UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALA

SEDE MORALES, IZABAL 053

Estudiante: Gilsi María José Alvarenga Saquic

Carné: 190530029
Curso: Ingles I
Lic. Luis Hernández
Carrera: Ingeniería Agronómica
SEMANA 1

Days of the Week

The days of the week in English begin with CAPITAL letters.
 Monday
 Tuesday
 Wednesday
 Thursday
 Friday
 Saturday
 Sunday

Months of the Year

The months of the year in English begin with CAPITAL letters.
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December

COLORS
 Blanco: White (/guáit/).
 Negro: Black (/blak/).
 Gris: Gray (/gréi/; USA); Grey (/gréi/; UK).
 Rojo: Red (/red/).
 Azul: Blue (/blu/).
 Amarillo: Yellow (/iélou/).
 Verde: Green (/griin/).
 Naranja: Orange (/órench/).
 Marrón: Brown (/bráon/).
 Rosa: Pink (/pink/).
 Violeta: Violet (/váielet/).
 Morado/Púrpura: Purple (/pérpol/).
 Dorado: Golden (/gólden/).
 Plata: Silver (/sílver/).
NUMBERS

101 – One hundred (and) one

110 – One hundred (and) ten
125 – One hundred (and) twenty-five
163 – One hundred (and) sixty – three
200 – Two hundred
300 – Three hundred
400 – Four hundred
650 – Six hundred (and) fifty
782 – Seven hundred (and) eighty-two
1,000 – One thousand
2,000 – Two thousand
3,510 – Three thousand, five hundred and ten
1,000,000 – One million
4,650,000 – Four millions, six hundred fifty thousand
SEMANA 2

PRONOUNS AND VERB TO BE

Pronomes Pessoais

I yo

you tú / usted

he / she / it él / ella

we ustedes

you (plural) nosotros / -as

they ellos / ellas

In English the use of “I” is always capital when talking about the first person
singular.
En inglés el uso de “I” siempre es mayúscula cuando se refiere a la primera
persona.
The use of “you” is formal and informal and can be singular or plural.
El uso de “you” es formal e informal y puede ser singular o plural.

Verb “TO BE”- Present

Verbo “TO BE” - Presente
The verb “TO BE” is very important in English. It corresponds to the verbs SER and
ESTAR in Spanish. It is also used to express age, corresponding to the verb “TER”
in Portuguese.
El verbo “TO BE” es muy importante en inglés. Se corresponde a los verbos SER y
ESTAR en español. También sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce
por 'TENER'.

Affirmative Form
Forma Afirmativa

I I am → I’m
yo estoy / soy

you you are → you’re

tú / usted estás / eres

he
she he is → he’s
it está / es
él / ella

we we are → we’re
nosotros / -as estamos / somos

you (plural) you are → you’re

ustedes estáis / sois // están / son

they they are → they’re

ellos / ellas están / son
Examples
Ejemplos:
 I am Canadian. → Soy canadiense.
 He is from Mexico. → Es de México.
 We are from China. → Somos de China.
 Today is Monday. → Hoy es lunes.
 I am in the school. → Estoy en la escuela.
 They are sad. → Están tristes.
 Carlos is in Vancouver. → Carlos está en Vancouver.
 I am 18 years old. → Tengo 18 años.
 Sarah is 23 years old. → Sarah tiene 23 años.

Negative Form
Forma Negativa

I I am not → I’m not

yo no estoy / no soy

you you are not → you’re not / you aren’t

tú / usted no estás / no eres

he he is not→ he’s not / he isn’t

she she is not → she’s not / she isn’t
it it is not → it’s not / it isn’t
él / ella no está / no es

we we are not → we’re not / we aren’t

nosotros / -as no estamos / no somos

you (plural) you are not → you’re not / you aren’t

ustedes no estáis / no sois // no están / no son

they they are not → they’re not / they aren’t

ellos / ellas no están / no son
Examples
Exemplos

 I am not Canadian. → No soy canadiense.

 He is not from Mexico. → No es de México.
 We are not from China. → No somos de China.
 Today is not Monday. → Hoy no es lunes.
 I am not in the school. → No estoy en la escuela.
 They are not sad. → No están tristes.
 Carlos is not in Vancouver. → Carlos no está en Vancouver.
 I am not 18 years old. → No tengo 18 años.
 Sarah is not 23 years old. → Sarah no tiene 23 años.

VOCABULARY OF PROFESIONS
SPANISH ENGLISH

abogado lawyer

actor/actriz actor/actress

aduanero customs officer

agricultor farmer

albañil builder

arquitecto architect

asesor consultant

astronauta astronaut

azafata air hostess

basurero dustman

bombero fireman

camarero/a waiter/waitress
camionero lorry driver

cantante singer

capataz foreman

carnicero butcher

cartero postman

científico scientist

cirujano surgeon

cocinero cook

conductor driver

contable accountant

criado servant

cura priest

dentista dentist

dependiente shop assistant

electricista electrician

empleado employee

empleado de banco bank clerk

enfermero nurse

escritor writer

estudiante student

farmacéutico chemist

fontanero plumber
granjero farmer

ingeniero engineer

jardinero gardener

joyero jeweller

juez judge

librero bookseller

marinero sailor

médico doctor

mecánico mechanic

minero miner

modelo model

monitor instructor

monje monk

monja nun

niñera nanny

obrero labourer

oficinista office worker

panadero baker

pastor shepherd

peluquero hairdresser

periodista journalist

pescador fisherman
piloto pilot

pintor painter

político politician

policía policeman

portero caretaker

profesor teacher

psicólogo psychologist

psiquiatra psychiatrist

recepcionista receptionist

relojero watchmaker

reportero reporter

sacerdote priest

sastre tailor

secretario secretary

soldado soldier

taquimeca shorthand typist

taxista taxi driver

técnico technician

torero bullfighter

traductor translator

vendedor salesman

veterinario vet
 zapatero shoemaker

SEMANA 3
ARTICLES A/AN

1. The indefinite article – a

The indefinite article a is the same for all genders.
 a boy
 a girl
 a cat
The indefinite article has no plural form.
 a boy → boys
We use an if the following word starts with a spoken vowel.

