I.

Difference between worship and preaching

Worship
1. Worship is the communion (Eucharist)
2. Worship is the foundation
3. Worship id the preparation time.
4. Worship leads people.
5. In worship, we give praises and thanks to God.
6. In worship we are the giver and God is the receiver.
7. In worship we declare God’s Glory.

Preaching
1. Preaching is the communication (charisma)
2. Preaching is the super structure.
3. Preaching is the fulfilment or end of if
4. Preaching feeds people.
5. In preaching we receive God’s message.
6. In preaching God is the giver and we are the receivers.
7. In preaching, we proclaim God’s word.

II. Order of worship

1. Call to worship
2. Opening prayer/ invocation
3. Praise and worship
4. Intercessory prayer
5. Responsive reading
6. Special song
7. Scripture readings
8. Message
9. Closing prayer and Benediction

III. Importance terms or different terms used for preaching

1. Homily
2. Sermon- sermo-means to speak.
3. Message - a message from God to us by pastor the messenger and whole sermon is
message in relation with our situation.
4. The word - the word and message is the apt word for preaching.

IV. Understanding of preaching

A. Homily:
The word homily is derived from Greek word homilia, which means to converse or to talk.
Moments of mutual conversation included in the word, is the idea of being together. So
Homily is somewhat addressing an assembly. In Roman Catholic usage homily is a kind of
sermon one which follows immediately after scripture readings and leads in to celebration of
the sacraments.

B. Sermon:
It is derived from the Latin word sermo which means to converse or to speech. It is
believed that Augustine was the first one who used the word sermon in relation to the address

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that was given to the Christian congregations by the preachers. From sermo is derived the
English word sermon.

C. The message:
The word message commonly heard and used in relation to preaching and now so and so
will come forward and deliver the message is how the preacher might be introduced before
the congregation of all the words that might be use to describe a sermon. This seems the most
appropriate since it conveys the basic idea of preaching. The preaching is a messenger with a
message to deliver to the audience.

D. The word:
In Greek logos means word. The concept logos and word referred to the content of the
preached word. The word became flesh (In preaching the written word become manifested
word of God. The written word brings relevant to our Life). The term logos taken from the
Greek logos to refer to the content of the preached word. The word logos conveys more than
one meaning. It is the reference to the word that became flesh that is Jesus of Nazareth (Jn
1:1-14). Therefore one can say the content of the preaching is Jesus Christ. The word may
also refer to the Bible the revealed Word of God (Christ is the centrality of Christian
preaching wherever the centrality changed the church had faced changes).
Jesus Christ is the centrality or main focus of the Christian preaching. Homiletics is taken
from the word Homily.

V. Homiletics
Homiletics is taken from the word homily, taken as subject homiletics deals with all that is
related to the science of preparation and delivery of sermons. It investigates the nature and
subject matter of sermons.

VI. Definition of preaching

According to Philips Brooks, “preaching is the communication of truth by men to men”
it his two essential elements, truth and personality. Preaching is the truth through personality.
According J.N Pattison “preaching is a spoken communication of a divine truth with a
view of persuasion”.
W.E.Manning “preaching is the manifestation of the incarnated Word from the written
word by the spoken word.
Charles R. Brown “preaching is the effective communication of divine truth as contained
in the Christian scriptures by a man called of God to witness for him to a redemptive deed for
the purpose of giving eternal life through Jesus Christ.
Philip Greens Slarde- states that biblical preaching empowered, by the spirit is
perfomative speech. It is speech prolongs the gospel prophetically envisions, confronts
enemy powers and does so in priestly service of the God we worship. It is speech that is not
merely words but words that perform an action. In true preaching something is not said but
something is done.
The bible is full of examples of the way in which the creative word of God accomplishes
such things. Preaching has its roots in the creative and powerful preach of God himself.
Example, let there be light there was light (Gen1:3) He sent forth his word and heal them (Ps
107:20).

VII. Four main elements in preaching

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a. Preacher
b. The message
c. The audience
d. The Holy Spirit
Thomas Long, in his examination of preaching considers its main elements. There is the
congregation who will be the hearers of preaching. There is the preacher who arises from the
congregation and stands to preach in front of the congregation. There is the sermon, which is
an action, a spoken event that the preacher performs in Christ’s name. Finally there is the
presence of Christ. Christ is present in and with the church and all ministries including
preaching are expressions of this presence.
According to Long there are four main elements for (of the Act of) preaching.
A. The preacher
In Old Testament prophets were preachers. The English word prophet was adopted from
the Greek word prophets which is a combination of two words “pro” means “before” and
“phemi” means ‘to speak’ prophets proclaimed the word of God. The most commonly used
word is ‘nabi’( Hebrew) to prophesy. In Hebrew, of the three words that are used for prophet,
the most commonly used word is nabi (to prophesy).
The spirit of the proclamation was mediated through the spirit of the Lord. They gave the
O.T prophets authority and authenticity. The authority of the prophet did not reside in his or
her person rather the prophet’s authority was founded in the word of God they proclaimed
(Jer15:9). The mode of proclamation varied from prophet to prophet but always it was the
word of the Lord that they proclaimed. The prophetic message was defined, in brief, by three
words, ‘Holi amar Yahweh’ thus says the Lord. They thundered froth this message with
boldness and clarity. And God authenticated their claim by bringing their words in to
fulfilment. When this happened, the prophet was considered genuine. But in cases where
prophesies were not fulfilled, the prophet who spoke them could be stoned to death.
In Greek, the word ‘messenger’ is ‘kerux’ from which the verb from kerussein which
means to proclaim and the noun from keerygma. Which means ‘proclamation’ are derived.
In ancient Greek culture, kerux was an official carrier of the royal message who was sent
to proclaim the royal word to the citizens of the province. He proclaimed the message loudly
by standing in the city square where the citizen could hear and respond. All those who
responded came together as an assembly to transact the business the king had asked. This
“called out” assembly came to be known as the ecclesia; a forerunner to the New Testament
understanding of local church.
Though New Testament uses a variety of Greek words for preaching, there are two basic
words used to describe preaching that are euaggetizomai and khrussw. The word
euaggetizomai is a Greek term used for the proclaim action of victory. After a battle, a runner
would be sent home with the news of victory. Paul uses this analogy, when he says in
Romans 10:15 “how beautiful are the feet of those who bring good news! In the New
Testament this word emphasis that the message of the preaching is good news. The good
news is the coming of Jesus to earth, his life and death for the salvation of humanity. The
euggalizomai is not just speaking and preaching. It is proclamation with full authority and
power.
The other word “khrssw” means “to proclaim as a herald” the word comes from “khrue”
which means a herald. “The herald had a place of the royal court every prince had a herald, in
many cases many. The herald spoke for the prince on diplomatic missions as well as the task
of announcing his arrived. He speaks on behalf of the one to whom he is employed. In terms
of preaching the preacher serves as a herald in a the sense that his “mission is to proclaim a
message from God to anyone who will listen”. The message is a declaration of an event,

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salvation in Jesus Christ. If the prophets were God’s spokesperson in the O.T the apostles
were the God’s proclaimer in the N.T as the sent out ones.

B. The message
Preaching is an oral communication going back to the prophets who were preaching in the
O.T. Let us restate the basic function of their calling to proclaim the message the lord had
given to them. They had received these messages by being called into the presence of the lord
and hearing him speaks. When they came out and met the people all they spoke were the
words of God. They had merely become the mouth piece or vehicles of God’s oracles. What
was their message? It could be summarized as. Thus says the lord it was a message of
judgement and hope. Judgement for their repeated disobedience and salvation if they
repented. The message was integral to the personality of the prophet. To communicate the
God given message, the prophet employed a variety of methods. They believed that God had
sent them to bring people back to the lord. They spoke to the present but also with an eye on
the future. Needless to say the people understood the language the prophets used. Preachers
need to take language seriously of God’s message. The language used must be simple and
direct.

