CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is one of the major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious
negative impact on human health as well as the health of living entities. Air pollution is a
destructive effects of any sources which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere and the
environment.

It is caused by both human and natural phenomena. Human can have respiratory diseases,
heart diseases, cardiovascular damage, fatigue, headaches, anxiety, and irritation of the eyes, nose
and headaches because of the high level of toxic elements in the air. Physical and psychological
wellbeing is affected differently by the kind of air pollutant we are exposed to.

The main causes of air pollution are emissions from different transport modes, the burning
of fossil fuels, industrial production and forest fires.
 CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The deleterious effects of ambient air pollution on human health consistently documented
by many epidemiologic studies worldwide, and it has been calculated that globally at least seven
million deaths are annually attributable to the effects of air pollution. The major air pollutant
emitted into the atmosphere by a number of natural processes and human activities includes
nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. In addition to the poor
ambient air quality, there is increasing evidence that indoor air pollution also poses a serious threat
to human health.

Various kinds of pollution, the air pollution has attracted high priority in respect of
environmental regulation since the environment damage to such pollution mostly affects human
well-being directly by way of adverse health effects on the population exposed to it. Release of
various gaseous emissions and in particulate matter (PM) has been on the rise due emissions of
various kinds are being pumped into the atmosphere called primary pollutants and lead to the
formation of new pollutants to chemical relations in the atmosphere called Secondary pollutants.

According to the WHO, six major air pollutant include particle pollution, ground-level
ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure
to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases, neopsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long
term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between
exposure to the poor air quality and increasing role of morbidity and mortality mostly due to
cardiovascular and respiratory disease.

Outdoor air pollution is a mixture of thousands of components. Among them, airborne

p33articulate rather and the gaseous pollutants ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Voltile organic
compounds including benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) are the most
important from health perspective.
 Primary pollutants such as soot particles and oxides of nitrogen and primary particles include
motorized road traffic, power generation, industrial sources, and residential heating. Secondary
pollutants, formed when primary pollutants react or interact in the atmosphere, include mainly
ozone (O3) and PM.

As a consequence, household air pollution from solid fuel use has become a serious threat
and has been estimated to be one of the top five major risk factors for the global burden of disease.
(4.3 % of global dialyse), accounting for 3.9 million premature death.

If acute and long- term exposure to ambient air pollution represents a serious threat for
health, the burden of this problem is even higher in developing countries, where population
explosion along with widespread industrialization coupled with urbanization have resulted in
dense urban centres’ with poor air quality. However, huge economic and social disparities coexist;
thus, in addition to the poor ambient air quality, people can be also exposed especially in rural
areas, to high concentrations of indoor air pollution due to the use of biomass fuels (coal, wood,
and other solid fuels ) as an energy resource.
 CHAPTER 3

INNOVATION PRACTICES/ FURTHER RESEARCH

OR CASE STUDIES
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in the year 2012, ambient air pollution was
responsible for nearly seven million of deaths, representing more than 10% of deaths and more
than doubling previous estimates. Air pollution accounts worldwide for an estimated 9% of deaths
due to lung cancer, 17% due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, more than 30% due to
chemic heart disease and stroke, and 9 % due to respiratory infections. All these findings confirm
that air pollution is now the world’s largest health risk.

The UN General Assembly’s Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals
forwarded to the Assembly its proposal for a set of goals that consider economic, social and
environmental dimensions to improve people’s lives and protect the planet for future generations
at the conclusion of the Group’s thirteenth and final session at UN Headquarters on July 19, 2014.
The proposal contains 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable, combating
climate change, and protecting oceans and forests. The goal 3” Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages” alms at securing a healthy life for all. There are 9 sub-goals to this
goal and sub-goal 3.9 targets to substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from
hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination by 2030.

It is essential that the hazardous impacts from environmental pollution are regularly reported and
monitored. Of the various kinds of pollution, the air pollution has attracted high priority in respect
of environmental regulation since the environmental damage due to such pollution mostly affects
human well-being directly by the way of adverse health effects on the population exposed to it.
Air quality has deteriorated in most large cities in India, a situation driven by population growth,
industrialization and increased vehicle use. Integrated Air Quality Management (AQM), which is
an evaluation and monitoring tool, is a challenge to carry out in most developing countries because
of the lack of information on sources of air pollution and insufficient ambient air monitoring data
that is available in the public domain (TERI 2009).

Urban air pollution is largely a result of combustion of fossil fuels that are used in transportation,
power generation, industrial sector, and other economic activities. Household air pollution (HAP),
also known as indoor air pollution (AP), is a serious area of concern in rural spaces, as majority of
this population continues to depend on traditional biomass for cooking and space heating and
depend on kerosene.

In 2012 alone, 7 million deaths in the world were attributed to the combined effects of ambient
(3.7 million) and household (4.3 million) air pollution (WHO, 2015).
 CHAPTER 4

IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION

Air pollution may contain 900 chemicals, particles and biological materials with potential health
effects. Since their concentrations are usually higher than outdoors and people spend more time
indoors than outdoors, we recommend that people should be aware of any outdoor exposure that
may affect their health.

The composition and concentration of the different components of air pollution in human health
vary widely and influenced by human activities. Since it is not feasible to regulate all possible
scenarios, prevention from possible health effects and protection of sensitive populations is best

achieve by reducing exposure.

Lastly, to estimate the health damages associated with air pollution, we recommend that policy
makers should strongly enforced the rules and regulations protecting the human health as well as
all living entities.
 CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES
http://www.google.com.ph/search?client=ms-android-samsung&source=android-
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6192687_health_effects_of_air_pollution

https://www.unece.org>env>air>

www.mdpi.com>pdf

www.sciencedirect.com>article>pii>pdf

https://www.theseus.fi>bitstream>han