) What If?
Repeat when the mass of steam is 1.00 g and the mass of ice
is 50.0 g.
18. A 1.00-kg block of copper at 20.0°C is dropped into a large
vessel of liquid nitrogen at 77.3 K. How many kilograms of
nitrogen boil away by the time the copper reaches 77.3 K?
(The specific heat of copper is 0.092 0 cal/g ? °C, and the
latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 48.0 cal/g.)
25. One mole of an ideal gas is warmed slowly so that
it goes from the PV state (Pi , Vi ) to (3Pi , 3Vi ) in such a way
that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the
volume. (a) How much work is done on the gas in the pro-
cess? (b) How is the temperature of the gas related to its
volume during this process?
Section 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

19. In an insulated vessel, 250 g of ice at 0°C is added to 600 g 26. A gas is taken through the P (kPa)
of water at 18.0°C. (a) What is the final temperature of the cyclic process described in 8 B
system? (b) How much ice remains when the system reaches Figure P20.26. (a) Find the
net energy transferred to the 6
equilibrium?
system by heat during one 4
20. An automobile has a mass of 1 500 kg, and its alumi- complete cycle. (b) What If?
num brakes have an overall mass of 6.00 kg. (a) Assume A
If the cycle is reversed—that 2 C
all the mechanical energy that transforms into internal is, the process follows the path
energy when the car stops is deposited in the brakes and V (m3)
ACBA—what is the net energy 6 8 10
no energy is transferred out of the brakes by heat. The input per cycle by heat?
brakes are originally at 20.0°C. How many times can the Figure P20.26
car be stopped from 25.0 m/s before the brakes start to 27. Consider the cyclic process
Problems 26 and 27.
melt? (b) Identify some effects ignored in part (a) that are depicted in Figure P20.26. If
important in a more realistic assessment of the warming of Q is negative for the process BC and DE int is negative for
the brakes. the process CA, what are the signs of Q, W, and DE int that
are associated with each of the three processes?
Section 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes 28. Why is the following situation impossible? An ideal gas under-
21. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable piston goes a process with the following parameters: Q 5 10.0 J,
on top of it. The piston has a mass of 8 000 g and an area W 5 12.0 J, and DT 5 22.00°C.
of 5.00 cm2 and is free to slide up and down, keeping the 29. A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which
pressure of the gas constant. How much work is done on its internal energy decreases by 500 J. Over the same time
the gas as the temperature of 0.200 mol of the gas is raised interval, 220 J of work is done on the system. Find the
from 20.0°C to 300°C? energy transferred from it by heat.
22. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder that has a mov- 30. A sample of an ideal gas goes through the process shown
able piston on top. The piston has a mass m and an area A in Figure P20.30. From A to B, the process is adiabatic;
and is free to slide up and down, keeping the pressure of from B to C, it is isobaric with 100 kJ of energy entering
the gas constant. How much work is done on the gas as the the system by heat; from C to D, the process is isothermal;
temperature of n mol of the gas is raised from T1 to T2? and from D to A, it is isobaric with 150 kJ of energy leaving
23. An ideal gas is taken P the system by heat. Determine the difference in internal
f
through a quasi-static pro- energy E int,B 2 E int,A .
cess described by P 5 aV 2, P  aV 2
with a 5 5.00 atm/m6, as P (atm)
shown in Figure P20.23. i B C
3
The gas is expanded to
twice its original volume of V
1.00 m3 2.00 m3
1.00 m3. How much work is A D
done on the expanding gas 1
Figure P20.23
in this process?
V (m3)
24. (a) Determine the work done on a gas that expands from i 0.09 0.2 0.4 1.2
to f as indicated in Figure P20.24. (b) What If? How much
Figure P20.30
work is done on the gas if it is compressed from f to i along
the same path?
Section 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law
P (Pa) of Thermodynamics
i 31. An ideal gas initially at 300 K undergoes an isobaric expan-
6  106 sion at 2.50 kPa. If the volume increases from 1.00 m3 to
3.00 m3 and 12.5 kJ is transferred to the gas by heat, what
4  106 are (a) the change in its internal energy and (b) its final
f
2  106 temperature?
32. (a) How much work is done on the steam when 1.00 mol
V (m3) of water at 100°C boils and becomes 1.00 mol of steam at
0 1 2 3 4
100°C at 1.00 atm pressure? Assume the steam to behave
Figure P20.24 as an ideal gas. (b) Determine the change in internal