C. Audience
 The messengers direct their messages to a targeted audience.
 Connectedness ifs the key to a successful communication.
 Dynamics of communication preachers must constantly look for variety of preaching .
 No monotony.
 Getting connected of the audience means feeling the pulse of the people mentally live
contact with the audience.
 To get connected to the audience, preacher must be aware of the dynamics of
communication.
 Communication is a “two way” process both the messenger and the audience must be on
the same “wave length” preachers must be aware of educational economic, social and
spiritual backgrounds of the people.
How does a preacher stay connected with the audience?
The traditional way has been through monologue. But with the changing of times and the
overwhelming influence of the mass media, this has to change. One of the greatest hindrances
top an effective pulpit communication is monotony preachers must constantly look for variety
in their preaching. Preachers will do better if they read the response of the audience than read
from their manuscripts. Getting connected to the audience means feeling the pulse of the
people mentally effective communication is best measured by the results of the audience
response.

D. The role of the Holy Spirit

It is true that careful preparation and certain amount of communication skills are
important in preaching, but they are no substitute for the enabling power of the Holy Spirit.
We are open to the moving of the Holy Spirit to make emphases or proceed in a different
direction while the preacher prepares the message; the Holy Spirit prepares the preacher. So
total dependence on the spirit is a must for effective communication. A preacher
communicates the logos in the power of the spirit to the targeted audience with a view to
elicit an appropriate response. “True preaching comes when the loving heart and the
disciplined mind are laid at the disposal of the Holy Spirit”.

VIII. Objectives of preaching

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 Because God has commanded it (Acts 10:42) It is a divine imperative (1Cor 1:17, 9:16).
At the end of his life Paul passes this mission to Timothy with these words, preach the word
(2 Tim 4:2).
 The goal of preaching is the glory of God reflected in the glad submission of the human
heart. When one speaks the oracles of God in reliance upon the power of God, the result will
be the Glory of God.
 To humble, to exalt the saviour and to promote holiness.
 Two functional forms: preaching and teaching
 By proclamation we mean heralding the Gospel to all, and by instruction, strengthening
the believers through teaching. Major objectives are determined by the needs of the people.
People needs:
1. To be saved
2. To grow in their devotion to God
3. To develop a more mature understanding of God’s truth
4. To live in better relationship with others.
5. To serve God in a more dedicated way and
6. And to find strength be designed to meet one more of these basic areas of need.

IX. Origin of preaching: survey of preaching in the Bible

Preaching is indispensable to Christianity. Without preaching a necessary part of list
authenticity has been lost. For Christianity is in its very essence, a religion of the word of
God. God’s self revelation has been given by the most straight forward means of
communication know to us, namely by a word and words; or that he calls upon those who
have heard his word to speak it to others. Christian preaching has a biblical history.

A. Old Testament period

First, God spoke through the prophets, interpreting to them the significance of His actions
in the History, of Israel and simultaneously instructing them to covey His message to His
people either by speech or by writing or both.
The nation of Israel was formed and sustained by preaching ‘shema’ Israel. “Here o Israel”
(Deut 6:4-9; 11:13-21; Num 15:37-41). Even before this creed was introduced, there were
preachers; the earliest mentioned person Noah, a preacher of righteousness (2Pet 2:5).
As the story of the Israelites progressed, the prophets and priest played an important role
in reminding the people of the law of God and the will of God. Both the oral and the
canonical prophets had gathered around them disciples who not only learned from them but
also served as their messengers. The long and glorious history of Hebrew prophecy prepared
the way for Christian preaching.
We notice a shift in the emphasis of the prophets after the return from exile. This shift al
was occasioned by the fact the Exiles had lived in captivity in a foreign land. And were
exposed to cultural and linguistic changes. In Nehemiah 8;1-12, there are some salient
features of this shift in verse 10 we read about the gathered assembly this is a given audience
for the ministry of preaching.
In 16, we read about the mention of the book of the law; this forms the content of their
communication. In verse 2-3 we read about the reading from the book of Law aloud so that
the people could hear and listen attentively. The place of ‘pulpit’ a high wooden plant from
built for the occasion is to be noticed. Verse 4 mentions the names of other scribes.
Verse 8 is significant for our purposes; they read from the book of the Law of God,
making it clear and giving the meaning so that the people could understand what was being
read. Three elements are worth noting reading of the book of the Law: making it clear or

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exposition of what was being read and thirdly, giving the meaning so that people could
understand.
Finally in verse 9-12 we note the place of application of the truths heard and exposed,
even as the people went about putting in to practice by celebration the feast of tabernacles.
Nehemiah 8:1-12 Book of the Law.
1. Reading
2. Making it clear or exposition
3. Giving the meaning application

B. Synagogue worship: During or After the Exile

Synagogues worship may have had its origins either during or after the exile. But what
necessitated its coming in to existence is known from its influence on the Diaspora, away
from the temple worship and away from the established Jewish religion. A synagogue was
formed if there were ten male Jews present in any location. After returning from exile the
Jews established synagogues in almost every town. Two important elements of a synagogue
service:
1. Reading of portions from O.T ( law) and
2. Its expositions by the elders ( Lk 4;16-21; Acts 13:15)
If there was a suitable person present, who would them be invited by the ruler to deliver a
sermon, which would thus form a fourth part of the service (Acts 13:15) Paul in the
synagogue at Antioch in Pisidia, where the ruler asked him and Barnabas through the
attendant, “Brethren, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, say it (Acts 13-16).
The sermon could be delivered either sitting or standing( Luke 4:20, Acts 13:16).
The exposition of the scripture usually took the form of a homily a brief exhortation. Later
synagogue provided both to Jesus and his disciples a readymade congregation already trained
in leading the exposition of God’s word in a special set apart for sacred discourse.

C. New Testament period

The New Testament is used for preaching and teaching from the early centuries of
Christianity. The New Testament shows the significance of preaching the word of God
through Jesus and his disciples in the opening pages of New Testament we find the preaching
ministry of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ

1. John the Baptist

John the Baptist was considered to be the last in the line the prophets. His preaching in
most parts resembles like O.T prophets. Audience included crowds, tax collectors and
soldiers.
Aimed at Roman leaders - Herod, the tetrarch Lk 3:18: records of the summary of his
preaching. He called for repentance both from the religion elite and the common public. His
public ministry was sealed with the reward of prophet martyrdom.
John the Baptists’ coming from the wilderness reminded the people of Elijah. But he was
more known for his preaching because of the two things, he preached about the Messiah who
was coming after him and about the judgement. “According to the synoptic, John preached a
baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins (Mk 1:4, Lk3:3). He called up on his
listeners to prepare for the advent of one stronger than he who would come baptising with the
Holy Spirit (Mk 1:8) and with fire (Mt 3:11, Lk 3: 16). He came as a messenger of Christ’s
coming. His ministry was witness to Christ the long waited saviour.