the following word starts with a the following word starts with a
spoken consonant spoken vowel

 a boy  an aunt
 a school  an old school
 a girl  an American girl
 the following word starts with a the following word starts with a
spoken consonant spoken vowel

Mind the pronunciation of the following word.

The first sound we speak is [j], so we The first sound we speak is [ʌ], so we
use a → a unit use an → an uncle

2. Use of the indefinite article a/an

2.1. before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly)
 We have English 4 times a week.
 I go on holiday twice a year.
 Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour.
 Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.
2.2. before phrases of jobs
 My father is a car mechanic.
2.3. with a noun complement
 He is a good boy.
2.4. before phrases of nationality
 Bruce Springsteen is an American.
2.5. half/quite
 We need half a pound of sugar.
 This is quite a good story.

SEMANA 4
PRESENTE SIMPLE
AUXILIARY DO/DOES

Por ejemplo:
“I do lots of things” Yo hago muchas cosas.
Ejemplo 2: “She does everything” Ella hace todo.
2) Como “verbo auxiliar” para preguntar y negar en el tiempo presente.
Para el tiempo Pasado se usa “did” para todos los pronombres. En estos casos no
lo podemos traducir en español ya que es una construcción propia del inglés.
Ejemplo 1:Do you know her? La conoces?
Ejemplo 2: Does he work here? Ella trabaja aquí?
Ejemplo 3: They don’t do it. Ellos no lo hacen.

Otros usos de do/does/did

3) Para contestar una pregunta
Cuando haces una pregunta utilizando “do/does/did” como verbo auxiliar; se
contesta de forma corta diciendo: “Yes I do” ó “No, I don’t” .
4) Para dar énfasis
Cuando se quiere recalcar una acción afirmativa, se colocado/does/did delante
del verbo principal (el que realiza la acción).
Veamos ejemplos:
Ejemplo 1: Do you really work here? ¿De verdad que trabajas aquí?
Yes, I do work here. Sí, sí trabajo aquí.
Ejemplo 2:She does work hard. Ella sí trabaja duro.
Ejemplo 3: They did do it. Ellos sí lo hicieron.
Ejemplo 4: I do want to see her. Realmente quiero verla.

AFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
El presente simple afirmativo se forma con el infinitivo del verbo
sin "to".
En la 3ª persona del singular (he, she, it) se añade una -s final
al verbo.
I pla y Yo juego

You play Tú juegas

He pla ys Él juega

She pla ys Ella juega

It pla ys Juega

We play Nosotros jugamos

You play Vosotros jugáis

 They play Ellos juegan
Ejemplos
I w ork as a secretary Trabajo como secretaria

You call her every day La llamas todos los días

He finishes his job Termina su trabajo

She goes home Se va a casa

It matters a lot Importa mucho

We study maths Estudiamos matemáticas

You use a dictionary Usáis un diccionario

The y like ice creams Les gustan los helados

SEMANA 5

SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE SENTENCES

La estructura del presente simple en forma negativa es:
Sujeto + do/does + not + verbo + ...
Forma larga Forma corta

I do not pla y I don't pla y

You do not pla y You don't pla y

He does not pla y He doesn't pla y

She does not play She doesn't pla y

It does not pla y It doesn't pla y

We do not pla y We don't pla y

You do not pla y You don't pla y

The y do not The y don't play

 Ejemplos
I do not live in London No vivo en Londres

You don't have any pets No tienes mascotas

He does not understand him No lo comprende

She doesn't w rite a letter No escribe una carta

It does not w ork No funciona

We don't pla y tennis No jugamos al tenis

You do not w atch TV No véis la televisión

The y don't remember anything No recuerdan nada

NO QUESTIONS IN SIMPLE PRESENT

Respuesta rápida
Las preguntas yes o no (yes or no questions ) en presente simple son preguntas
que se pueden contestar con un simple yes o no .
Las preguntas yes o no en presente simple son preguntas que tienen dos posibles
respuestas: yes (sí) o no (no). También conocidas como preguntas
cerradas (closed questions ), es fácil formar estas preguntas si sigues la
siguiente fórmula:
Fórmula para las preguntas yes o no en presente simple
do o does + sujeto + forma básica de un verbo + información
Por ejemplo:

Do you like coffee?

¿Te gusta el café?

Does he speak
French?
¿Habla francés?
Do or Does?
 Si el sujeto de una pregunta es she, he o it, se usa does.
 Para todos los otros sujetos (I, you, we, they), se usa do.
Por ejemplo:

Does she work here?

¿Trabaja aquí?

Do you have any

sugar?
¿Tiene azúcar?

