PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE

AKU3201

Dr Fadhil Syukri
Department of Aquaculture
Faculty of Agriculture
Email: fadhil@upm.edu.my

Tel: 03-89474828

Consultation hours (by appointment):

- Directly after class
 "Give a man a fish, and you'll feed him for a day.
Teach a man to fish, and you've fed him for a
lifetime.”
Confucius

Give a man the answer, and he'll only have a temporary

solution. Teach him the that led you to that
answer, and he will be able to create his own solutions in
the future.
What goes in the water black and comes out red?
 Course content
Introduction
Aquaculture systems
Species & site selection
Pond system
Management of pond
Harvest & postharvest
Seed production
Management of other systems
Current issues

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 Learning outcome
1. Describe the importance of
aquaculture in the context of food
production & wealth generation
2. Describe the management of a
sustainable aquaculture industry
3. Applied Good Aquaculture Practices

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 Evaluation
Test 1 15%
Test 2 15%
Practical Report 15%
Star points 10%
Group assignment 15%
Final Exam 30%

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 Today’s lecture
Introduction

History

Aquaculture status in Malaysia, ASEAN

countries & global

Importance, problems & technologies of

aquaculture
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 Introduction
WHAT IS “AQUACULTURE”

All form of culture of aquatic plants and animals

Fresh water, brackish and marine water body

All-inclusive
Aquaculture
 Aquaculture

Source: http://www.seaweedplantation.com
 Introduction

WHAT IS “AQUACULTURE”

VS

“FISHERIES”
 Introduction

Source: http://www.kidsafeseafood.org/fishing-method/

FISHERIES
Aquaculture
1) Type of aquatic organisms
Animals & plants

2) Environment
freshwater, brackish water, saltwater (seawater)

3) Type of culture techniques or systems

Pond, raceway, cage, pen, raft

4) Specific character of environment

Cold-water, warm-water, upland, inland, coastal,
estuarine

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Aquaculture
Aquaculture involves:

Hatching/breeding (Hatchery)

Production (Grow-out)

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Hatching/breeding (Hatchery)
Production (Grow-out)
 Type of water for aquaculture

1) Freshwater ( < 0.5 ppt)

2) Brackish water (0.5 – 30 ppt)

3) Salt water (> 30 ppt)

What is ppt?

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 Fishes

Courses: http://www.fishgen.com/10FAQ.htm

Tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus

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 Poikilothermic
Body temperature varies with surroundings

Low energy requirement

Do not spend any energy for the maintenance of constant

body temperature

Higher growth rate & greater production per unit area

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 Fishes

Keli – Clarias gariepinus

 Fishes

Courses: http://www.oocities.org/yosemite/geyser/2337/Guide/P3.html

Seabass – lates calcarifer

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 Fishes

Grouper – Epinephelus sp.

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 Ornamental fishes

Arowana
-
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Ornamental fishes

Discuss

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 Ornamental fishes

http://aquariumfish.net/catalog_pages/bettas/
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 Ornamental fishes

Koi fish - Cyprinus carpio 29

 Other fishes

Salmon 30
 Other fishes

Trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

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Molluscs

Sources: https://www.flickr.com/photos/midgley/
Molluscs

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Oyster
Crustaceans

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Crustaceans

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Crustaceans
Other animals

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Other animals

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Other animals
Alligator

Deep Fried
 Plants

Red algae or
Rhodophyta

Source: http://www.amadeite.com/English/Expertise/Algae

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Plants
Nori
 History
Started in China (~500 BC)

Fan Li – Chinese Politician

- My fish pond was my source of wealth

Book : ‘The classic of fish culture’

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China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia,
Europe, Africa, America
- Common carp

Seaweed – earliest text book from Japan in 1952

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Contribution of Fish to Nutrition
Average Fish Price
World Population Growth, 1950–2050
Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)

Aquaculture: rapidly growing business!

Need additional 27 million tonnes by 2030
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 Annual growth production rate:

1) Aquaculture 8.9%

2) Capture fisheries 1.2%

3) Terrestrial farmed meat 2.8%

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Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)

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Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)

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 Aquaculture - ASEAN
Major share to global food fish supply

Top ranked producers (volume & value)

- China

- India -
Philippines

- Indonesia - Myanmar

- Thailand - Vietnam

- Bangladesh - Malaysia?

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 Aquaculture - Malaysia
1920s – (Chinese carp began farming)

Polyculture of different Chinese carps

1930s- Breeding fish in rice fields, Marine shrimp ponds

1940s – Blood cockles

1950s – extensive culture of freshwater fish

1970s &1980s – big changes in aquaculture

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 Aquaculture - Malaysia
Main authorities

- Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-based Industry (MOA)

- Department of Fisheries

- LKIM

- Tenth Malaysia Plan

- National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs)

- Agriculture

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 Aquaculture - Malaysia
3rd National Agriculture Policy

- Promote sustainable aquaculture development

- Aim to increase aquaculture production

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 Aquaculture – Malaysia
Aquaculture Industrial Zone (ZIA)

- Zoning land & coastal areas suitable for aquaculture)

- ~30,000 ha in different states

- Aquaculturist income minimum RM3,000/month

- High quality aquaculture products

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 Aquaculture - Malaysia
Target – 662,000 tonnes

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 Status of Aquaculture
Aquaculture facts

- The highest production = shellfish (cockles)

Now (2012/2013) = seaweed

- The highest value = marine shrimp

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 Universities in Malaysia
University Putra Malaysia

University Malaysia Terengganu

University Malaysia Sabah

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

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COMAS UPM, PD

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Puchong Aquaculture Research Centre,
UPM

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MARSLAB, INSTITUTE OF BIOSCIENCE

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WHY IS AQUACULTURE IMPORTANT TO HUMAN?

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 3 main reasons:

1) Provides variety of products & material

2) Provides employment (22,000 fish farmers)

3) Provides income & economic returns

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Importance of aquaculture
Food (protein, essential nutrients, minerals)

Good source of income

Potential export earner

Food security

Other products – agar, carragenan

Pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical

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 Technologies in Aquaculture
Simple to complex high technologies

a) Techniques (live feed, induced breeding, etc.,)

The first larval stage (instar I; 400 to 500 µm in length)

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 Technologies in Aquaculture
Simple to complex high technologies

a) Techniques (live feed, induced breeding, etc.,)

b) Systems (Pond, RAS etc.,)

http://www.akvagroup.com/products/land-based-aquaculture/recirculation-systems
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 Technologies in Aquaculture
Simple to complex high technologies

a) Techniques (live feed, induced breeding, etc.,)

b) Systems (Pond, RAS etc.,)

c) Biotechnology (Disease diagnostic etc.,)

d) Engineering (Design & construction of production facilities)

e) Feed Technology (Ingredient, Processing)

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Problems in aquaculture
Lack of skilled labour

Environmental issues – pollution, climate

Land & water resources

Feed (Fish meal, fish oil)

Diseases

Food safety & quality

Seed production (High quality)

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Aeromonas sp.

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 Vibrio sp.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Source: http://organicabiotechindia.blogspot.my/2014/02/white-spot-syndrome-viruswssv-is-most.html

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Take care of the water
If you care about the fish