2. Jesus Christ

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 Jesus Christ is considered to be the first preacher of Christianity. What Jesus preached is
called the gospel of God (Mark 1:14), the gospel of the kingdom (Matt 4:23) and the gospel
of the kingdom of God (Luke 4:43) and the coming Jesus, the cornerstone of Christian
preaching of his gospel account. “Jesus came preaching” (Mk 1:14).
The synoptic gospel writers present Jesus involving in a threefold ministry.
1. Teaching in synagogues
2. Preaching the gospel of kingdom of God, and healing people of all kinds of sickness (Matt
9:39, Mk 1:39, Lk 4:18) while his subject of preaching was the kingdom of God, the method
he employed in his teaching was through parables. This has gained him an unparalleled title
‘Teacher par excellence’.
The gospel picture Jesus as a wandering charismatic missionary. He not only preached the
gospel of the kingdom of God but also evidenced the presence of the kingdom of God in their
midst through powerful deeds of miracles and compassionate acts of healing the sick and
feeding the needy.
The common people heard him gladly because he spoke in the familiar language of the
people with authority.
His Nazareth manifesto ( Lk 4:18-19) clearly declared his mission the spirit of the Lord
had anointed him to preach good news to the poor, freedom for the prisoners, all this was in
fulfilment of the prophecy of Isaiah in chapter 61.
Luke’s summary draws on Isa 61: 1-2 good news to the poor, release to the captives, sight
to the blind, liberty to the oppressed and for the all the year of Gods favour (4:18-19). In the
person, work and words of Jesus a new era begins. The main subject of his preaching was the
kingdom of God. Jesus used parable to teach Divine truths. He had not only preached but also
evidenced the presence of the kingdom of God through miracles, healing and feeding the
hungry.
The ordinary people heard him cheerfully because he spoke in the simple language that
was familiar to the people. He spoke with authority. He was distinctive in preaching he taught
many important truths while he was preaching. His forms of address method of question and
answer are impressive. Use of illustrations; the pictures drawn from passing events, the
habits of enforcing truth by a metaphor are not strange to Jesus. Truth on his lips was simple
rather than complex. Objective rather people to listen to him. He preached in synagogues, in
homes, by the seashore, hillside, on the Galilean road, cities and villages. Jesus preached
wherever he could and he never neglected any place and any person.

3. Preaching of Apostles and the early church

The book of Acts records the preaching ministry of Jesus disciples beginning on the day
of Pentecost (Acts 2). The tradition of preaching from the prophets John the Baptist and Jesus
continued with the apostles (Acts 5: 42). In addition to the disciples (Acts 21:8, Eph 4: 11)
the whole church at times became involved in forms of preaching (Acts 8:4). The church was
born because of the preaching, and was sustained by preaching, the church understand itself
as continuing the message of Jesus, but there was one major difference: Jesus the messenger
of the kingdom was now the central feature of the message itself.
Acts of Apostles contains a numbers of sermons and portions of sermons (2:14-36; 3:12-
26; 13:16-14; 17:22-31), most of them delivered by Peter and Paul. Peter’s address at
Pentecost inaugurated the preaching of the apostles in the new era which had dawned on the
world. The preaching ministry of the disciples of Jesus began on the day of Pentecost when
Peter stood up and preached. Their central emphasis of the preaching was charismatic
proclaiming the good of the resurrection
The apostle witnessed to the fact that Jesus was raised from the dead. Acts 2:42 states that
“and they devoted themselves to the apostle’s teaching and fellowship, to the breaking of

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bread and the prayers” (V.42). Acts 6:4 shows that the apostles devoted themselves to prayer
and to the ministry of the word. It is obvious that the preaching and teaching of the Word of
God was central to the life of the Church.
The disciples give priority to the ministry of preaching because it was to this that Jesus
had primarily called them (Mk 3:14). According to Mark 16:20 they event forth and preached
everywhere. They proclaimed in the power of the Holy Spirit the good news of the death and
resurrection of Christ Jesus. It was giving the apostolic witness that indeed Jesus was raised
from the dead.
The Acts of Apostles chapter 2 gives summary of the life of the church of Jerusalem in
those early days. And they devoted themselves to the apostle’s teaching and fellowship, to the
breaking of bread and the prayers (v.42). In the sixth chapter we find that as the church grew,
it became necessary to appoint deacons to carry out certain administrative functions in order
that the apostles might devote themselves to prayer and to the ministry of the word than just
preaching. There was more to the ministry of the word than just preaching, there were the
daily study sessions like those held in the rabbinical schools. The preaching of the word of
God was central to the life of the church.

4. Preaching of Paul and his epistles

Paul understood his mission to be that of a preacher is quite clear from Paul himself. For
Christ did not send me to baptize but to preach the gospel (1 Cor 1:17); preaching was not a
role Paul had chosen for himself. He spoke of being compelled to preach and confessed “woe
to me if I do not preach the gospel” (1Cor 9:16). However his letter, usually occupied with
issues within the young congregations, do not after the, reader samples of his preaching.
Instead there are reminders to the churches of what he preached when he was present with
them.
Paul understood that the gospel had been entrusted to him by God (Tit 1:3). Therefore he
avoided all flattery and deceit and spoke openly as a man “approved by God to be entrusted
with the gospel” (1 Thess 2:4-5). This entailed hard work (1Cor 15:10, 2Cor 11:24-28),
facing strong opposition (1Thess 2:2) and even imprisonment (Php 1:16, Eph 6:19-20,
Phm13). Paul’s preaching did not rely upon “eloquence or superior wisdom (1 Cor 2:1). He
did not preach the gospel with words of human the wisdom, in case the cross of Christ be
empties of its power (2Co 1:17). It was by the open declaration of God’s redemptive act in
Christ that listeners were brought to faith.
The divine origin of the gospel (Gal 1:11-12) mandated a supernatural means of
communication. Paul served only as the human instrument in that process. Thus in
1Corinthians Paul declared the priority of preaching in his ministry- “for Christ did not send
me to baptize, but to preach the gospel (1Cor 1:17). At the end of his life Paul passes this
mission to Timothy with these words: preach the Word (2 Tim 4:2).
Paul’s message centred on the person of Christ (Gal 1:16) specifically Christ crucified
(1Cor 1:23) and risen from the dead (1Cor 15:12, cf Acts 13:30-37, 17:31). The content of his
message is described by a variety of terms such as “the word of faith” (Rom 10:8), “Jesus
Christ as lord” (2Cor 4:5), “the gospel” (Gal 2:2, Col 1:23) or “the gospel of God” (1Thes
2:9, 2Cor 11:7).
Most of Paul’s letters were written originally for specific occasions. For example, the letter
to the Galatians was written because Paul had heard that church members were turning to a
different gospel that of the Judaisers (Gal 1:6). Other examples (1 Thes 3:6) . They have been
called occasional documents.
This designation is homiletically significant because it reminds preachers that those letters
were inherently relevant in the first century and that this relevance can be uncovered today by

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historical investigation and interpretation. As Paul’s letters were extremely relevant for the
early church, so sermons on his letters can be strongly relevant for the church today.
According to T. Harwood Pattison, there are two kinds of preaching found in the New
Testament. The first one is missionary and other ministerial. The one proclaimed the good
news and the other built believer up in faith. Therefore in N.T preaching was given topmost
importance the church was born because of it.

X.The history of preaching in India

The preaching of the western missionaries and the Indian traditions of religious gurus
making discourses to their disciples and the background of contemporary Indian preaching.
St. Thomas arrived in to India in AD. 52. Though some churches have been found to be
established by him after his coming, Christianity remained unnoticed for many centuries in
India.
The scene began to change when Roman Catholic churches sent its Jesuits and Dominician
missionaries to India. With the arrival of Vasco da Gama, Catholicism began to spread.
It was with the coming of William Carey in 1793, that marked the beginning of protestant
missionary movement in India and with it the drive to make coverts to Christianity through
preaching and other means came. Carey with his associates Marshman and word launched
strong protestant missionary work by translating and printing the bible into a few India
languages and by starting both a printing press and missionary schools.
Two approaches: winning converts through good deeds (Roman Catholic) and winning
converts through preaching the gospel (protestant).
Christian preaching was done primarily by preachers who were trained or untrained. They
were labelled as wandering evangelists- bible, women, catechist, and itinerant preachers.