Respuestas cortas en presente simple

Para contestar las preguntas yes o no en presente simple, puedes decir
simplemente yes o no o o puedes dar una repuesta usando el verbo to do. En las
dos tablas a continuación hay ejemplos de las respuestas con to do usando todos
los sujetos gramaticales posibles en inglés.
Respuestas afirmativas
¡Empecemos con las respuestas afirmativas!

Sujeto Pregunta Respuesta

I Do you speak French? (¿Hablas francés?) Yes, I do. (Sí.)

Do I have to register? (¿Me tengo que

you Yes, you do. (Sí.)
inscribir?)

Does she speak Spanish? (¿Habla Yes,

she
español?) she does. (Sí.)

he Does he live here? (¿Vive aquí?) Yes, he does. (Sí.)

it Does it work? (¿Funciona?) Yes, it does. (Sí.)

we Do we need this? (¿Necesitamos esto?) Yes, we do. (Sí.)

they Do they speak German? (¿Hablan alemán?) Yes, they do. (Sí.)

Respuestas negativas
Ahora, veamos las respuestas negativas. A diferencia de las respuestas
afirmativas, es posible usar una contracción para dar una respuesta negativa a
una pregunta yes o no en presente simple.
 Sujet Respuesta con
Pregunta Respuesta
o contracción

Do you
No, I
I speak French? (¿Hablas No, I don't. (No.)
do not. (No.)
francés?)

Do I have
No, you No,
you to register? (¿Me tengo
do not. (No.) you don't. (No.)
que inscribir?)

Does she No, she No,

she speak Spanish? (¿Habla does not. (No. she doesn't. (No.
español?) ) )

No, he
Does he No,
he does not. (No.
live here? (¿Vive aquí?) he doesn't. (No.)
)

No, it does
Does No,
it not.
it work? (¿Funciona?) it doesn't. (No.)

Do we
No, we do not. No,
we need this? (¿Necesitamo
we don't. (No.)
s esto?)

Do they
No, they No,
they speak German? (¿Hablan
do not. (No.) they don't. (No.)
alemán?)
SEMANA 7

TIME: HALF, TO, PAST, O´CLOCK

When it's "on the hour" we say "o'clock". But only when it's on the hour.

Twelve o'clock Six o'clock

One o'clock Seven o'clock

Two o'clock Eight o'clock

Three o'clock Nine o'clock

Four o'clock Ten o'clock

Five o'clock Eleven o'clock

Because it can be difficult to say whether 12 o'clock is during the day or the night,
we use two special terms.
 00:00 and 24:00 = Twelve 12:00 = Twelve
midnight (or midnight) noon (or noon)

TIME (2)

In five minute increments, when it's past the hour (up to 30 minutes past) we say
"past".

When it's before the hour (after 30 minutes past) we say "to".

There are 60 minutes in an hour.

30 minutes is half an hour, we say "half past" or "thirty".

15 minutes is quarter of an hour, we say "quarter past" or "fifteen" or "quarter to" or

"forty-five".

Twelve fifteen

Twelve o'clock or

Quarter past twelve

 Twelve thirty
Twelve forty-five
or
or
Half past twelve
Quarter to one
We never say "half to".
At other "odd" times, when we want to be accurate, we add the word
"minute(s)":-

It's one
It's twenty-eight minutes
minute past
to twelve.
three.

If you want to avoid trying to remember when to use "minutes"

and when not to just say "nearly" or "just turned".

It's just turned half past It's nearly

eleven. three o'clock.

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME

At a In a
point in length
time of time
"It's
"When 12.45, "I'll see
shall "Let's when you in an
we meet at 12.30." will you hour, at about
meet? be 1.45."
ready?
NATURALLY SPEAKING

DIGITAL CLOCKS OFTEN SHOW THE TIME THIS WAY USING THE 24-HOUR-
CLOCK, ONLY THE POLICE AND THE MILITARY ACTUALLY SPEAK USING
THE 24 HOUR CLOCK:-
If it's before noon we tend If it's after noon we say If it's late we say "at
to say "in the morning". "in the afternoon". night".
07:00 14:00
22:00
It's seven o'clock in the It's two o'clock in the
It's ten o'clock at night
morning. afternoon.
15 minutes past the hour
is quarter past:
07:15 14:15 22:15
It's quarter past seven in It's quarter past two in the It's quarter past ten at
the morning. afternoon. night.
30 minutes past the hour
is half past:
07:30 14:30
22:30
It's half past seven in the It's half past two in the
It's half past ten at night.
morning. afternoon.
45 minutes past the hour
is quarter to:
07:45 14:45 22:45
It's quarter to eight in the It's quarter to three in the It's quarter to eleven at
morning. afternoon. night.

HOW TO ASK THE TIME IN ENGLISH.

 It's exactly eight o'clock.

or
o Excuse me. What
time is it, please?  It's eight.

 It's half past twelve.

o Excuse me. Do you or

have the time,
please?  It's twelve thirty.

 It's about half past eleven.

o Excuse me. Could
you tell me the time, or
please?
 It's around eleven thirty.
SEMANA 8
DIRECTIONS

Normally when you ask for directions you won't fully understand the reply, just try to
remember the first two or three things they say.

Spanish English

derecha right

izquierda left

Perdón. ¿Dónde está el banco? Excuse me. Where's the bank?

Estoy buscando la oficina de turismo. I'm looking for the tourist office.

¿Está lejos? Is it far?

Me he perdido. I am lost. / I have lost my way.

