Extreme Loading of Structures CVEN90026 (2019)

Impact Actions on Barriers

Arnold Yong
Research Fellow, Department of Infrastructure Engineering
Melbourne School of Engineering
The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010
This lecture This lecture

overturning sliding

Next week Week 11

bending of stem wall Localised damage

contents
• Overturning of rectangular barrier

• Overturning of L-shaped barrier

• Sliding of L-shaped barrier

This part of the lecture is based on the following published article
 Rigid Wall Overturning
neglecting inertia effects generated from the target
1
KE0 = 𝑚𝑣02 ; PE = 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔ΔC.G.
2
KE0 = PE
1
𝑚𝑣02 = 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔ΔC.G.
2

𝑚𝑣02
ΔC.G. =
2𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔

ℎ
+ ΔC.G.
𝜃 = sin−1 2 −𝛽 where 2𝑟 = ℎ2 + 𝑤 2
𝑟
ℎ
𝛽 = tan−1
𝑤
Δ = ℎ sin 𝜃
ΔC.G.
For small displacement (i.e. sin 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 ≈ )
𝑤/2
2ℎ
Δ≈ Δ
𝑤 C.G.
Example 1
An impactor weighing 200 kg strikes the top of a squat rigid rectangular wall with an incident
velocity vo = 20 m/s. Predict maximum displacement of the wall taking into account the
stabilising effects of gravitational load and inertia effects generated within the wall.

solution
Given that
M wall = 2  2  1  2400 = 9600 kg
m = 200 kg V0 = 20 m/s
D
1
KE =
2
mV0 as before ;
2
PE = M wall g D C.G.

2m mVo2 200  20 2
D C.G. = = = 0.42m
2 M wall g 2  9600  9.81
2m h 
 + D C .G . 
1m  = sin −1  2 −
 r 
 
 
where 2r = h + w 2  r = 1.11
2

h
 = tan −1   = 1.11
 w
2 
 + 0.42 
 = sin −1  2  − 1.11   !! radian implying overturning
 1.11  2
 
 
Both of these expressions as derived by equating energy neglect inertia
effects

mV0 mV 2
D= D C .G . = o
Km 2M wall g

If the wall has a significant mass the amount of kinetic energy

(KE) can be much less than that predicted by the usually

assumed value of KE = 12 mV because of inertia effects

o
2

generated from within the target.

Predictions which take into account inertia effects

Predictions can be by hand calculation

employing a 2-step approach

(1)Step 1 is about predicting the amount of KE2

that is absorbed by the barrier and is not to be
confused with KEo which is ½ mvo2

(2)Step 2 is about predicting gain in potential

energy (= KE2 ) resulted from the lifting of the
barrier when experiencing overturning motion
Key assumption : transfer of momentum is instantaneous
(valid for contact actions between two very hard objects)
 Recall this slide from an earlier lecture
Predictions which take into account Inertia Effects and Coefficient of Restitution

Before contact is made After Impact

𝑚𝑣0 = −𝑚𝑣1 + 𝜆𝑚𝑣2 (Equation of momentum)

𝑣1 + 𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑣0 + 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 1 + 𝜆 𝑣2 ⇒ 1 + = 1+𝜆
𝑣0 𝑣0
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
Given that COR =
𝑣0
1 2
𝑣2 1 + COR KE2 2 𝜆𝑚𝑣2
= ; =
𝑣0 1+𝜆 KE0 1 2
𝑚𝑣0
2
2 2
KE2 1 + COR 1 1 + COR
=𝜆 ⇒ KE2 = 𝑚𝑣02 × 𝜆
KE0 1+𝜆 2 1+𝜆
 Rigid Wall Overturning
Predictions which take into account inertia effects
Step 1
Equating angular momentum
𝑚𝑣0 ℎ = −𝑚𝑣1 ℎ + 𝐼𝜃 𝜃ሶ
ℎ2 + 𝑤 2 𝑣2
where 𝐼𝜃 = 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ; 𝜃ሶ =
3 𝑅
𝐼𝜃
𝑣0 + 𝑣1 = 𝑣
𝑚ℎ𝑅 2

𝐼𝜃
Let 𝜅 =
𝑚ℎ𝑅
𝑣0 + 𝑣1 = 𝜅𝑣2

𝑣1 + 𝑣2
Since COR =
𝑣0
𝑣2 1 + COR
=
𝑣0 1+𝜅

1 1 𝑣2 2 1 𝜅ℎ
KE2 = 𝐼𝜃 𝜃ሶ 2 = 𝐼𝜃 = 𝑚𝑣22
2 2 𝑅 2𝑅
1 𝜅ℎ 2 2
KE2 2 𝑅 𝑚𝑣2 𝜅ℎ 1 + COR
= =
KE0 1 2 𝑅 1+𝜅
𝑚𝑣0
2
2
(𝑅: Distance between axis of rotation and point of impact KE2 1 + COR
in comparison with =𝜆
= 2𝑟 for rectangular wall) KE0 1+𝜆
 Rigid Wall Overturning
Predictions which take into account inertia effects
Step 2
Equating energy: PE = 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔ΔC.G.

2
1 𝜅ℎ 1 + COR
KE2 = 𝑚𝑣02
2 𝑅 1+𝜅

PE = KE2
2
1 𝜅ℎ 1 + COR
𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔ΔC.G. = 𝑚𝑣02
2 𝑅 1+𝜅
2
𝑚𝑣02 𝜅ℎ 1 + COR
ΔC.G. =
2𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔 𝑅 1+𝜅

ℎ
+ ΔC.G.
𝜃 = sin−1 2 −𝛽 where 2𝑟 = ℎ2 + 𝑤 2
𝑟
ℎ
𝛽 = tan−1 Δ = ℎ sin 𝜃
𝑤
Δ
For small displacement (i.e. sin 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 ≈ C.G. )
𝑤/2
2ℎ
Δ≈ Δ
𝑤 C.G.
Derivation of 𝜃ሶ
arc length equation

𝑠 = 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑅𝜃

𝑑𝜃 𝑣2
𝜃ሶ = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
 Example 2
An impactor weighing 200 kg strikes the top of a squat rigid rectangular wall (same
as Example 1) with an incident velocity vo = 20 m/s. Predict maximum
displacement of the wall taking into account the stabilising effects of gravitational load
as well as inertia effects generated within the wall. COR may be taken as 0.1.

solution

𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 × 2 × 1 × 2400 = 9600 𝑘𝑔

ℎ2 + 𝑤 2 22 + 12
D 𝐼𝜃 = 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
3
= 9600
3
= 16000 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
𝐼𝜃 16000
𝜅= = = 17.9
𝑚ℎ𝑅 200 × 2 × 2.24
2
200 × 202 17.9 × 2 1 + 0.1
ΔC.G. = × = 0.023 𝑚
h = 2m 2 × 9600 × 9.81 2.24 1 + 17.9
2
+ 0.023
r −1 2
𝜃 = sin − 1.107 = 0.048 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2m 1.118
Δ = 2 sin 0.048 = 0.097 𝑚 = 97 𝑚𝑚

w =1m
Calculations may be simplified as follows :

I 16000
= = = 20
𝑅= 22 + 12 = 2.236 𝑚 mh 2
200  2 2
2.24
𝑟= = 1.118 𝑚 200  20 2  1 + 0.1 
2

2 D C .G . =  20     0.42  0.055 = 0.023

2 2  9600  9.81  1 + 20 
𝛽 = tan−1 = 1.107 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 2
1 D
2h
 D C .G . =  0.023 = 0.092
w 1
Design Aids
Critical Overturning Condition
What value of DC.G. is suitable for design purposes ?

First, decide on
the Factor of
Safety to adopt
contents
• Overturning of rectangular barrier

• Overturning of L-shaped barrier

• Sliding of L-shaped barrier

This part of the lecture is based on the following published article
 Basic Expressions for Rotational Inertia
t

+ d I  centre =
m 2 2
12
(
d +t 
md 2
12
)
Rotating
about
centre
t 2 2
d   t 
I  corner = I  centre + mr where r =   +  
c
2
c
2

Rotating
 2  2
d
( ) ( ) md 2
( )
about
m 2 2 m 2 2 m 2 2
corner I  corner = d +t + d +t = d +t 
rc 12 4 3 3
+
2 2
t d  t
I  corner = I  centre + mr b
2
where r =  + c  +  
b
2

2  2
 d  t 
2 2

d I  corner =
m 2 2
( )
d + t + m  + c  +   
Rotating
about
12  2   2  
 d 2 t 
base
2
2
rb
I  corner =
m 2 2
( )
d + t + m  + cd + c  +    all higher order terms ignored
+ c 12  4   2  

= d 2 + d 2 + mcd = d 2 + mcd  d (d + 3c )
m m m m
I  corner
12 4 3 3
 d (d + 3c )
m 𝑚 2
From the previous page I  corner = 𝐼𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑 + 𝑡2
3 3

𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 2
𝐼𝜃 = ℎ − 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ − 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 3𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑙 + 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3 3

Expanding and ignoring the contribution of 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 leads to:

𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 2 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙2
𝐼𝜃 = ℎ + ℎ𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 +
3 3
 L-Shaped Wall Overturning (Impact at Any Height)

Same derivations as before, except that ℎ is replaced by ℎ𝑖 :

2
KE2 𝜅ℎ𝑖 1 + COR 𝐼𝜃 (𝑅: Distance between axis of rotation and
= 𝜅=
KE0 𝑅 1+𝜅 𝑚ℎ𝑖 𝑅 point of impact)

2
𝑚𝑣02 𝜅ℎ𝑖 1 + COR
ΔC.G. =
2𝑀𝑔 𝑅 1+𝜅
 L-Shaped Wall Overturning (Impact at Any Height)

Angle of rotation can be found using a more general equation:

𝑦ത + ΔC.G. 𝑦ത
𝜃 = sin−1 − tan−1 Centre of gravity is located at (𝑥ҧ , 𝑦)
ത
𝑥ҧ 2 + 𝑦ത 2 𝑥ҧ

Δ = ℎ sin 𝜃
Expressions for Rotational Inertia of L-Shaped Wall with Fins/Side Walls

2
𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 2 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙2 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 𝑑 𝑐 2
𝐼𝜃 = ℎ + ℎ𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + + 𝑛𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 + + 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + + 𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
3 3 12 2 2
Critical Overturning Condition

ΔC.G.(crit) = 𝑥ҧ 2 + 𝑦ത 2 − 𝑦ത

𝜋 𝑦ത
𝜃crit = −𝛽 𝛽 = tan−1
2 𝑥ҧ
 Example 3
An impactor weighing 2000 kg strikes the top of a squat rigid rectangular
wall with an incident velocity vo = 20 m/s. Predict maximum displacement
of the wall taking into account the stabilising effects of gravitational load as
well as inertia effects generated within the wall. COR may be taken as 0.1.

10m
solution
𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 2 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙2
Total mass = 𝐼𝜃 = ℎ + ℎ𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 +
3 3
2
240,000 kg 96000 2 144000 6
𝐼𝜃 = 5 +5 1 + = 960000 + 1728000
3 3
= 2.7 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

1m
𝑅= 52 + 12 = 5.1𝑚
20 m/s
2000 𝐼𝜃 2.7 × 106
𝜅= = = 52.7
kg 𝑚ℎ𝑖 𝑅 2000 5 5.1

2
5m 𝑚𝑣02 𝜅ℎ𝑖 1 + COR
ΔC.G. =
2𝑀𝑔 𝑅 1+𝜅
2000 20 2 52.7 5 1 + 0.1
ΔC.G. = = 3.7 𝑚𝑚
+ 1m
2 240000 9.81 5.1 1 + 52.7

6m
Example 3 Solution
Continued

6 1
6 1 +4 1
2 2
𝑥ҧ = =2𝑚
6 1 +4 1
1 4
6 1 +4 1 1+
2 2
𝑦ത = = 1.5 𝑚
6 1 +4 1

ΔC.G.(crit) = 𝑥ҧ 2 + 𝑦ത 2 − 𝑦ത = 22 + 1.52 − 1.5 = 1 𝑚

ΔC.G. < ΔC.G.(crit) , barrier is stable

𝑦ത + ΔC.G. 𝑦ത
𝜃 = sin−1 − tan−1
𝑥ҧ 2 + 𝑦ത 2 𝑥ҧ

1.5 + 0.0037 1.5

𝜃 = sin−1 − tan−1 = 0.00184 𝑟𝑎𝑑
22 + 1.52 2

Δ = ℎ sin 𝜃 = 5 sin 0.00184 = 9.2 𝑚𝑚

 Same impactor mass and
10m velocity
 5 2 + 4 2  5  4 
2 2

5(5 + 1) +
96000 144000 2
I  base = 6 + 2  48000    +  + 1 +  + 1 
3 3  12  2  2  

1m I  base = 960000 + 1728000 + 2368000  5  10 6

4m n=2 𝐼𝜃 5 × 106
𝜅= = = 99
𝑚ℎ𝑖 𝑅 2000 5 5.1
5m 5m
2
𝑚𝑣02 𝜅ℎ𝑖 1 + COR
1m Mfin= 48000 kg ΔC.G. =
2𝑀𝑔 𝑅 1+𝜅
6m 2000 20 2 99 5 1 + 0.1
2
ΔC.G. = = 1.4 𝑚𝑚
2 336000 9.81 5.1 1 + 99
1m
5
20 m/s 2 240000 + 2 48000 1+
2
2000 𝑥ҧ = = 2.43 𝑚
fin 336000
kg

