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Phylum Classes Exoskeleton skeleton Motor Digestive Respiratory Excretory Circulatory Reproductive Nervous Sensory
Stratified epidermis with Vertebrae, cartilage, Lungs Pronephros, mesonephros 4-chambered heart with Dioecious; gonads, ducts,
keratinized layer, hair, nails, bone, (embryonic), metanephros two artria and two copulatory organs
Mammalia scales, dermis, glands in adult ventricles; closed system;
hepatic portal
Stratified epidermis with Vertebrae, cartilage, Lungs Pronephros, mesonephros 4-chambered heart with Dioecious; gonads, ducts, Special sense
keratinized layer, feathers, bone (embryonic), metanephros copulatory organs (in some) organs of taste,
two artria and two
Aves scales, beaks, claws, dermis
Alimentary canal
in adult ventricles; closed system;
smell, hearing;
eyes
typically divided into hepatic and renal portal
mouth with jaws, oral
Stratified epidermis with Vertebrae, cartilage, cavity, pharynx, Lungs Pronephros, mesonephros 3-4 chambered heart with Dioecious; gonads, ducts,
keratinized layer and scales, bone esophagus, stomach, (embryonic), metanephros two atria and 1-2 ventricles; copulatory organs
Reptilia dermis small intestine, cecum, in adult closed system; hepatic and
large intestine, anus; renal portal
accessory glands present
(liver, pancreas, Dorsal tubular
Stratified epidermis partly Vertebrae, cartilage, salivary glands: Branchial gill slits, Pronephros (embryonic), 3-chambered heart with Dioecious; gonads, ducts
brain and spinal
Amphibia cornified (keratinized),
dermis, glands
bone
Embryologically, the
gills, lungs, skin opisthonephros in adult two artria and one
ventricle; closed system;
cord with cranial,
spinal, and
basic plan is a hepatic and renal portal autonomic
Endomesodermal CHORDATA Stratified epidermis, Cranium,vertebrae,
Smooth, cardiac, and
stomodeum
(ectodermal), a midgut Branchial gill slits, gills, Pronephros (embryonic), 3-chambered heart with Dioecious; gonads, ducts
nerves
pouches Body segmented; axial notochord, which may be dermal scales, glands (endodermal), and a lungs opisthonephros in adult two atria and one ventricle;
give rise to coelom permanent or temporary; dorsal tubular nerve cord; Sarcopterygii cartilage, bone skeletal muscles
arranged in patterns
proctodeum closed system; hepatic and
paired gill slits in pharynx at some stage, postanal (ectodermal) renal portal
tail at some stage; endostyle or thyroid gland of gross units
Branchial gill slits, Pronephros (embryonic), 2-chambered heart ; closed Usually dioecious; gonads, Special sense organs of
Radial Cleavage NOTE: Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
Stratified epidermis, Cranium,vertebrae,
taste, smell, hearing;
Primitive gut are protochordates (having no cranium or vertebral
column). The remaining classes belong to
Actinopterygii dermal scales, glands cartilage, bone gills opisthonephros in adult system; hepatic and renal
portal
ducts, copulatory organs
(in some) eyes; lateral-line;
electroreceptors
subphylum Vertebrata.
Blastocoel Stratified epidermis, Cranium, vertebrae, Branchial gill slits, Pronephros (embryonic), 2-chambered heart; closed Dioecious; gonads, ducts,
(later obliterated)
Chondrichthyes dermis, placoid scales, cartilage gills opisthonephros in adult system; hepatic and renal copulatory organs
DEUTEROSTOMIA
glands portal
Blastopore
Stratified epidermis, dermis Persistent notochord; Alimentary canal without Branchial gill slits, Pronephros (embryonic), 2-chambered heart; closed Monoecious, gonad, no duct Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Anus derived from blastopore, mouth a new for-ma-- Cephalaspidomorphi (corium), glands cartilaginous cranium jaws or distinct stomach gills mesonephros system; hepatic portal and brain; cranial and
and neural arches (opisthonephros) in adult spinal nerves
tion; cleavage mostly radial; all deuterostomes are
eucoelomate; in nonchordates, endomesoderm arises Stratified epidermis, Persistent notochord; Alimentary canal without Branchial gill slits, Pronephros, mesonephros 2-chambered heart with Monoecious, gonad, no duct Dorsal tubular nerve cord Special sense organs of
from pouches from primitive gut (enterocoelous); in Myxini dermis, glands fibrous cranium; jaws or stomach gills atrium and ventricle; and brain; cranial and taste, smell, and hearing;
cartilaginous pharyngo- accessory hearts; closed spinal nerves degenerate eyes; lateral-
chordates, endomesoderm arises from splitting of me-- skeleton system; hepatic portal line; elcectroreceptors
Anus sodermal bands (schizocoelous) Simple epidermis, cuticle Notochord, connective Muscles (myotomes), cilia Endostyle; Branchial gill slits Many nephridia (solenocyte No heart; dorsal and ventral Dioecious; gonads, no ducts Dorsal tubular nerve cord, Cerebral eye, epidermal
tissue type) aorta, hepatic portal; closed spinal nerves sensory cells
Cephalochordata alimentary canal;
pharynx system
*
* The width of these bars suggests the relative number Outer cellulose tunic or Notochord, connective Muscles, cilia Endostyle; alimentary Branchial gill slits Body surface; nephrocytes Tubular heart; open sinus Monoecious; gonads, ducts; Dorsal tubular ganglion Ocelli, sensory cells,
of species in each group.
