Fertility and imapcting factors

Depending on the infrastructural components suchbas different facilties, services available and
within reach (access) of the general population, there are several factors that may impact the
decline, decrease or maintenance of the fertility rate within a specific regionor country.
According to Swartz (2009) one very important factor is racial socio-ecnomic devisions along
rural and urban lines as well as the educational oppertunities, formal and informal job
reservations reserved for the white population to prevent poverty (p. 487- 488). hence most of
thes factors have to be taken into account when talking about fertility in a South African
context.

Marriage and contraception is thus one of the most powerful determinants of fertility (Swatz,
2009, p. 491). Marriage is South Africa thus not as important anymore and has lost its value and
could account for the increase in fertility. According to Swartz (2009) the fertilty rates of
married women in 1996 were higher in comparison those who are married with a rate of 4.3
percent. However fertility rates are now higher among women who are unmarried. This is due
to the increase of teenage pregnancies. According to Swartz (2009) teenage pregancies are
more prevelent amomg teenage girls with limited education with a growth of numbers from 2.4
to 35.1 per cent since 1996 (p.492). The majority of these pregnancies are thus not planned.
This leads us to the next factor that influences fertility which is contraceptive use .According to
Swarts (2009) 61 per cent of sexually active women interviewed Sub-Suhara reported that they
are are currently using contraceptives. This is inrelation to the decline ratea of fertility. Modern
methods of fertility thus outweigh traditional methods however methods used are racially
stratified (Swartz, 2009, p. 494). Whites, Africans and Colourds thus use different methods to
supress or prevent pregnancy. Accordimg to Swartz (2009) Whites up make up the least of
family planning services, using a wife rage of comtraceptive methods while coloured and
Africans take up the bulk and generally use the contraceptive injection (p. 494).

Birth Spacing and abortion is also a common factor associated with fertility. According to Swartz
(2009) younger African and coloured women feel thag their pregnancies are too colsely spaced
while older women feel only some are spaced too closely. Once again it evident that more
children and births are often associated with younger generations. Most of these pregancies is
this unwanted hence abortion was legalised on socio-ecnomic grounds in 1996 (Swartz, 2009, p.
496). Contraints on women's autonomy and decision-making regarding reproduction thus
facilitated policy making process (Swarts 2009). Race and socio-enomic status once again comes
when into play when the need for such sercives is demanded. Swartz (2009) thus states that the
greatest need for legal abortion exists among those women who are disadvantaged.

Other factors that indirectly infleunces the fertility and reproduction is water management and
Food Security. According to swartz (2009) population interventions for envromentantal and
developmental programs can be beneficial to communities and can premote reproductive
health information through provision of clean water and job creation.

Migration and population dynamics

Migration is often a very important factor to look at whrn it comws to the health status of a
certain outcoms and several factors such economic and politocal instability which might affect
the health outcomes of a population im a negative way. According to Zimmerman, Kiss and
Hossain () definitions of migration is very diverse and "include temporary and momer
perminant forms of huma mobility that can occur for different purposes over long and short
distances. Hence migration is simply moving from one place to another like birds would migrate
because of climate conditions changing. There are thus no true definitions. However further
clarity of idealogical interpretations will not be the focus of this section. Hence focus will fall on
current migration trends from Africa and within.

According to Flahaux and De Haas (2016) African migrants are thus still located in African
countries and the proportion of African migrants living in Eauropran countries have increased.
However Africa is dominated by intra-continental migration. North- Africa is thus
overrepresented in extra-continental emigration, particularly to West and East Africa (Flahoux
and De Haas, 2016, p. 25). North African migrants thus have the biggest tendency to migrant
out of the African continent. Their main destinations is thus Europe and Asia. Flahoux and De
Haas (2016) thus state that main destinations for North African migrants are Europe and Asia.
Sub-sahara Africans however tend to migrate toward the United States and Canada (Flaux and
De Haas 2016).

Over and under-population is thus largely responsible for for migration trends and patter and
the sociological consequences can thus be interpreted by the patterns of fertility and where
those of different regions want to migrate to. Hence if a country is particularly over-populated
ot will be under strain politically and exnomically. Hence thus effect the recources, facilities
amd basic services available to the general population and cause those who live within this
context to migrate or immigrate. Inversely if a country has political and exonomic stability it will
be more likely that the control of the population, basic services and facilties will be properly
managed. This insures better living circumstances for the general population and causes people
to migrate to contries with these countries buecaude it is better for mental and physical health.
Hence because of all of what is previpusly discussed, the case of an over-populated world is
indicated. Hence fertility has to be cotrolled, resources of countries get depleted and people
have to migrate as populations dymanics shift constantly. If the world was under-populated it
would be highly unlikely that these patters of migration would occur on such a consistent basis,
especially in the modern times. It would actually also be very unlikely that interventions such as
birth control and contraceptives and accomodating policies would be implimented.