Vector Analysis

Vector Algebra
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Multiplication

Coordinate Systems
– Cartesian coordinates
– Cylindrical coordinates
– Spherical coordinates

Vector.1
 Introduction

Gradient of a scalar field

Divergence of a vector field

– Divergence Theorem

Curl of a vector field

– Stoke’s Theorem

Vector.2
 Scalar and Vector

Scalar
– Can be completely specified by its magnitude
– Can be a complex number
– Examples:
• Voltage: 2V, 2.5∠10°
• Current
• Impedance: 10+j20Ω

Vector.3
 Scalar and Vector

Scalar field
– A scalar which is a function
of position
– Example: T=10+x
• Represented by
brightness in this picture

Vector.4
 Scalar and Vector
Vector
– Specify both the magnitude and
direction of a quantity
– Examples
• Velocity: 10m/s along x-axis
• Electric field: y-directed
electric field with magnitude
2V/m
Vector field
– Example
T = xˆ

Vector.5
 Addition

Sum of two vectors

C= A+B =B+A

Graphical representation

Example
A = 2 xˆ
B = 0 . 7 xˆ + yˆ
∴ C = A + B = 2 . 7 xˆ + yˆ
Vector.6
 Scalar Multiplication

Simple product
– Multiplication of a scalar
C = aB

– Direction does not change

aB
B

Vector.7
 Scalar or Dot Product

A ⋅ B = AB cos θ AB

θ AB is the angle between the vectors.

– The scalar product of two vectors yields a scalar whose

magnitude is less than or equal to the products of the
magnitude of the two vectors.
– When the angle θ AB is 90°, the two vectors are orthogonal
and the dot product of two orthogonal vectors is zero.
– Example:
A = 10 xˆ + 2 yˆ
B = 3 xˆ
A ⋅ B = (10 xˆ + 2 yˆ ) ⋅ 3 xˆ = 30 xˆ ⋅ xˆ + 6 yˆ ⋅ xˆ = 30
Vector.8
 Vector or Cross Product

A × B = nˆ AB sin θ AB

– θ AB is the angle between the vectors

– n̂ is a unit vector normal to the plane containing the vectors
• Right-hand rule

n̂

A × B = −B × A
Vector.9
 Vector or Cross Product

In cartesian coordinate system,

xˆ × yˆ = zˆ
yˆ × zˆ = xˆ
zˆ × xˆ = yˆ

xˆ yˆ zˆ
A × B = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

Timeout
– M3.1 – 3.4

Vector.10
 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

In electromagnetics, the fields are functions of space and time.

A three-dimensional coordinate system allow us to uniquely
specify the location of a point in space or the direction of a
vector quantity.

– Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate system

– Cylindrical coordinate system
– Spherical

Vector.11
 Cartesian Coordinates

(x,y,z)
Differential length:
d l = xˆ dx + yˆ dy + zˆ dz
Differential surface area: Fig. 3-8
d s x = xˆ dydz
d s y = yˆ dxdz
d s z = zˆ dxdy

Differential volume:
dv = dxdydz

Vector.12
 Cylindrical Coordinates

(r ,φ , z )

Vector.13
 Cylindrical Coordinates

Differential length:
d l = rˆdr + φˆrd φ + zˆ dz

Differential surface area:

d s r = rˆrd φ dz
d s = φˆdrdz
φ

d s z = zˆ rd φ dr

Differential volume:
dv = rdrd φ dz

Vector.14
Example 3-4

Vector.15
 Spherical Coordinates

( R ,θ ,φ )

Vector.16
 Spherical Coordinates

Differential length:
d l = Rˆ dR + θˆRd θ + φˆR sin θ d φ

Differential surface area:

d s R = Rˆ R 2 sin θ d θ d φ
d s = θˆR sin θ dRd φ
θ

d s φ = φˆRdRd θ

Differential volume:
dv = R 2 sin θ dRd θ d φ

Vector.17
Example 3-5

Vector.18
Summary

Vector.19
 Gradient of a Scalar Field

In Cartesian coordinate, the gradient of scalar field T is

∂f ∂f ∂f
grad f = ∇ f = xˆ + yˆ + zˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
– a vector in the direction of maximum increase of the field f.

– ∇ is an operator and defined as

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ≡ xˆ + yˆ + zˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z

Demonstration: D3.1, D3.2, DM3.5， M3.6

Vector.20
 Del Operator

The operator in cylindrical coordinates is defined as

∂ 1 ∂ ˆ ∂
∇ ≡ rˆ + φ + zˆ
∂r r ∂φ ∂z

In spherical coordinates, we have

∂ ˆ 1 ∂ ˆ 1 ∂ ˆ
∇ ≡ R+ θ + φ
∂R R ∂θ R sin θ ∂ φ

Vector.21
 Divergence of a Vector Field
Divergence of a vector field A:

div A ≡ lim
∫ A ⋅ dS
S
∆v→ 0 ∆v

If we consider the vector field A as a flux density (per unit

surface area), the closed surface integral represents the net
flux leaving the volume ∆v
In rectangular coordinates,

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

div A = ∇ ⋅ A = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

D3.10， M3.8
Vector.22
 Divergence Theorem

If A is a vector, then for a volume V surrounded by a closed

surface S,

∫V
∇ ⋅ A dv = ∫ A ⋅ dS
S

The above integral represents the net flex leaving the closed
surface S if A is the flux density
V

Vector.23
 Curl of a Vector Field

The curl of a vector field describes the rotational property, or

the circulation of the vector field.
Examples:

Vector.24
 Curl of a Vector Field

curl A ≡ ∇ × A
nˆ ∫ A ⋅ d l
≡ lim C
∆S → 0 ∆S

In Cartesian coordinates, the curl of a vector is

xˆ yˆ zˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A =
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ax Ay Az
Vector.25
 Stoke’s Theorem

Stokes’s theorem: For an open surface S bounded by a

contour C,

∫ S
(∇ × A ) ⋅ d S = ∫ A ⋅ dl
C
C

The line integrals from adjacent cells cancel leaving the

only the contribution along the contour C which bounds the
surface S.
Vector.26
 Exercises

Cylinder volume

Gradient

Divergence

Curl

Vector.27