gelatinous covering; mantle tissue canal; pharynx store wastes in excretory channels sexual and asexual in some (larva), nerves (adult) statocysts (chiefly in larva)
Tunicata of epidermis and dermis vesicles
Hemichordata
Ciliated epidermis, Alimentary canal, Papulae (dermal Body surface, Mostly dioecious; Nerve ring, radial Eye spots, sensory
Asteroidea thin cuticle eversible stomach branchiae);
podia
coelomocytes,
pyloric ceca
gonads (usually 10);
asexual by fission in
nerves, and
subepidermal plexus
cells in epidermis
some
Syncytial epidermis in Alimentary canal, Bursae Bursae, Mostly dioecious; Nerve ring, Sensory cells in
most; little ciliation no anus coelomocytes gonads, bursal ducts; radial nerves epithelium
Ophiuroidea asexual by fission
Kingdom
ECHINODERMATA Ciliated epidermis,
Dermal endoskeleton
with calcareous plates
Circular and longitudinal
muscle fibers, water-
Alimentary canal, Peristomial gills, Coelomocytes carry Mostly dioecious; Circumoral nerve Sensory cells in
Body unsegmented and usually pentamerous (in parts (microscopic in vascular system and podia, Coelomic fluid;
thin cuticle masticatory apparatus podia waste to gills, podia gonads, ducts ring, radial nerves, epithelium,
of 5 each); with secondary radial symmetry;
calcareous endoskeleton of plates or spicules; water Echinoidea Holothuroidea); spines,
connective tissue;
tentacles (in some),
pedicellariae
(Aristotles's lantern) and axial gland
coelomocytes;
hemal and subepidermal plexus especially on podia, spines,
vascular system and podia (tube feet) perihemal systems and pedicellariae
hydrostatic and (in Echinoidea and
hydraulic fluid pressure Asteroidea)
Animalia
Epidermis, thin Alimentary canal, Respiratory tree, Coelomocytes and Dioecious; monoecious Nerve ring, radial Statocysts, sensory
cuticle retractile oral podia, skin respiratory tree (few); single gonad, nerves, and cells in epidermis
Holothuroidea tentacles duct subepidermal plexus and podia
Syncytial epidermis, Alimentary canal Body surface, Coelomocytes Dioecious; indefinite Oral, hyponeural, Sensory cells and free
thin cuticle especially the podia gonads and aboral systems nerve endings in
Crinoidea of rings, radial nerves epidermis and podia
Diplopoda
Priapulida
Alimentary canal Tracheae Malpighian tubules Simple eyes,
antennae
Tardigrada Chilopoda
Open system
Connective tissue, Cerebral ganglia,
Striated muscles, of heart, Dioecious (most);
Ecdysozoa ARTHROPODA
Epidermis, molting
chitinous cuticle
hydrostatic and
hydraulic fluid
pressure
jointed
appendages Alimentary canal,
gastric mill
Branchiae (gills),
body surface (in
Antennal or
maxillary glands
arteries,
hemocoel,
sinuses
gonads, ducts,
copulatory organs
double ventral
nerve cord
with ganglia Compound eyes,
statocysts,
Grow by molting; locomotion not by Body segmented, but somites often modified and specialized;
Onychophora
Alimentary canal Book gills, Four pairs coxal Simple eyes,
with crop, gizzard, body surface glands sensory hairs,
PROTOSTOMIA
striated muscles; ciliated feeding currents organs dorsal antennae
microscopic corona created by corona
Epidermis, Muscles, arms, Alimentary canal, Gills Branchial and systemic Dioecious; gonads, Cephalic ring of cerebral, Complex eyes;
Mouth derived from blastocoel, anus is a new for-ma-tion; shell reduced suckers anus, hearts, closed vessels, ducts, "hectocotylus arm" pleural, pedal and visceral statocysts; olfactory,
Spiral cleavage mostly spiral and mosaic; en-dome-so-derm Acanthocephala Cephalopoda pharynx with jaws, capillaries, hemocyanin ganglia and nerves tactile, and
Cleavage radula chemoreceptor cells
derived usually from the “4d” blastomere
Epidermis, Muscles, Alimentary canal, Gills, Heart, arteries, open Dioecious; gonads, Cerebral, visceral, Mantle ocelli, tactile
shell of two muscular foot anus, mantle sinuses, hemoglobin, ducts pedal ganglia and organs, statocysts,
Gnathostomulida Bivalvia calcareous crystalline style, no hemocyanin connectives osphradia, etc.