4
1.5 240000 + 2 48000 1+
2
5m 𝑦ത = = 1.93 𝑚
336000

1.93 + 0.0014 1.93

𝜃 = sin−1 − tan−1 = 0.00059 𝑟𝑎𝑑
+ 1m 2.432 + 1.932 2.43

6m
Δ = ℎ sin 𝜃 = 5 sin 0.00059 = 2.9 𝑚𝑚
contents
• Overturning of rectangular barrier

• Overturning of L-shaped barrier

• Sliding of L-shaped barrier

This part of the lecture is based on the manuscript of the following article
 Rigid Wall Sliding
neglecting inertia effects generated from the target

no total mass of barrier = 𝜆𝑚

m coefficient of friction

f = m 𝜆𝑚 g

Equating kinetic energy to energy dissipated by friction

1
𝑚𝑣02 = 𝑓Δ
2

𝑓 = 𝜇𝜆𝑚𝑔

𝑣02 1
Δ=
2𝜇𝑔 𝜆
Predictions which take into account inertia effects

Predictions can be by hand calculation

employing a 2-step approach

(1)Step 1 is about predicting the amount of KE2

that is absorbed by the barrier and is not to be
confused with KEo which is ½ mvo2

(2)Step 2 is about predicting gain in potential

energy (= KE2 ) resulted from the lifting of the
barrier when experiencing sliding motion
Key assumption : transfer of momentum is instantaneous
(valid for contact actions between two very hard objects)
 2
KE2 1 + COR
=𝜆
KE0 1+𝜆
 Rigid Wall Sliding
taking into account inertia effects generated from the target
D

Kinetic Energy = KE2

no total mass of barrier = 𝜆𝑚

m coefficient of friction

f = m 𝜆𝑚 g
2
1 1 + COR
KE2 = 𝑚𝑣02 × 𝜆 refer an earlier slide in the lecture for proof
2 1+𝜆

Equate energy dissipated by friction: 𝑓Δ = 𝜇𝜆𝑚𝑔Δ to KE2

2
1 1 + COR
𝜇𝜆𝑚𝑔Δ = 𝑚𝑣02 × 𝜆
2 1+𝜆
2
𝑣02 1 + COR
Δ=
2𝜇𝑔 1 + 𝜆
 Coefficient of Restitution COR

Velocity of rebounce of impactor + Velocity of barrier after impact

COR =
Velocity of impactor prior to impact

Test results and inferred values of COR

 Large-scale Rockfall Barrier
15 m/s 7937 kg impactor

barrier mass = 200,000 kg

mass ratio 𝜆 = 25
COR = 0.5 assumed

The estimated displacement demand of the sliding is shown on the next slide
 Rigid Wall Sliding
taking into account inertia effects generated from the target

𝜆 = 25
 Allowing for Pore Water Pressure (u) from underneath the barrier

Kinetic Energy = KE2

no total mass of barrier = 𝜆m

m coefficient of friction

f = m (𝜆m g – uA)

pore water pressure x area of base =

uA

Equate energy dissipated by friction: 𝑓Δ = 𝜇 𝜆𝑚𝑔 − 𝑢𝐴 Δ to KE2

2
1 1 + COR
𝜇 𝜆𝑚𝑔 − 𝑢𝐴 Δ = 𝑚𝑣02 × 𝜆
2 1+𝜆
2
𝑚𝑣02 1 + COR
Δ= 𝜆
2𝜇 𝜆𝑚𝑔 − 𝑢𝐴 1+𝜆
Experimental Validation of Analytical Model
Test setup Barrier specimen tested
Test results (sliding displacement) in comparison with analytical predictions
Test results (cumulative dissipated energy) in comparison with analytical predictions
LS DYNA simulated impact tests
LS DYNA simulated test results (sliding displacement) in comparison
with physical test results and analytical predictions
LS DYNA simulated test results (sliding displacement) in comparison
with analytical predictions
Example 4

solution

𝜆𝑚 200000
𝜆= = = 25.2
𝑚 7937
2 2
𝑣02 1 + COR 152 1 + 0.5
Δ= = ≈ 0.13𝑚 or 130𝑚𝑚
2𝜇𝑔 1 + 𝜆 2 0.287 9.81 1 + 25.2
End of Session
Impact actions on barriers