PV Article

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Technical Reference Documentation
General Load
ElmLod
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r1341
Copyright ©2014, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
General Load (ElmLod) 1

Contents
Contents
1 General Description 4
1.1 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3-phase loads (3PH-’D’, 3PH PH-E, 3PH-’YN’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 DC loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.4 Voltage dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.5 Reference Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.6 Load Scaling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Load Model: Impedance, Model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Load Model: Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Load Model: Impedance, Model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1 Fault Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Sub-Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.1 Load Model: Impedance, Model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.2 Load Model: Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.3 Load Model: Impedance, Model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.4 Fault Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.5 Harmonic Current Injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.1 Load Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.2 Use of External Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 Dynamic Simulation 29

Contents
2.1 Three-Phase Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 Stability Model (RSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Single-Phase, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A Parameter Definitions 30
B Signal Definitions 33
List of Figures 34
List of Tables 36

1 General Description
In power systems, electrical load consists of various different types of electrical devices, from incandescent lamps
and heaters to large arc furnaces and motors. It is often very difficult to identify the exact composition of static
In power systems,
and dynamic loadselectrical load consists
in the network. This loadof various different
composition can alsotypes of electrical
vary depending devices,
on factors from
such as the season,
incandescent lamps and heaters to large arc furnaces and motors. It is often very difficult to
time of day etc.
identify the exact composition of static and dynamic loads in the network. The load composition
can also vary depending on factors such as the season, time of day etc. Additionally, the term
Additionally,
’load’ can be used the term load can
for entire MVbefeeders
used forinentire
case MV-feeders in case of
of an HV system, oran
forHV-system or in
LV feeders LV-feeders
the caseif an MV-
system is in
of an MV system. the centre of interest.
TheThe
PowerFactory
PowerFactoryGeneral Load model
model “General Load” can thereforerepresent:
can therefore represent:
• A complete feeder
A complete feeder
• A combination of dynamic and static loads

A combination of dynamic and static loads
A diagram of the
The general loadgeneral load model
model diagram is provided
is shown in Figurein1Figure
below. 1.1.
Figure 1: DIgSILENT General Load Model

Figure 1.1: DIgSILENT general load model.
1.1 Load-Flow Analysis

Note: The general load element in PowerFactory may be used in conjunction with the general
load type. The load element contains all of the operational data associated with the par-
ticular
In the load window
element being modelled, and
for the load, thethe
usertype contains
is free thewhether
to choose non-specific data
the load requiredorfor
is balanced the
unbalanced.
modelling of that particular class of power system equipment. The terms ’element’ and
Furthermore the user can specify the input parameters for the load using the Input Mode drop down menu as
’type’ used throughout this document refer to these PowerFactory objects.
shown in Figure 2 below. Based on the available data, the user can select the relevant combination of parameters
from S (apparent power), P (real power), Q (reactive power), cos(phi) (power factor) and I (current).
1.1For Load-Flow Analysis

load-flow analysis, it suffices to only specify the load's electrical consumption.
TheOther
Loaddata characterizing
Flow tab availablea load,
in thesuch
loadaselement’s
the number of phases
dialog or voltage
allows the userdependency
to specify factors
whether(see
thealso 1.1.3)
are defined in the Load Type . If no load type is specified, a balanced, three-phase
load is balanced or unbalanced. Additionally, on the Load Flow tab the user can specify the load is assumed having default
parameters
input parametersfor voltage
for the dependency
load by using kputhe and kqu
=1.6Input Mode=1.8drop-down
(see also section
menu 1.1.4).
as illustrated in Figure
1.2. Based on the load data available to the user, the appropriate combination of parameters
can be selected from the following: S (apparent power), P (real power), Q (reactive power),
cos(phi) (power factor) and I (current). For load flow analysis, it suffices to only specify the
electrical consumption of the load.
Other
G e ndata
e r a l characterizing
L o a d M o d e l a load, such as the number of phases and the voltage dependency
factors (see also Section 1.1.3 DC loads) are defined in the general load type (i.e. the Type
assigned to the load element). If no Type is specified on the Basic Data tab of the load element,
a balanced, three-phase load is assumed, having default parameters for voltage dependency
e cP=1.6 and e cQ=1.8 (for more detailed information see Section 1.1.4 Voltage Dependency).

Figure 1.2: Specifying input parameters for the load element (Load Flow page
1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow Figure 2: Specifying the input parameters for the load model
1.1.1
Depending on the selected Input Mode Balanced Load-Flow
(see Figure 1.2), the user is required to specify two input
parameters. Figure 1.3 shows the load model used for balanced load flow analysis, where only
Depending on the selected input mode, the user needs to specify two input parameters. Figure 3 shows
P0 and Q0 are required to be specified.
model used for balanced load-flow analysis, where only P0 and Q0 are specified.
All loads specified as 2-phase or 1-phase loads are only considered in unbalanced load flow
All loads specified as 2-phase and/or 1-phase loads are only considered in unbalanced load flow calcula
calculations. They are ignored when a balanced load flow is performed.
They are ignored when a balanced load-flow is performed.
Figure 3: Load model used for balanced load-flows.