A. Untrained and trained preachers

Recent phenomenon is the rise of charismatic preachers who conduct many healing
crusades. These crusades attract large crowds because the preachers promise healing for the
body and prosperity of their earthly life.

B. Two types of preachers lead the life of the church in India

The traditional churches have ordained preachers who are not tied with any local churches
some independent preachers are inter- denominational and international.
Indian church lacks of printed material both on the sermons preached or even any helpful
material on techniques of preaching. Most of the text books seminaries on homiletics are
those authored by western writers.

XI. Classification of sermons

Sermons are classified according to the way preachers treat the text. From St. Augustine to
modern period, we find classifications like doctrinal, devotional, exegetical, apologetic,
polemical, expository, topical, narrative, and so forth.

A. Biblical sermons
The sermons that are preached to explain biblical truths to the people from the scriptures
are called biblical sermon. The Bible is the basis in biblical sermon. The biblical sermon
exposes new ideas and truth from the bible to the people in order to strengthen them in their
faith. There are different types of biblical sermons such as expository, textual topical,
biographical, narrative and etc. Therefore sermons are classified according to the way
preachers treat the text.

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B. Text
Text is an important element in a sermon. It is the scriptural ‘fabric’ of sermon. ‘Text’
(Latin – textus) means to weave, to construct or to compose. The text is regarded as the
scriptural fabric of the sermon in to which were woven the comments and interpretation of
the preacher.

C. What is expository preaching?

Exposition means bringing out what is there. The word “exposition” derives from the
Latin word expositio which means “setting forth” or “making accessible”. Thus expository
sermon is a sermon in which a message is brought out of the scripture and made accessible to
the hearers. By expounding the word of God, the expository sermon fulfils the very purpose
of preaching. In expository preaching, a particular passage of the bible is taken and
expounded to the people. It organizes the sermon around a central theme of the passage and
calls the listeners to apply the message or their lives. Expository sermon is the most effective
form of biblical preaching.

XII. Expository preaching

Ramesh Richard defines it as “the contemporization of the central proposition of a biblical
text that is derived from proper methods of interpretation and declared through effective
means of communication to inform minds, instruct hearts and influence behaviour toward
godliness. According to him, contemporization is the main task of the expository preacher.
The preacher takes the passage of the bible and contemporizes it for the present day
audiences. Secondly, in expository sermon, the entire sermon should be permeated by single
preposition. Here the text of the passage provides the theme for the sermon.
According to James Brage, “an expository sermon is one in which a more or less extended
portion of scripture is interpreted in relation to one theme or subject. The bulk of the material
for the sermon is drawn directly from the passage and the outline consists of a series of
progressive ideas centred on that main idea.
There are at least three things found in this definition. Firstly, the expository sermon
consists of a few verse or it may extend through a whole chapter or even further. Secondly is
the passage or potion of scripture is interpreted in relation of scripture is interpreted in
relation to one theme or subject. Thirdly the bulk of the material for the sermon is draw from
the passage.
Haddon W. Robinson defines expository preaching as “the communication of a biblical
concept, derived from and transmitted through a historical, grammatical, and literary study of
a passage in its context, which the Holy Spirit first applies to the personality and experience
of the preacher, then through him to his hearers”.
According G. Isaiah there are four things in Robison’s definition: first, the substance of the
sermon is determined by the idea of the writer of the book; secondly, the concept that is
communicated by the preacher is derived from the text or the passage; thirdly, this concept or
thought is derived after carefully studying the historical, grammatical, and literary structure
of the passage and fourthly, the discovered truth is first applied to the preacher himself and
then to the hearers.

A. Expository preaching in the bible

1. Ezra and the thirteen leaders
The best example of expository preaching in the O.T is found in book of Nehemiah 8:1-9,
where Ezra brought the book of the law before the people, opened it and started reading it.
Thirteen leaders who stood near him gave meaning to the passage. They helped people to
understand the passage that was read. Thus when Ezra read the scriptures, thirteen leaders

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expounded it to the people when people heard and understood the truth they started weeping.
Thus exposition of the scriptures help people really understand the truth and also to commit
themselves to the Lord.

2. Jesus Christ
Another example of the expository preaching is found in Luke 24: 13-35, when the two
disciples of Jesus were travelling to Emmaus on the day of Jesus’ resurrection, Jesus joined
with them. Jesus found that they were ignorant about his suffering and resurrection. So he
expounded to them all that was written concerning his death. The two disciples understood
the truth. Another example is found in Lk 4:16-21 where Jesus read Isa 61:1, 2 in the
synagogue and expounded it to the people. The people marvelled at his sermon. Thus,
exposition of the scripture enables people to understand and accept the truth of the bible.

3. Apostle Paul
Paul also used expository method to explain the necessity for the death and resurrection of
Jesus Christ to the people at Thessalonica (Acts 17:2-3). Paul went in to the synagogue for
three Sabbaths and reasoned with them from the scriptures, explaining and proving the
necessity of Christ’s death and resurrection.
These are some of the important examples of expository preaching found in the bible.
Therefore one can say that even in the biblical times, expository preaching was widely used
because of its effectiveness and biblical nature.

B. Advantages of expository preaching

1. Expository preaching limits the preacher to the scriptural text. The preacher must not go
beyond the limits of the text he or she is handling.
2. Its demands integrity from the preacher is staying faithful to the passage.
3. The preacher and the listeners learn the word of God.
4. It meets the spiritual needs of the people and helps them to grow in maturity.
5. It helps the preacher to present biblical truths boldly and confidently.
6. It prevents misinterpretation of scripture.
7. It gives authority and power to the preacher.
8. It also provides an inexhaustible (vast) store of sermon material.
9. Subjectivism is minimized in expository preaching.
10. It brings powerful application which leads people to commitment of the lord.

C. Principles for preparing expository sermons

If the preacher desires the sermon to be successful in its purpose. It must be prepared well
before its delivery. Expository sermon demands hard work from the preacher because there
are various steps to follow to prepare an expository sermon. Following are the various steps
in preparing this type of sermons.

1. Selection of the passage

This is the primary step where the passage is prayerfully selected, considering the
audience the nature of the occasion, the interest of the preacher and the resources. Here few
verses or a paragraph or a lengthy narrative or sometimes even chapter is selected. The
preacher should keep in mind that the passage contains the message that will meet needs of
the people. If the preacher is in the same church or in a preaching schedule for some weeks,
he or she can select a particular book of the bible keeping in mind the needs of the people.
This helps him or her to expose the content of the book paragraph by paragraph to the people.
Thus, selection of the passage plays an important role in expository preaching.

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2. Discover the meaning of the passage
The second principle is to discover the meaning of the passage. Make a careful study of
the selected passage meditate and make a careful observation of all the details. There are
certain steps to be followed in discovering the meaning of the passage.

3. Study the historical and cultural background of the passage

It is difficult to understand the passage without studying its historical the cultural
background and the circumstances under which the author wrote the passage. This helps the
preacher to fully and rightly understand the passage and apply first to himself or herself and
then to the hearers. This background study involves the knowledge about the religious and
political setting, purpose of writing, and also information about the background, the author
and recipients. These can be discovered through different bible dictionaries and
commentaries.