¿Me podría decir por dónde se va al

Could tell me the way to the bank?
banco?

un mapa a road map

un plano a street map

¿Me lo puede mostrar en el

Can you show me on the map?
plano/mapa?

¿Hay un restaurante cerca de aquí? Is there a restaurant near here?

¿Voy bien por aquí para el centro? Is this the right way to the centre?

¿Por dónde se va a la casa de Ana? How do I get to Anne's house?

¿El banco queda lejos? Is the bank far?

Siga todo recto. Go straight on

Doble/Gire a la izquierda Turn left/right

Gire/Doble a la izquierda al salir de la

Turn left/right out of Calle Mayor.
Calle Mayor.
Doble la esquina. Turn the corner.

Dé la vuelta. Turn around.

Cruce la calle. Cross the road

Está a la izquierda. It's on the left

El colegio está a mano izquierda. The school is on the left-hand side.

Está en la calle Gran vía, esquina (a) It's on the corner of Gran Vía and Reyes
Reyes Católicos Católicos

Está en la acera de enfrente. It's on the other side of the street

Está al final de la calle. It's at the end of the road.

Está a 100 metros de aquí. It's 100 metres away.

a unos diez minutos andando about 10 minutes on foot

Coja la próxima a la izquierda. Take the next left.

Take the second road / turning on the

Coja la segunda a la derecha.
right

la calle street/road

el callejón alley

una calle lateral side street

la acera pavement / sidewalk

una autovía dual carriageway / divided highway

una autopista motorway / highway

el carril lane

cambiar de carril to change lanes

el carril izquierdo left-hand lane

la salida exit

Tome / Coja la salida 25 Take exit 25

¿Cuál es la carretera de Valencia? Which road do I take for Valencia?

Siga las señales de Madrid. Follow the signs for Madrid.

el semáforo traffic lights

pasado el semáforo after the traffic lights

justo antes del semáforo just before the traffic lights

la rotonda, la glorieta roundabout

el cruce crossroads

al llegar al siguiente cruce at the next crossroads

Suba / Baje la calle hasta llegar al Go up / down the street until you come
semáforo to the lights.

¿Va al centro este autobús? Does this bus go to the centre?

¿Es esta la parada del museo? Is this the right stop for the museum?

¿Dónde cojo el autobús para Madrid / la Where do I get the bus for Madrid / the
Catedral? cathedral?

¿Se puede ir en tren? Can you get there by train?

el norte north

el sur south

el este east

el oeste west

el nordeste/noreste north-east

el noroeste north-west

el sureste/sudeste south-east

el suroeste/sudoeste south-west

cerca de near

enfrente de opposite
al lado de next to

detrás de behind

delante de in front of

WHERE IS THE RESTAURANT

Español Inglés
Cuando estamos en el restaurant
when we are in a restaurant we stay seated
estamos sentados
sino permanencen sentados nos
if we can’t stay seated we will go home
vamos a casa
¿Qué quieren comer? What would you like to eat?
¿Qué quieren tomar? What do you want to drink?
¿Puedes preguntar al mesero si
Can you ask the waiter for some crayons?
tienen crayones?
¿Diste las gracias? Did you say Thank you?
Por favor Please
¿Prueba la comida? Me gustan las Can you try your food? I like people that try new
personas que prueban cosas nuevas things
Necesitamos hablar en voz baja We need to use our inside voice
Estás haciendo mucho ruido y
You are being too loud and disturbing/disrupting
molestas a otras personas en el
the other people in the restaurant
restaurante
¿Quieres ir al baño? Do you want to go to the bathroom?
Necesitamos lavarnos las manos
We need to wash our hands before we eat
antes de ir a comer
¿te gusto? Did you like it?
¿Quieres más? Would you like more?
¿Está muy caliente? Is it too hot?
Hay que comer en la mesa We have to eat at the table
Quiero mas agua I want more water
¿Me puede traer mas agua por
Can I please have more water?
favor?
 Usa las servilletas
Usa las dos manos para sostener la
taza
No me gusta la comida
No gracias
¿Por qué no se lo pides tu?
¿Qué te gustaría de postre?
El postre es despues de comer
Tu nos tienes que comer sino te
gusta
Use your napkin
Use both hands to hold on to the cup
I don’t like the food
No thank you
Why don’t you ask him for it?
What would you like to have for dessert?
Dessert comes after you finish eating
You don’t have to eat it if you don’t like it

VOCABULARY OF PLACES:
airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.

bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here.

bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque.
bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines.

bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city.
butcher's - they sell fresh meat.
café - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.

church - a religious place of worship

court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here

craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country.

department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections.
cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're
here.
fire station - the building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine

gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car.
gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.
hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair.

hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.
hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city.
gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art.

jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.

laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated
machines.
library - a place where you can read and borrow books.
museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)

pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine and (legal) drugs.

police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested
pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks

park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or
walk your dog. Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here.
restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you.

school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5.
square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city.

supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items
video store - you rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place.
zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.

SEMANA 9

CONTABLES AND UNCONTABLES

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular
and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want
to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined
with the plural countable noun.

Singular Plural
Singular Plural

one dog two dogs

one horse two horses

one man two men

one idea two ideas

one shop two shops

EXAMPLES

 She has three dogs.

 I own a house.
 I would like two books please.
 How many friends do you have?

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They
may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too
small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable
nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.

