Structural Design I
Timber and Steel
Engr. Gabriel Gamana
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Tension Members
3.0 Compression Members
4.0 Beams
5.0 Beam-Columns
6.0 Connections
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 5.0 Beam- 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Interaction Formulas
Columns 5.4 Design

5.1 Introduction

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5.1 Introduction
• While many structural members can be treated as axially
loaded columns or as beams with only flexural loading, most
beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both
bending and axial load.
• This is especially true of statically indeterminate structures.
Even the roller support of a simple beam can experience
friction that restrains the beam longitudinally, inducing axial
tension when transverse loads are applied, however, the
secondary effects are usually small and can be neglected.
Many columns can be treated as pure compression members
with negligible error.

5.1 Introduction
For many structural members, however, there will be a
significant amount of both effects, and such members are called
beam–columns.

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
5.2.1 NSCP 2001 Requirement
5.2.1.1 Axial Compression
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓 /𝐹 ≤ 0.15
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
+ + ≤ 1.0
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓 /𝐹 > 0.15

Strength interaction criterion
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
+ + ≤ 1.0
0.60𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

5.2 Interaction Formulas

Stability interaction criterion
𝑓 𝑐 𝑓 𝑐 𝑓
+ + ≤ 1.0
𝐹 𝑓 𝑓
1− 𝐹 1− 𝐹
𝐹 𝐹

12𝜋 𝐸
𝐹 =
𝐾𝐿
23 𝑟

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
5.2.1.1.1 Reduction coefficient
• For compression members in frame subject to joint translation
(sidesway), 𝑐 = 0.85
• For rotationally restrained compression members in frames
braced against translation and not subject to transverse
loading between their supports
𝑀
𝑐 = 0.60 − 0.40 ≥ 0.40
𝑀
𝑀 /𝑀 is positive when bent in reverse curvature
𝑀 /𝑀 is negative when bent in single curvature

5.2 Interaction Formulas

5.2.1.2 Axial tension in bending
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
+ + ≤ 1.0
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
5.2.2 NSCP 2010 Requirement
LRFD Interaction Equations

𝑃 𝑃 8 𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑃 𝜙𝑃 9 𝜙 𝑀 𝜙 𝑀

𝑃 𝑃 𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑃 2𝜙 𝑃 𝜙 𝑀 𝜙 𝑀

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5.2 Interaction Formulas

ASD Interaction Equations

𝑃 𝑃 8 𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0
𝑃 /Ω 𝑃 /Ω 9 𝑀 /Ω 𝑀 /Ω

𝑃 𝑃 𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0
𝑃 /Ω 2𝑃 /Ω 𝑀 /Ω 𝑀 /Ω

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
5.2.2.1 Braced Versus Unbraced Frames
There are two types of secondary moments: P-d (caused by
member deflection) and P-Δ (caused by the effect of sway when
the member is part of an unbraced frame [moment frame]).
𝑀 =𝐵 𝑀 +𝐵 𝑀
Where; 𝑀 = Required moment strength
= 𝑀 for LRFD
= 𝑀 for ASD
𝑀 = Maximum moment assuming that no
sidesway occurs, whether the frame is
actually braced or not

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5.2 Interaction Formulas

Where; 𝑀 = Maximum moment caused by sidesway
𝐵 = amplification factor for the moments
occurring in the member when it is braced
against sidesway (P-d moments).
𝐵 = amplification factor for the moments resulting
from sidesway (P-Δ moments).

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
In addition to the required moment strength, the required axial
strength must account for second-order effects. The required
axial strength is affected by the displaced geometry of the
structure during loading.
𝑃 = 𝑃 +𝐵 𝑃
Where; 𝑃 = axial load corresponding to the braced
condition
𝑃 = axial load corresponding to the sidesway
condition

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5.2 Interaction Formulas

5.2.2.1.1 Members in Braced Frames
The amplification factor given here was derived for a member
braced against sidesway—that is, one whose ends cannot
translate with respect to each other.
𝐶
𝐵 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼𝑃
1−
𝑃
Where; 𝑃 = Required unamplified axial comp. strength
= 𝑃 for LRFD and 𝑃 for ASD
=𝑃 +𝑃
𝛼 = 1.00 for LRFD and 1.60 for ASD

𝑃 =
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5.2 Interaction Formulas
The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition.
1. If there are no transverse loads acting on the member
𝑀
𝐶 = 0.6 − 0.4 ≥ 1.0
𝑀
M1/M2 is a ratio of the bending moments at the ends of the
member. M1 is the end moment that is smaller in absolute
value, M2 is the larger, and the ratio is positive for members
bent in reverse curvature and negative for single-curvature
bending

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5.2 Interaction Formulas

2. For transversely loaded members, Cm can be taken as 1.0. A
more refined procedure for transversely loaded members is
provided in the Commentary to Appendix 8 of the
Specification
𝛼𝑃
𝐶 =1+Ψ ≥ 1.0
𝑃
The factor Ψ has been evaluated for several common
situations and is given in Commentary Table C-A-8.1.

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
5.2.2.1.2 Members in Unbraced Frames
For a beam–column whose ends are free to translate
1
𝐵 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼𝑃
1−
𝑃
Where; 𝑃 = sum of required load capacities for all
columns in the story under consideration
𝑃 = total elastic buckling strength of the story
under consideration

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5.2 Interaction Formulas

This story buckling strength may be obtained by a sidesway
buckling analysis or as
𝐻𝐿
𝑃 =𝑅
∆
Where; 𝑅 = 1 − 0.15

𝑃 = sum of vertical loads in all columns in the

story that are part of moment frames
𝐿 = story height
∆ = interstory drift
𝐻 = story shear (sum of all horizontal forces
causing)

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
Problem 5-1
The beam–column shown in figure is pinned at both ends and is
subjected to the loads shown. Bending is about the strong axis.
Determine whether this member satisfies the appropriate NSCP
2010 LRFD requirement.

Answer
Interaction Value = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 21

5.2 Interaction Formulas

Problem 5-2
The A-36 steel W6 x 20 column 4.5 m in length is pin connected
at top and fixed at the bottom and is subjected to the eccentric
load P with eccentricity of 750 mm. The beam is laterally
supported at its weak axis. Determine the maximum value of P.
The allowable bending stress of the section is 𝐹 = 152 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝐴 = 3,790 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐼 = 17.23198 × 10 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑 = 157 𝑚𝑚.

Answer
𝑷 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵 22

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5.2 Interaction Formulas
Problem 5-3
Determine the adequacy of the of the W14 x 120 A36 shape to
carry am axial compressive load of 880 kN and a moment 330
kN m about its strong axis. The unsupported length is 6 m and
the member is subjected to a joint translation. Use 𝐾 = 1.0, 𝑑 =
367.80 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑡 = 15.00 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑏 = 372.60 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑡 = 23.90 𝑚𝑚 ,
𝐴 = 22,774 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑟 = 102.62 𝑚𝑚, 𝐼 = 574.399 × 10 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐼 =
206.035 × 10 𝑚𝑚

Answer
Stability Interaction value = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟎
Strength Interaction value = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟎 23

5.2 Interaction Formulas

Problem 5-4
The member shown in figure is part of a braced frame. An
analysis consistent with the effective length method was
performed; therefore, the flexural rigidity, EI, was unreduced. If
A572 Grade 50 steel is used, is this member adequate? Kx = Ky
= 1.0.

Answer
Stability Interaction value = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟒 24

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