4. Understand the context of the passage

The study of the context helps to discover the right meaning of the passage with respect to
the whole book. It should be studied buy relating to the verse preaching and following the
passage. If the preacher fails to interpret the passage in the context then there is a possibility
of committing doctrinal errors and also discovering wrong meaning.

5. Find out what type of literature it is

The bible contains prose, poetry, historical narratives, wisdom literature and apocalyptic
literature. Therefore determine the genre of the literature from which the passages taken then
interpret it according to the rules of the interpretation of that particular type of literature. The
knowledge of the type of the literature helps the preacher in interpreting the passage writing.

6. Read the passage again and again

After understand the background and the context of the passage it is important that the
passage is read again and again carefully and prayerfully. This helps to discover the passage
in its context. John Stott emphasise the importance of reading the passage by saying: read the
text, re-read it, re-read it.

7. Read it again and Ask question like what

Why, how when, how, where, who, try to find answer for such question, who is the author,
who are the recipients, what is the authors aim here, what lesson can be learn, what is the
message of the passage, why is this passage so important, when was it written, why was it
written. Such questions help to find out what the passage is really saying.

8. Study the important words and phrases

In many passage there is a special purpose for the repetition of varies significant words
and phrases. In order to discover the meaning of passage correctly it is important to study in
detail the sentences and words in the passage. Different translation of the bible, lexicons, and
even the original languages of the bible, that is Greek and Hebrew will be a great help to find
out the original meaning of the words.

9. Find out the theological significance of the passage

Discover the dominant theme of the passage the exegetical idea of the passage determine
by the context. The identification of the theological truth enables the preacher to interpret the
passage accurately and apply it to people in a practical way.

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10. Form the outline
Structure your theme in smaller unit of thought or outline. There should be explanation,
illustration, and application. After the study of the passage in detail, the main point should of
the arranged in logical order. The preacher should take care in arranging the materials in line
with the dominant through of the passage.

11. Formulate the purpose statement of the passage

Purpose statement states the expectation of the preacher as the result of his or her sermon
to the audience. Every sermon should have a purpose statement what one expects to happen
among the audience as a result of preaching the sermon. Why you want to preach this sermon
this helps the preacher to remove unnecessary material from the sermon which may not be
necessary to explain the truth of the passage. It also helps the preacher to organise all the
materials around the purpose statements and gives direction to prepare the outline.

12. Write down the title

Here the main theme of the message is put in the title form. It should be appealing and
meaningful. It can be of few words not two, three sentence but should be attractive to the
people. It must fully reflect the message of the sermon.

13. Filling of the outline with material

There are three thing that happen in the process of filling the outline
 Explanation
 Illustration
 Application
In order to explain and clarify the meaning of the text to the audience illustration are
needed. Since it is the application that makes the sermon relevant almost care should be
taken, in making application. Therefore it is vital for the preacher to know the need of the
people well in order to make application used.

14. Prepare the introduction and conclusion

It is essential to prepare the body of the sermon first, because if the preacher begins with a
predetermined introduction or conclusion, he or she may twist the text to fit in them.
Therefore introduction and conclusion must be prepared last. A good introduction serves two
purposes.
1. It arouses interest and stimulate curiosity
2. It introduces the theme to the audience.
A true conclusion goes beyond the recapitulation to personal application. Conclusion
should be carefully planned because it is in the conclusion that final appeal for commitment
or decision is made.

15. Commit the preparation in prayer to God

Before the sermon is actually preached it must be offered to the lord through prayer.

XIII. Topical sermon

A. Definition:
A topical sermon is one in which the main division are derived from the topic
independently of a text. In a topical sermon the main division are drawn from the topic itself.
The topical sermon begins with a topic or theme and that the main parts of the sermon consist

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of ideas which came from the subject. The topical sermon does not require text as the basis of
his message. This does not mean that the message will not be biblical. But merely indicate
that a text of scripture is not the source of the topical sermon. But usually we will use many
texts. The source book of the topical sermon may not be the bible. Testimonies, news paper
personal experiences, revelation and etc.
The topical sermon gives a systematic on integrated treatment of a time considered worthy
of discussion such a sermon may or may not be biblical.

B. Nature of topical sermon

The topical sermon is dominated by a topic. In a topical sermon in the topic or subject is
the dominating factor in the sermons development. The entire treatment of the sermon
depends up on the topic all the sermon received from the text is its topic. The topic must be
true to the text. But the development of the topic is determined by the preacher. In topical
sermon the biblical text simply becomes a pretext in the hands of a preacher for
accomplishing their Agenda. Here the preacher may not deal with all aspects of the text.

C. Advantages of topical sermon

Topical preacher is need oriented rather than tradition oriented. Freedom of the choice of
the topic can result in better topical sermon. It enables the preacher to preach on many
homiletically, rich text in the bible not covered by pericopal system.
The topical approach allows the preacher to use creativity like multiple text, monologue,
and dialogue and so on... It is good for preaching on doctrinal and ethical subject or the
preacher do not need to spend much time on preparing topical sermon. This is very easy for
many pastors. It can lend a detailed and comprehensive handing of a topic.

D. Disadvantage of the topical sermon

 Topical sermon has some limitations. If a preacher is fail to deal with the context of the
text there lays great danger. It is taking the text out of context.
 The preacher may not have systematic study of the text and sermon so the preacher is at
liberty to say anything. There is no systematic teaching provided through this type of sermon
except in doctrinal teaching. It is easy for the preacher to prepare topical sermon therefore he
or she can be lazy too.

E. The sources of sermon topics

 Scripture: the main source is the bible itself.
 The congregation that he pastor serves is another source for topical preaching.
 Pastors own if experience constitute another source for topical preaching.
 Another source for the topical preaching is the pastors reading experience and study.

F. Examples of a topical sermon: PRAYER

Why our prayers are unanswered? Why our prayer remains unanswered James 4:3, Ps
66:18. We are asking wrongly?
Because we have sin in our heart God does not answer our prayer (James 1:6-7, Matt 6:7,
Prov 28:9, I Pe 3:7).
In a topical sermon there is only one central idea from the above outline we have seen that
it deals with only one theme. That is reasons for not answering prayer.

G. Basic principles for the preparation of topical sermon

 The main division should be in logical or chronological order. We should aim to develop
the outline in some form of progression either logical or chronological.

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 The man division may be an analysis of the topic. To analyse the topic we have to break
down the topic in to its component parts. so that we can analyse the topic better.
 The main division may present the various proofs of a topic.
Eg. Knowing God’s Word (theme)
Values of knowing God’s word (Ps 119:11, II Tim 3:18)
Knowing God’s word keeps us from sin (Jos 1:7-8).
 The main division of a topical sermon may treat a subject by analogy or contrast with
something else in the scripture.
Eg. Believer and salt
Like salt the believer’s testimony flavouring around. Salt also is a purifying element
(I Thess 4:4, Mt 5:23).
 The main division may be expressed by a certain fixed word, or phrase of scripture
repeated throughout the outline.
E.g. Ability of God (Heb 7:25)
He is able to save us (Heb 7:25)
He is able to keep us (Jude24)
He is able to help us (Heb 2:18)
He is able to Subdue us (Phi 3:21)
He is able to give grace (2 Cor 9:8)

H. Kinds of topics/ Subject for topical sermon

Preacher can select any topic from the scripture. But contains an inexhaustible store house
of topics from which the preacher mat obtains material for messages; suited for every
occasion and condition
Eg. Doctrinal sermon, sermon on baptism, marriage, burial etc.