EXAMPLES

 tea
 sugar
 water
 air
 rice
 knowledge
 beauty
 anger
 fear
 love
 money
  research
 safety
 evidence

RULES FOR THE USE OF CONTABLES

Los sustantivos contables (llamados "countable nouns" o "count nouns") son

sustantivos que podemos contar.

Podemos colocar un número antes de los sustantivos contables.

Por ejemplo:

 banana/bananas

one banana, 4 bananas

(una banana, 4 bananas)

 child/children
(niño/niños)

1 child, 10 children
(1 niño, 10 niños)

 foot/feet
(pie/pies)
 1 foot, 2 feet, nineteen feet
(1 pie, 2 pies, diecinueve pies)

 apple/apples
(manzana/manzanas)

1 apple, two apples, a dozen apples

(1 manzana, dos manzanas, una docena de manzanas)

Los sustantivos contables tienen una forma singular y una forma plural. Las formas
plurales normalmente se hacen agregando una "s" al sustantivo singular, pero no
siempre es así.

Abajo hay algunos ejemplos de sustantivos contables en sus formas

singulares y plurales:

Singular Plural
goose
geese
(ganso)
hand
hands
(mano)
computer
computers
(ordenador)
office
offices
(oficina)
man
men
(hombre)
person
people
(persona)
boy
boys
(muchacho)
bed
beds
(cama)
pencil
pencils
(lápiz)
woman
women
(mujer)
newspaper
newspapers
(periódico)
 ball
balls
(pelota)
strawberry
strawberries
(fresa)

Reglas para los sustantivos contables

1. Sustantivos contables singulares

A) Debes usar un artículo, una palabra que demuestra cantidad

(número) o un adjetivo posesivo antes de un sustantivo contable
singular

Incorrecto:

 Mrs. Smith is principal.

Correcto:

 Mrs. Smith is the principal.

(La Sra. Smith es la directora.)

 Mrs. Smith is our principal.

(La Sra. Smith es nuestra directora.)

 Mrs. Smith is a principal.

(La Sra. Smith es directora.)

Incorrecto:

 I lost earring.

Correcto:

 I lost an earring.
(Perdí un arete.)

 I lost one earring.

(Perdí un arete.)

 I lost her earring.

(Perdí su arete.)
Incorrecto:

 Did you bring guitar?

Correcto:

 Did you bring a guitar?

(¿Trajiste una guitarra?)

 Did you bring my guitar?

(¿Trajiste mi guitarra?)

 Did you bring that guitar?

(¿Trajiste esa guitarra?)

B) Usa el artículo A o AN la primera vez que usas el sustantivo contable

singular

Usa a cuando la siguiente palabra (sustantivo o adjetivo) empieza con

un consonante

Ejemplos:

 I need a phone.
(Necesito un teléfono.)

 Did you buy a new car?

(¿Compraste un coche nuevo?)

 Sally has a black cat.

(Sally tiene un gato negro.)

 Please hand me a pen.

(Por favor dame un bolígrafo.)

Usa an cuando la siguiente palabra empieza con una vocal (a/e/i/o/u)

Ejemplos:

 Nick ate an apple at lunch.

(Nick comió una manzana en el almuerzo.)

 She is an active girl.

(Es una chica activa.)

Sin el adjetivo "active" usaríamos a.

 She is a girl.
(Es una chica.)

 He is an artist.
(Es un artista.)

 Did you catch an insect?

(¿Atrapaste un insecto?)

C) Usa el artículo THE con un sustantivo contable singular cuando el

sustantivo ya ha sido presentado

Ejemplos:

 I need a phone. Here is the phone.

(Necesito un teléfono. Aquí tienes el teléfono.)

 Did you buy a new car? Yes, this is the new car.
(¿Compraste un coche nuevo? Sí, este es el coche nuevo.)

 He is an artist. Is Bob the artist?

(Es un artista. ¿Bob es el artista?)

 Did you catch an insect? Yes, here is the insect.

(¿Atrapaste un insecto? Sí, aquí está el insecto.)

*Nota: THE también puede usarse con sustantivos contables plurales como se ve
en la regla #2B abajo.

2. Sustantivos contables plurales

A) Puedes usar un número que es más de uno antes de un sustantivo

contable plural

Ejemplos:

 She has three dogs.

(Tiene tres perros.)

 I have two brothers.

(Tengo dos hermanos.)
  There are four kids in our choir.
(Hay cuatro niños en nuestro coro.)

B) Puedes usar determinantes o palabras que demuestran cantidad con

sustantivos contables plurales

Palabras que demuestran cantidad:

 some
(algunos)

 any
(algunos)

 most
(la mayoría de)

 more
(más)

 all
(todos)

 a lot of
(muchos)

 many
(muchos)

 both
(ambos)

 several
(varios)

 few
(pocos)

 a couple of
(un par de)

 the
(el/la)
Ejemplos:

 We have many pets.

(Tenemos muchas mascotas.)

 I have a few notebooks.

(Tengo algunos cuadernos.)

 She bought a lot ofgroceries.

(Compró mucha comida.)

 Nick has several friends.

(Nick tiene varios amigos.)

 Do you have any envelopes?

(¿Tienes unos sobres?)

 Billy has a couple of questions.

(Billy tiene un par de preguntas.)

 Did you see the dogs?

(¿Viste el perro?)

C) La mayoría de los determinantes o palabras que demuestran

cantidad son opcionales antes de los sustantivos contables plurales

No tienes que usar un determinante antes de un sustantivo contable plural.

Pero los determinantes hacen que el sustantivo contable sea más específico.