valves radula
Blastocoel
Epidermis, Muscles, Alimentary canal, Gills or lungs, Heart, arteries, open Dioecious; monoecious; Cerebral, buccal, Eyes, osphradia,
Primitive gut calcareous muscular foot anus, mantle sinuses, hemoglobin or gonads, ducts, pedal ganglia and statocysts, tentacles
Entoprocta Gastropoda shell radula, crystalline hemocyanin (in some) copulatory organs nerves
Mesoderm (in most) style (in some)
Epidermis, Connective tissue, Muscles, muscular Alimentary canal, Mantle Paired Sinuses Dioecious; Cerebral, pedal, Subradular organ,
Blastopore Ectoprocta Scaphopoda calcareous
tubular
hydrostatic and
hydraulic fluid
foot anus,
radula
metanephridia
(except
gonads, ducts, pleural ganglia and
connectives
statocysts,
tentacles
shell pressure Solenogastres)
MOLLUSCA
Body soft and unsegmented; viscera enclosed by the mantle;
Epidermis,
embedded with
Muscles,
foot vestigial
Alimentary canal,
anus,
No true gills Sinuses Monoecious Nerve ring,
paired nerves
Scattered nerve
endings
usually external calcareous shell of one or more pieces; ventral Solenogastres spicules or radula absent
muscular foot; radula present (except Bivalvia and Solenogastres) scales
Mouth Epidermis, Muscles, Ciliated alimentary Many paired gills Heart, arteries, Dioecious; monoecious; Nerve ring, "Shell" eyes,
shell of muscular foot canal, anus, open sinuses gonads, ducts four longitudinal osphradia, subradular
Brachiopoda Polyplacophora calcareous radula nerve cords organ, and other
plates sense organs
Epidermis, Muscles, Alimentary canal, anus, 5 or 6 pairs Heart, arteries, Dioecious; Ganglia, Scattered small
limpetlike radula, crystalline style of gills open sinuses gonads, ducts nerve cords receptors
Phoronida Monoplacophora shell
muscular foot
Lophotrochozoa Circular and Mouth with jaws, Body surface Closed system or Monoecious; Ocelli, photoreceptor
Cellular epidermis Muscle layers, Gastrovascular cavity Gastrovascular cavity Ocelli, ciliated
Mesozoa Turbellaria with mucous glands cilia of mouth, pharynx,
intestine (no anus)
pits, epidermal
cells
(Paraphyletic)
Placozoa Cellular epidermis Intermediate Flagellated Ventral epithelium serves Direct body No special No special No special General reaction
Body is platelike; no symmetry, no organs, and no muscular with mucous glands layer cylinder cells nutritive function surface structures structures structures of ectoplasm
or nervous system
Epidermis, (perisarc in Mesoglia; hydrostatic Epitheliomuscular cells Gastrovascular cavity, Direct body No special Gastrovascular Monoecious and Epidermis, Epithelial sensory
Cnidaria Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, some Hydrozoa); epidermis and with contractile fibers intracellular and extra- surface structures, cavity dioecious; gonads, diffuse nerve net cells,
PARAZOA
Epidermis of Myocytes; Canal system,
PORIFERA pinacocytes,
Siliceous
flagellated choanocytes,
Direct Amebocytes, No
Scattered sex
cells; Cell: T-cell excitation; General reaction
Asymmetric or radially symmetric; no germ layers; with sometimes choanocytes amebocytes, gonads and
Cellular level of organization; no
pores and canals; spongocoel and osculum; some cavities Hexactinellida syncytial;
permeated with
spicules
(collar cells);
some pinacocytes
food vacuoles;
no mouth or
body
surface
direct body
surface
special
structures ducts absent;
nerve cells
probably absent
of
ectoplasm
lined with choanocytes dioecious or
pores are contractile digestive tract
or-gans or tissues; body with pores, Siliceous
monoecious