XIV. Textual sermon

The textual sermons are based on one or two verse of scripture with the man points of the
message coming from the text itself. Textual sermon is consisting of one or two verse in
which the development of the main points drawn out of the word order in the text. There is
something singularly satisfying to the preacher when the text itself dictates the arrangement
of the sermon.
A textual sermon is one in which the main division derived from text consisting of a brief
portion of scripture. Each of these divisions is then used as a line of suggestion and the text
provides theme of the sermon. A textual sermon has the character of staying true to the text
but only on a superficial level.
In the textual sermon the main lines of development are draw from the text itself. In this
way the main outline is kept strictly within the limit of text. Sometimes the text is so rich and
full that we obtain many truths or features from it which will serve as a development of
thoughts contained in the outline. The main division in a textual sermon outline must come
out from the text itself. But further development of that point or thought may come either
from the text or from other portions of scripture. Also the text provides the theme of the
sermon.
Eg. Let us hold on to farts (Num 12:3, Heb 4:13-15).
Let us approach with coinage (Heb 10:19-23).
V. 21 how to approach the superior high priest.
Let us approach Jesus the high priest with a pure and true heart.
Let us faithful to our faith.

A. Advantages of textual sermon

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 Preacher of textual sermon can take what is familiar and bring a focused treatment of text.
Text can be handled in a deep manner. Textual sermons carry biblical authority and provide
sound instructions.

B. Disadvantages of textual
In topical sermon the text only get a partial treatment. There is always a tendency to place
emphasis on what the preacher desires rather than, what the text, detects. If only familiar text
get selected for detailed treatment there is a possibility that much of the bible can be
neglected for these simple reasons. Textual sermons also run the danger of neglecting the
larger context of the chapter and of the bible.

XV. Theology of preaching

Good preaching has reflected sound theology. Sound theology is communicated through
preaching. Theology is very significant for good preaching. A theology of preaching is a
theological preface whose aim is to show how theology informs preaching. And how
preaching is a “kerygmatic” oral practical activity in forms theology and brings in to its final
form of expression. The act of preaching is combination of exposition, testimony, exhortation
and teaching. It cannot be reduced to any one of these, preaching is a theological act because
the preacher speaks of God and for God.

A. The God who speaks

One has to preach because God has spoken and he has commanded to preach the word (II
Tim 4: 2). This is a fundamental conviction of Christian faith and of Christian preaching.
Therefore Preaching is bearing witness to what God has spoken concerning himself. The
bible witness to itself that it is the word that God has spoken.

XVI. Preaching as the method of communication:

A Preacher who keeps great distance from his or her people cannot understand the context
of the people. And in term the message would not be meaningful and relevant to the audience.
The preacher must know the society of his or her people, their social customs, social life,
social issues, relationship, family life etc of his people. This can help the preacher to relate
with audience rightly with the understanding of social context of the people, the preacher is in
a better position to communicate the message effectively to the audience.

A. Understanding the needs of the people

Both in preaching and communication, the preacher direct a message to a targeted group
or audience. While the message is being encoded the audience decodes it. Communication is
a two way process. Therefore when the audience receives the sermon it should be according
to their needs. The preacher should be in constant touch with the audience, in their struggles,
joy, sorrows etc. Therefore the preacher should understand the needs of people and the
message should be tuned accordingly.

B. Linking the Gospel and the needs of the people

A sermon is not merely a talk address, “to whom it may concern”. But it is a proclamation
of the gospel addressed to a distinctive group of believers. In preaching the congregation is
very important since the ultimate target or aim of preaching is the congregation.
Connectedness can be the key to a successful communication. Because if the connection is
lost all process is a futile attempt. For Isaiah, preaching is simply saying something but
saying to the people something very specific. So to get connected to the congregation

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identifying their nature is essential. The massage should be prepared and communicated
depending up on the educational, cultural, social, economic and spiritual background of the
congregation.

C. Preaching compared to other methods of communication

1. Preaching as communication
But theologically it is a divine event whose essence cannot be explained or reduces to
communication. Donald states that preaching is the transferring of something from one mind
to another. In preaching the nature of communication means ‘what to preach’ and the end
result that is sought “’why preach”.
Frederic W Schroder argues that preaching yet basically a human act of communication
and therefore the preacher must never overlook the fact that there is a human at both of the
sermon. The human in the pulpit and human in the pew. Effective communication in
preaching has always involved the preachers moral character.
Edward Irwin’s life style is the best example which says that “lived his sermons and
preached his life.” Simply speaking communication means transfer of thought but in
preaching. The medium is no mere words but the whole human being is involved. The
personality of the preacher involved.

2. Preaching as interpersonal communication

When the message is communicated between the sender and receiver in a proper way, the
sender should understood the word or message for what he or she knows and follows, what
the message preaching as a communication event is that which happens between the preacher
and the people or receiver. So it is a form of interpersonal communication. So the preacher is
speaking to every individual in the congregation personally.

3. Preaching as group communication

Preaching is not only for one to one communication, but it can be a group communication.
There are possibilities is preaching by using a drama or dialogue or an open discussion. The
group communication involves the transmission of the message to the group of peoples.
Group communication can also be mass communication. Therefore in group communication
the preacher is communicating to large number of people or a group.

4. Feed back
The preacher preaches and the receiver receives the message. But communication
becomes complete when the feedback is given by the receiver. Feedback can influence the
outcome of interaction. There are some patterns of behaviour emerged with a listener while
preaching the preacher should recognise the body language of the people. For example in the
middle of the sermon if one of the listeners looks at his or her watch or restless, that can be a
feedback which tells that the preacher is taking more time than necessary. In preaching
feedback through communication is provided by the receiver to the sender which is used to
check the suitability or appropriateness of the message (send) preached.

D. Ways to improve the communication of sermon

 Use of skit
 Involve people in drama and skits before the sermon.
 Make preaching (inductive) interactive ask questions and make preaching.
 Use charts and pictures.
 Stop before people lose concentration.

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 Make dramatic presentation of the message.
 Involve the congregation in ready the scripture.
 Use modern audio visual equipments.
 Develop good communication skills.
 Continually evaluate your own preaching.

XVII. Sermon construction or Steps in constructing a sermon.

A well prepared sermon usually draws the audience nearer to God and enables them to
praise him on the other hand an ill prepared might be hardly prepares the hearers to glorify
the risen lord. Preaching is a highest priority in pastoral ministry. Many times pastors fail to
prepare good sermons due to various reasons. Quality preaching needs lots of preparation.
There are two prerequisites for effective preaching that are: 1 Preparation of the preacher. 2.
Preparation of the sermon. Preparation of a preacher in away whole life can be required. Life
begins with a personal encounter with the living God. Revealed in and through Jesus Christ.
A lifelong commitment for Christian ministry that involved preaching and teaching and daily
walk with God is essential or necessary and unavoidable. Preaching is an imperative that it
must be done with careful and prayerful preparation.
A regular systematic study (seeming training) is a must for everyone who considers
serving Christ and his church. Preacher needs to be a continued and devoted student of the
bible, and they ought never to lose his interest in the word of God. It must be said that no one
should preach without a life that is prepared.

A. Stages in sermon preparation

1. Planning
The first stage in sermon preparation is planning which is a mental stage. Sermon must be
planned in this stage the preacher must be envisage the kind of occasion that is called for
preaching. For example regular Sunday sermon, thanks giving service, marriage occasion etc.
The preacher must plan on what type of sermon in accordance with the occasion it to be
evangelistic etc is. The preacher must always keeping mind the context by planning. The
preacher must speak to the context of the people. Therefore sermons must be planned
according to the occasions.