Abajo están las mismas oraciones de arriba sin los determinante.

Ejemplos:

 We have pets.
(Tenemos mascotas)

 I have notebooks.
(Tengo cuadernos.)

 She bought groceries.

(Compró comida.)

(Esto podría significar mucha comida como en la ilustración de arriba

 o poca comida como en la ilustración que se ve aquí.)

 Nick has friends.

(Nick tiene amigos.)

 Do you have envelopes?

(¿Tienes sobres?)

 Bill has questions.

(Bill tiene preguntas.)

 Did you see dogs?

(¿Viste perros?)

3. Adjetivos posesivos y sustantivos contables

Puedes usar adjetivos posesivos antes de sustantivos

contables singulares y plurales

Adjetivos posesivos:

 my
(mi)

 your
(tu)

 his
(su)

 her
(su)

 its
(su)

 our
(nuestro)

 their
(su)

Ejemplos:

 Have you seen my dog?

(¿Has visto mi perro?)
  My children are at the park.
(Mis hijos están en el parque.)

 Your house is large.

(Tu casa es grande.)

 Put on your boots.

(Ponte tus botas.)

 Tom forgot his coat.

(Tom olvidó su abrigo.)

 His gloves are black.

(Sus guantes son negros.)

 Sally loves her grandmother.

(Sally quiere a su abuela.)

 Her daughters are in school.

(Sus hijas están en la escuela.)

 The dog buried its bone.

(El perro enterró su hueso.)

 Its feathers are white.

(Sus plumas son blancas.)

 Our car is in the shop.

(Nuestro coche está en el taller.)

 Have you found our cats?

(¿Has encontrado nuestros gatos?)

 The family moved out of their house.

(La familia se mudó de su casa.)

 Where are their parents?

(¿Dónde están nuestros padres?)

4. Algunos sustantivos pueden ser contables o incontables dependiendo de

su significado o cómo están usados en la oración.

Por ejemplo, consideremos la palabra "glass."

singular: glass
plural: glasses

A) I drank a big glass of juice.

(Tomé un vaso grande de jugo.)

B) She drank two glasses.

(Ella tomó dos vasos.)

C) He cannot see and will have to buy glasses.

(Él no puede ver y tendrá que comprar gafas.)

D) The ball broke glass in the window.

(La pelota rompió el cristal de la ventana.)

En las oraciones A y B, glass es un sustantivo contable. Estamos hablando de un

drinking glass (un vaso de vidrio).

En la oración C, glasses es un sustantivo contable. Estamos hablando de a pair of

spectacles o eye glasses (gafas o anteojos).

En la oración D, glass es un sustantivo incontable. Estamos hablando de glass

(cristal o vidrio) como un material. La ventana está hecha de vidrio. La ventana
puede ser contada, pero este tipo de glass no puede ser contado.

Miremos otro ejemplo.

singular: language

plural: languages
A) I only speak one language.
(Sólo hablo un idioma.)

B) She speaks three languages.

(Ella habla tres idiomas.)

C) English is my favorite language.

(El inglés es mi idioma favorito.)

En la oración A, language es un sustantivo contable singular.

En la oración B, languages es un sustantivo contable plural.

En la oración C, language es un sustantivo incontable.

Hay algunas otras palabras que pueden ser contables o incontables:

 paper
(papel/ensayo)

 hope
(esperanza)

 business
(negocio)

 death
(muerte)

 time
(tiempo/vez)

 marriage
(casamiento/matrimonio)

 power
(poder)

 work
(trabajo)

 property
(propiedad)

 hair
(cabello)
 UNCONTABLES NOUNS

o Los nombres incontables solo tienen forma de singular, por lo que no se pueden
contar. Mira los siguientes ejemplos:

Ejemplos: Butter, money, water. Mantequilla, dinero, agua.

Nota: Los nombres incontables se suelen referir a nombres de sustancia (milk,
water, etc), de materia (wood, iron, etc), de cualidades abstractas (courage,
poverty, etc).
Para cuantificar los nombres incontables tenemos que utilizar otra palabra, de
valor partitivo, seguida por of. Observa:
Ejemplos:
A piece of wood. Un trozo de madera.
Two cups of coffee. Dos tazas de café.
Three bottles of milk. Tres botellas de leche.
Four glasses of water. Cuatro vasos de agua.
o No podemos usar números con los nombres incontables. Mira el siguiente
ejemplo:

Ejemplo: We cannot say "one rice", "two waters". No podemos decir "one
rice", "two
waters"
o No se puede usar el artículo indeterminado a/an con los nombres incontables:

Ejemplo: We cannot say "a music", "an information". No podemos decir "a
music",
"an information."
o Con los nombres incontables usamos los possessive adjectives,the, this, that,
some, any, little, much, a lot of, etc.

Ejemplos:
I like this music. Me gusta esta música.
There's some milk in the fridge. Hay algo de leche en el frigorífico.
3. Countable and uncountable nouns (Nombres contables e incontables):
o Hay nombres que pueden ser tanto contables como incontables, aunque con un
significado distinto. Observa los siguientes:

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

a chocolate (un bombón) chocolate (chocolate)
a cloth (un trapo) cloth (tela)
a glass (un vaso) glass (cristal, vidrio)
an iron (una plancha) iron (hierro)
a paper (un periódico) paper (papel)
a rubber (una goma de borrar) rubber (goma) material
a wood (un bosque) wood (madera)

Ejemplos:
I need to drink a glass of water. Necesito beber un vaso de agua.
This ceiling is made of glass. Este techo está hecho de cristal.