2. Choosing the selection of text

Selection the text is the one of the most difficult task in sermon preparation. It must be
done carefully and specifically to state the occasion. One should never approach any occasion
to preach without carefully selecting a relevant portion of the scripture. The message should
always arise out of the scriptures directly and not out of the formulation of men or women. As
for as possible the selection of the text should be done both from O.T and N.T.

3. Themes
Theme is necessary for a good sermon and theme should be the theme of the scripture on
which the sermon is based. It has to run throughout the message. The theme refers to the
thesis (a big idea), the central proposition of the sermon the underlying principle or the
sermon idea. The theme should exhibit hermeneutical integrity. Hermeneutical integrity
comes only after applying proper methods of literary interpretation. Theme makes easy for
the preacher to preparing outline and sermon divisions provide the skeleton for the sermon
structure. The theme can usually stand alone as a timeless and universal statement of
theological truth. The theme is the foundation of the sermon and foundation has to be strong.
The points of subdivisions should be part of this one theme.

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4. Title
When an idea condensed in to specific terms, it is the title. The final form or statement of
the title may take shape at any step is sermon preparation. The preacher will always have a
general idea of his or her title, almost from the beginning. Whenever his idea of the title take
shape the preacher should record if for guidance throughout sermon construction. A title well
phrased and priestly stated enables the audience to understand clearly the intent of the
preacher. A pleased title is a priceless tool in limiting and unifying each and every item in the
structural development of the sermon. When a title has been well prepared it is guide which
assists the preacher in sticking to the topic from introduction to invitation.
a. Qualities of titles
 Clarity- the title should be clear and logical in wording.
 Accuracy- the title should be an accurate formulation of the content or purpose of the
sermon.
 The preacher should make his or her purpose clear in the title and stay with it
 Narrowness- the title should be limited or restricted in scope. It should be narrowed until
it can be handled within the time limit. It should also limit the topic with which the preacher
is competent to deal.
 Brevity- the title should be very short. The title should be of manageable size.
Approximately 2-7 words (maximum nine) with not more than three or four strong words.
One word titles are too general in scope. While lengthy titles are burdensome. That will be
heavy for the preacher and the evidence.
 Originality- the title should be phrased in a fresh and interesting and appealing way.
There is no easy role to securing easy title. Even when one labours constantly and diligently
success is not always assured. However brilliant and striking titles are well worth the effort
they require.
 Relevancy- the title should be relevant to the needs of the people. The ministry through a
personal knowledge and understanding of a need can fashion titles which will be of easiest
concern.

5. Body of the sermon

Organising in an orderly sequence of what one wishes to say is considered as outlining a
sermon. We cannot take sermon for granted and present without keeping logic in sequence.
Every sermon should have an outline and present according to that sequence so that the ideas
of what he or she would not be communicated aimlessly rather it may help them to
concentrate with a focus and guide them in the direction he or she wants them to go.

6. Advantages of an outline
An outline enables the audience to understand what the preacher is saying where he or she
is headed. When a sermon is properly and carefully planned the audience may not find
difficult to follow the thoughts of the preacher. To make an outline for sermon is not easy as it
takes time, energy to think and collect the ideas and put things together and forward. That is
why most of the pastors do not want to make a sermon outline.
A preacher can establish good relationship and pleasant atmosphere with congregation, if
he or she has a proper sermon outline. With the outline as a guide he or she knows where he
or she is headed. Therefore an outline aides the preacher in development of thoughts. If the
outline’s with the preacher the idea or thought will not astray from his or her speech. Because
an outline keeps the preacher on the right track moving straight on the line of thought. Also a
sermon outline enables the preacher to keep the parts of the sermon in right proportions

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 An outline provides the audience with a needed emotional rhythm. When presenting the
points it is wise to go along with the rhythm of the congregation. The outline helps the
audience in remembering what has been said.

7. Points derived from the text:

The body of the sermon must be constructed on some plans. A good sermon will have all
the materials of the theme fit in to appropriable places in the sermon. This is called as
organisation of the sermon. A good organisation of the sermon helps the preacher to present
the message in an orderly way and helps the people to understand the message. Each main
point should be based on a part of the biblical text characterised by key word, in the biblical
text.
The number of main points will varied from sermons. The numbers of main points depend
up on the parallel ideas in the text. Usually it may have 5-6 point. The main point should be
states at simple sentence. It should be in the words of preacher rather than the words of the
scripture.

8. Introduction:
There is a beginning when the preacher begins the message and this is considered as
introduction. J. Isaiah asserts that what the preacher says or what he or she will say in the
introduction will determine the response of the audience for the rest of his message. Leoyd
John Ogilbie stated that the first three minutes of the sermon determine the effectiveness of
the whole message whether we preach 20 minutes or a half an hour, during this three minutes
of the sermon it is crucial to set the book. A good introduction is a vital part of the sermon.
Therefore to keep the attention of the congregation alive and interest from beginning till the
end of the message almost care should be given to present the introduction.
The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the subject. The goal of the introductions is
to state the purpose of the message in the most effective and attractive way. Therefore to have
a good report between the preacher’s message and congregation a good introduction is
required.
a. Some qualities of an introduction
An introduction should have some qualities it should be striking. The first impression is
the very important. If the preacher introduces the sermon interestingly it goes straight to the
interest of the audience.
 Clarity
The introduction should be clear. Let the congregation receive the message clearly and
accurately from the beginning onwards.
 Unity
There should not be illogical and inconsistent ideas in the introduction. It should be
appropriate to the occasion, audience, and message.
 It should be very brief
The introduction should only be long enough to accomplish its implied purpose to
introduce the subject. The length will vary according to the subject. The level of
understanding of the audience and the occasion. If the opening part of the message seems
long the congregation may grumble.
 It should be very modest
John R.W Stot that introduction is essential and it should neither so long nor so short. The
lengthy introductions distract from the sermon itself and steel’s its thunder. There should not
promise things what he cannot handle or believer. It is better to begin modestly.
 The introduction should be specific

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 The introduction should be prepared for one specific sermon. We specific here in the
sense of an approach to the theme.
 Unapologetic
We should not make any apology in the message unavoidable states of health and
accidents only accepted by apology. We often heard many preachers making pardon not
preparing the sermon because of lack of time in preparing sermon. Congregation understands
that this kind of statement is nothing but excuse and begging favour from the congregation.

9. Application
In preaching the preacher involves the working of linking the significance of the truth
stated in the text and sermon with the congregation’s situation and need. The application in
the sermon adjusts the acceptance of what has been stated. So the audience will act upon its
counsel. Simply speaking application points out the relation of what has been said to the
audience life. It calls attention to how what has been spoken is to be used and why it is
important to do so. The application should always summon to a decisive action. Application
should grip and motivate the audience and the application may either be direct or indirect.
Preaching that neglects the application is usually lifeless. The application cannot put any
time; the time when application is made must be determined by the contents of the message.
The preacher should not take a stand that I am holier than you therefore listen to me and also
the truth the preacher is applying to others have been applied to others have been applied to
the specific areas of your personal life, family and social life. Then think of community life
of your congregation. Never use application as a device to accuse the people or to express a
grudge against them. Application should be done in love and compassion.