SEMANA 10

USE OF SOME ANY AND MANY

Some and Any

The general rule is that any is used for questions and negatives while some is used
for positive.

Both may be used with countable and uncountable nouns.

Do we need any rice?

No, we don’t need any rice.

We have some rice in the cupboard.

Some may also be used for questions, typically offers and requests, if we think the
answer will be positive.

Would you like some wine?

May I have some more chocolate?

Much/ Many and a lot of

These work in the same way as some and any. Much may only be used with
uncountable nouns while many is used with countable.

Do we have much time?

Were there many people at the party?

A lot of is used for positive.

There were a lot of people at the party.

Again, much and many may also be used in questions if the speaker thinks that the
answer will be positive.

SEMANA 11

USE OF LESS
Less: (comparativo) menos.

She is less lazy than her sister. Ella es menos vaga que su hermana.
Nota: Es comparativo porque la comparo a ella con solo otra persona, su
hermana.

AND MORE
We use the quantifier more to talk about additional quantities, amounts and
degree. More is a comparative word.

More with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions

We use more with different classes of words. We use more after verbs but before
every other word class:

[instructions on a computer screen]

Click here for more answers. (more + noun)

My father was more upset than I had ever seen him. (more + adjective)

The interest rate has gone up again. We’re going to have to pay more. (verb
+ more)

[talking about a car]

It will start more easily, run moresmoothly and deliver more power. (more, +
adverb, more + adverb, more + noun)

Who’s more in need of a good night’s sleep, you or me? (more + prepositional
phrase)

SEMANA 13 Y 14

DEMOSTRATIVES SINGULAR THIS/ THAT, THOSE / THESE

This, That, These, Those are called demonstratives and they are used to show
the relative distance between the speaker and the noun.

Demonstrative Pronouns
We use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to something that is here / near.
Examples:

 This is my car. (singular)

 These are our children. (plural)

We use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to something that is there / far.
Examples:

 That is our house. (singular)

 Those are my shoes. (plural)

Note that the verb changes (i.e. singular / plural) depending on the pronoun that
you use.
You can also use Demonstrative Pronouns by themselves:

 Did you do that?

 I'd like to buy these?
 Which of those would you like?

Demonstrative Adjectives
You can also use demonstratives before a noun. These are called demonstrative
adjectives.
The Demonstrative Adjective needs to agree (= be the same form) as the noun.
Examples of demonstrative adjectives:

 This party is boring. (singular)

 That city is busy. (singular)
 These chocolates are delicious. (plural)
 Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)

Summary - What is the difference between Demonstrative Adjectives and

Demonstrative Pronouns?
Demonstrative Adjectives and Demonstrative Pronouns use the same words. The
easiest way to know that difference is that Demonstrative Adjectives are always
before a noun while Demonstrative Pronouns are before a verb or by themselves.

 This book is old. (Demonstrative Adjective + Noun)

 This is new. (Demonstrative Pronoun + Verb)
 Did you like that? (Demonstrative Pronoun by itself)
Everything else is the same. For example, both Demonstrative Ajectives and
Pronouns use the word THIS (singular) to talk about something that is close to you
and the plural of THIS is THESE.

Present vs. Past

If an action is near in time we tend to use this / these.
If an action has finished or is in the past we use that / those.
Examples:

 This is a good meal. (at the time of eating)

 Those girls we met last night were silly. (an event that happened in the
past).

This is
The expression this is is commonly used when you talk on the phone or you
introduce people.
Examples:

 "Hello, this is Peter."

 Carol, this is my friend Simon. Simon, this is Carol.

Summary Chart
SEMANA 15
WH-QUETIONS WITH COUNTABLES / UNCONTABLES NOUNS

Countable nouns

Some nouns refer to things which, in English, are treated as separate items which
can be counted. These are called countable nouns. Here are some examples:

a car, three cars

my cousin, my two cousins

a book, a box full of books

a city, several big cities

Singular and plural

Countable nouns can be singular or plural. They can be used with a/an and with
numbers and many other determiners (e.g. these, a few):

She’s got two sisters and a younger brother.

Most people buy things like camerasand MP3-players online these days.

These shoes look old now.

I’ll take a few magazines with me for the flight.

See also:
 Determiners (the, my, some, this)
 Singular and plural nouns
 Nouns
Uncountable nouns

In English grammar, some things are seen as a whole or mass. These are called
uncountable nouns, because they cannot be separated or counted.

Some examples of uncountable nouns are:

Ideas and experiences: advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work

Materials and substances: water, rice, cement, gold, milk

Weather words: weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow

Names for groups or collections of things: furniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage

Other common uncountable nouns include: accommodation, baggage, homework,

knowledge, money, permission, research, traffic, travel.

These nouns are not used with a/an or numbers and are not used in the plural.

We’re going to get new furniture for the living room.

Not: We’re going to get a new furniture for the living room. or We’re going to get
new furnitures for the living room.

We had terrible weather last week.

Not: We had a terrible weather last week.

We need rice next time we go shopping.

Some nouns always have plural form but they are uncountable because we cannot
use numbers with them.

I bought two pairs of trousers.

Not: I bought two trousers.