10. Conclusion
Everything has starting point and ending point likewise a sermon needs to be introduced.
Many preachers have the problem of concluding the sermon. The purpose of conclusion is to
invite responds appropriate to the truth that has been declared. Conclusion is the part of the
sermon designed for the renewed emphasis on the purpose of message.
Being the last part of the sermon the conclusion need to summarize, restate, illustrate, or
apply the sermon in such a way that the listeners can take home the essence of their message.
It is the last chance for the preacher to accomplish the sermon’s purpose. There should be
clarity, unity and coherence in conclusion. The length of the conclusion may vary according
to the length of the sermon by and large the conclusion should be brief consuming about lot
of the total time of delivery. There may be a time of longer or shorter depending on the
occasion. The conclusion of a sermon should be presented in such a way and everybody can
easily understand and digest. The conclusion of their sermon should be very personal it must
the listeners that it we meant just for him or her. The concluding remarks should be directly
confronting each individual personally with the truth and challenge. Each person must be
made to feel that the message was addressed to him or her not to other person.

B. The sources and use of illustration

1. Use of illustration is sermon
The word illustration is derived from a Latin word illustrate which means to cast life
upon. An illustration is that which illumines a topic. The purpose of an illustration is to make
the congregation clearer a specific truth in the Bible. An illustration is the means throwing
light up on a sermon by the use of an example. There are times when people do not
understand certain meanings and could not follow the message of the preacher. But when he
or she demonstrates with an illustration people easily understand the truth meaning of it. G.

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Isaiah asserted that explanation of the text must be supplemented or strengthen by the
appropriate use of illustrations.

2. Advantages of Illustration
W. E. Sangster put forward seven advantages:
1. Illustrations can make the message clear.
2. They ease the congregation
3. They make the truth impressive
4. They make preaching interesting
5. They make sermon remembered.
6. They help to persuade people.
7. They make repetition possible without weariness.

3. Why do we use illustrations in preaching?

According J. Daniel Bouman there are three reasons for using illustration in preaching.
a. Logical reason:
Illustrations serve as bridge builders. An appropriate illustration removed the gap between
the biblical period and present day, a bridge of understanding links the two distinct period of
history. It moves the hearers or audience from the known to the unknown from what is
understood to what is not understood.
b. Psychological reason:
Good preaching can be graph mental breathing spells, periodical mental rest or humour
will satisfy a psychological need. We need point of relaxation in order to catch our breath.
The amount o f the time an average congregation to listen any sustained argument is quietly
limited. It must rest for a moment or two before moving on again to new concepts. Therefore
illustration is rightly termed as psychological necessities.
c. Emotional reason:
We need to identify with truth that feels that it is related to our world. The humanisation of
concept through proper emotion is an imperative dimension in preaching. Many successful
preachers have known how to reach people at this level.

4. Some warning to use illustration:

1. We have to be careful in using illustrations. Some of the warnings are using illustrations as
simple decoration.
2. Building sermon around illustration.
3. Using illustration so involved that they need themselves to be explained.
4. Lack of variety in illustration.
5. The vanity of self display.
6. Using an illustration which steals attention from sermon theme.
7. Illustration can help the sermon at the same time the sermon can spoil as well. So people
should be very careful in using illustrations.

5. Some values for using illustration in sermon

Illustration is not the most important factor in a sermon. But like a windows of house
where air can pass through and keep the house. Illustration makes the message clear
interesting and pleasant.
1. Illustration stimulates the interest of congregation. It is commonly observed in all
preaching occasions that illustration lighten up people. An appropriate use of illustration is
one of the means by which dullness can be vanished from the pulpit.

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2. Illustrations make a message easy to understand. Good illustration grabs a congregation at
the beginning of a sermon by showing them that the text is about their life. Then more
illustrations may sustain that interest throughout the entire length of the delivery by making
even point clear. And forming pictures of its concrete meaning in the people’s mind
3. Illustrations make a sermon remembered. People remember story or humours elements of
a sermon rather than anything else. Illustrations help to make then remembered.
4. Illustrations help to persuade people at any level of persuasion. Illustration helps the
preacher, a vivid picture which clarifies thought or sensational story which touches the
emotions, force the resisting will. An illustration can persuade the listener to follow the truth
which was revealed or preached.

5. Sources of illustration
Sources of illustration can be found from bible, news paper, magazines literature and other
book. Some of the most effective illustrations come from personal experiences and
observation.

6. Types of illustration
There are many types of illustration. All this illustration cannot be used at a time. It has to
be used according to the topic of a sermon. The following are various types of illustration
from the bible, historical, biographical humorous, scientific, geographical or topographical,
poetical or rhetorical or fictional, athletic or sporting, artistic or musical or theoretical,
personal illustrations self disclosures.

XVIII. Delivery of sermon

Selection of right words sends right messages so that the preached word would have a
right impact. The things preacher has to do
(1) Choose language that is understandable
(2) Have a preference for short words and sentences
(3) Use words that are clear and concrete
(4) Use conversational language.
Communication skill is very important in preaching. There are two kinds of
communication verbal and non verbal. They are complimenting and supporting each other in
preaching.

A. Important aspect of verbal communication

1. Pronunciation and Enunciation:
Basically preaching is an oral event. So pronunciation and enunciation are important as far
as possible learn to pronounce the word correctly but avoid artificiality and imitation.
2. Volume and voice projection:
The preacher has to be aware of the person in the row if he or she hearers obviously all
will understand. If the sermon cannot be heard the sermon effort is wasted. Modulation of
voice should be maintained properly. Preacher must see the size of the congregation and raise
his or her voice according to it. In communicating the gospel the voice of preacher is very
important. Preacher should use his or her voice with an audible voice. Some people try to
imitate others while some others try to maintain a wholly voice once they are in the pulpit.
Don’t shout or scream with the people. Don’t speak in a monotonous tone. Address one
person at a time.
3. Pitch and Tone
Controlling voice is essential in preaching. The voice should not be pitched beyond its
natural medium level. The fixing of a communicable vocal image must come from within,

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and it should not be imposed. A preacher should find his or her natural and comfortable pitch
level. Making that the medial tone position of his or her voice and must learn modulation of
the word up and down, around that median.
4. Rate pauses

B. Non verbal communication:

1. Gestures
It is the movement of the body and the posture for body communication. Gesture is an
action intended to communicate feelings or intentions. Gesture is a movement that helps to
express or emphasise an idea or emotional responds. It is the preacher’s use of head,
shoulders, hands and arms. A particular amount of gestures is necessary in preaching because
standing still and speaking seriously will not bring a positive impact of preaching.
Gestures cannot be limited in terms of over actions of the hands or arms and perhaps of
head, body movement makes immediate and spontaneous communication from the heart of
the preacher. So gesture is the communication through the whole body.
Gesture must be in tune with the message. Gesture should accompany or precede the
keyword or phrased for which it is used. It should be impulsive reflections of the preacher’s
feelings. Gestures must be in harmony with the message preached. Otherwise the sermon will
be awkward. Spurgeon illustrates that ill timed gestures as one in which the hands of the
preachers do not keep time with his or her lips. For effective preaching gestures and words
must go together, also words and actions should suite each other. People should not receive
two messages one though words and other through gestures. For effective delivery of sermon
body movements must be original it should not be artificial.
Gestures explain described picture and emphasise our speech. Gestures help the audience
to identify the feeling of the preacher. It expresses the thoughts and purposes of the preacher
forcefully. Effective expressive gestures are beneficial in several ways. Gestures should flow
very naturally from a whole hearted involvement with the message being preached variety
should be there in gestures.
When one thinks about gestures the occasion also an important matter for consideration.
Apart from this the size of the congregation and the nature of the sermon also should be
considered.
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