Other nouns of this type are: shorts, pants, pyjamas, glasses (for the
eyes), binoculars, scissors.
SEMANA 16
CONVERSATION TIME USING THE TOPICS

Time
 Under what circumstances does time pass slowly and under what
circumstances does it pass quickly?
 How quickly does time pass in your English class?
 How would you feel if you had no way of telling the time - no clock, watch or
other device?
 How do you feel if you find yourself stuck in a slowly moving queue?
 If you had two extra hours in the day what would you do with them?
 People often maintain that time seems to pass more quickly as they get older -
does this happen to you? Why do you think this happens?
 Time seems to pass more slowly when you are bored. What activities do you
find especially boring?

At work
 Do you feel that you have sufficient time to do everything you need every day?
If not, how could you get more time?
 In your country, is punctuality considered to be a virtue or do people regularly
arrive late? How do you feel when colleagues arrive late for meetings?
 Many people feel that much of the time they spend in meetings is wasted.
Would you agree? If so, what do you think could be done to waste less time?
 If people arrive late do they usually apologise? What do you think they should
do?
 Do you have some system to manage time such as making lists of priorities, or
do you just do the first thing that comes to hand?
 How good are you at meeting deadlines?

At home
 How much time do you spend asleep? Would you like to spend less time
sleeping?
 What time do you get up and go to bed?
 Are you able to wake up at a specific time without the use of an alarm clock?
 Are the clocks changed by an hour in Spring and Autumn in your country? How
long does it take you to adjust?
 How do you feel when you lose an hour's sleep because the clocks are
changed? How long to you take to adapt?
 Have you ever spent an entire day "an hour out" because you didn't realise the
change had happened? How did you notice your error?
 How much time do you spend eating every day?
 How much time do you spend on the internet? Would you like to spend more or
less?
SEMANA 17
READING TIME YES / NO QUESTIONS

In English, there are two basic types of questions: Yes / No questions and Wh–
questions. Yes / Noquestions are also called closed questions because there are
only two possible responses: Yes or No. When forming a Yes / No question, it must
include one of these verbs: BE, DO, HAVE, or a modal verb. It is impossible to ask
a Yes / No question without one of these verbs.

correct incorrect Read lesson

* en español
* en français
Are elections next year? Elections next year?

Does he want to stay? He want to stay?

Have the boys eaten? The boys eaten?

Can the dog swim? The dog swim?

Use the verb BE to ask Yes / No questions about the identity or description of a
person, place, or thing.

question response
Am I your friend? Yes. / Yes, you are. / Yes, you are my friend.
Is this a good No. / No, it is not. / No, it is not a good restaurant.
restaurant?
Are these islands Yes. / Yes, they are. / Yes, these islands are
Greek? Greek.
Was his idea No. / No, it wasn’t. / No, his idea was not
interesting? interesting.
Were they happy? Yes. / Yes, they were. / Yes, they were happy.
Note that the response can be short (Yes. / No.), or long: Yes or No followed by the
subject and verb.
Use the verb BE with a preposition to ask Yes / No questions about a present or
past location.

question response

Am I at the correct location? No. / No, you aren’t.

Are the keys under the books? No. / No, they are not.

Was his house on an island? Yes. / Yes, it was.

Were the demonstrations in the center of town? No. / No, they weren’t.

Use the verb BE to ask a Yes / No question about a current activity or situation.
This requires the present progressive: BE + (verb+ing).

question response

Am I going with you and Tom? Yes. / Yes, you are.

Is she working today? No. / No, she isn’t.

Are we seeing a play tomorrow? Yes. / Yes, we are.

Use the verb BE to ask a Yes / No question about a past activity or situation. This
requires the past progressive: WAS / WERE + (verb+ing).

question response

Was it raining? Yes. / Yes, it was.

Were they playing? No. / No, they weren’t.

Use the verb BE to ask a Yes / No question with the passive voice.

question response

Is gold mined in Canada? Yes. / Yes it is.

Are flowers grown here? No. / No, they are not.

Was the book read? Yes. / Yes, it was.

Use the verb HAVE to ask if somebody has done something or if some action has
taken place. Note that these Yes / No questions use the present perfect (HAVE +
past participle).

question response

Has your brother left? No. / No, he hasn’t.

Have you driven before? Yes. / Yes, I have.

Has the party started? Yes. / Yes, it has.

Use the verb DO to ask Yes / No questions in order to obtain facts about people,
places, or things.

question response

Do they smoke? No. / No, they don’t.

Does it rain here? Yes. / Yes, it does.

Did the key work? No. / No, it didn’t.

Use modal verbs to ask Yes / No questions about possibilities or uncertainties.

question response

Can we stay? Yes. / Yes, we can. / Yes, we can stay.

Could this be true? Yes. / Yes, it could (be true).

Should they stop? No. / No, they shouldn’t (stop).

May I help you? Yes. / Yes you may (help me).

Remember: When asking Yes / No questions with DO or a modal verb, the main
verb remains in the base form (without to).

correct incorrect

Do you drink coffee? Do you to drink coffee?

Does she work here? Does she to work here?

Can I go with you? Can I to go with you?

Should we email her? Should we to email her?

However, if there are two verbs that follow DO, the second verb remains in
the infinitive (with to).

correct incorrect

Do you want to drink coffee? Do you want drink coffee?

Does she like to work here? Does she like work here?

Did you need to go home? Did you need go home?

Note that there are several ways to answer Yes / No questions, especially when
using contractions.

question response

Is he busy? No.

No, he isn’t.

No, he’s not.

No, he is not.

No, he isn’t busy.

No, he’s not busy.

No, he is not busy.