Figure 1.3: Load model used for balanced load-flow analysis
1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow

1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-FlowWhen running a load flow with a complete ABC-network representation, network unbalances resulting f
unbalanced loads or unbalanced branch elements can be considered.
When performing an unbalanced load flow

Additional data(with a complete
for unbalanced load ABC-network
flow analysis is: representation), net-
work unbalances resulting from either unbalanced loads or unbalanced branch elements can
be considered. In this case, the additional data required to be specified for a general load is
Technology
its Technology. This is done on the Basic Data page of the Type assigned to the load element.
Figure 1.4 shows the input dialog (Basic Data page) for the general load type.
Figure 4 shows the input dialog window for specifying the type data for General loads.
General Load Model

Figure 1.4: General load type data input window
Figure 4: General load type data input window

3-phase loads (3PH-’D’, 3PH PH-E, 3PH-’YN’)
The actual load 1.1.2.1 3-phase

per phase loadson(3PH-‘D’,
is entered the Load3PH
FlowPH-E,
page 3PH-’YN’)
of the load element dialog. The
user has the following choices:
The actual load per phase is entered in the input dialogue-box of the load element. The user has the choic
• Balanced load, only specifying the sum of all phases. In this case, it is assumed that the
between:
load is shared equally amongst the phases; or
Balanced load,
• Unbalanced load, specifying only specifying
the load the sum
on a per-phase of all phases. In this case, it is assumed that the load is sh
basis.
equally amongst the phases.
These configurations are illustrated in Figure 1.5 - Figure 1.7.

Unbalanced load, specifying the individual phase loads.
Figure 5: 3-phase, Technology 3PH ‘D’ load model diagram

Figure 1.5: 3-phase, Technology 3PH ’D’ load model

FigureFigure
6: 3-phase, Technology 3PH PH-E load model diagram
Figure 1.6:6:3-phase,
3-phase, Technology
Technology 3PH
3PH PH-E
PH-E load
load model diagram
model
Figure 6: 3-phase, Technology 3PH PH-E load model diagram
Figure 7: 3-phase, Technology 3PH ‘YN’ load model diagram

Figure 7:Technology
Figure 7:Figure
3-phase, 3-phase, Technology 3PH ‘YN’
3PH ‘YN’ load load model diagram
1.7: 3-phase, Technology 3PHmodel diagram
’YN’ load model
2-Phase Loads1.1.2.2
(2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’)
2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’)
1.1.2.2 2-Phase
1.1.2.2Loads (2PHLoads
2-Phase PH-E, (2PH
2PH-’YN’)
PH-E, 2PH-’YN’)
This load type can
Suchbea used
load for modelling
type can be usedloads in two-phase
for modelling loadsorinbi-phase
two-phasesystems as shown
or bi-phase in
systems.
Such
Figure 1.8 and a load1.9.
Figure type can be used for modelling loads in two-phase or bi-phase systems.
Such a load type can be used for modelling loads in two-phase or bi-phase systems.
Figure 1.8: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model

General Load Model
General Load Model
General Load Model
Figure 8: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model diagram
Figure 9: 2-phase, Technology 2PH-‘YN’ load model diagram

Figure 1.9: 2-phase, Technology 2PH-’YN’ load model
1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E)
The 1PH PH-PH1.1.2.3 1-phase

load model canloads (1PH
be used forPH-PH, 1PH PH-N,
representing 1PH PH-E)
single-phase loads connected be-
tween two phases (see Figure 1.10).
The “1PH PH-PH” load model can be used for representing loads connected between two phases, which is
a single-phase load between two phases (see Figure 10).
Figure 1.10: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model

Figure 10: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model diagram
The 1PH PH-N load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and the neutral
The “1PH PH-N” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and the neutral phase (
phase (see Figure 1.11).
Figure 11).
Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram

Figure 1.11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model
The “1PH PH-E” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and earth (see Figu
The 1PH PH-E load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and earth
(see Figure 1.12).
General Load Model

Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram
1 General Description Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram
The “1PH PH-E” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and
The “1PH PH-E” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and ea
Figure
Figure 12: 12: 1-phase,
1-phase, Technology
Technology 1PHPH-E
1PH PH-Eload
load model
model diagram
diagram
Figure 1.12: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-E load model
1.1.3 DC loads
1.1.3 DC loads
1.1.3
DC loads are always single-phase, DC loads
as shown in Figure 1.13. For load flow analysis, the DC load
is characterized by the active powerDC-loads
flow P. are
Inductive effects are only
always “single-phase”, considered
as shown in 10.
in Figure transient
For load flow analysis, the loa
simulations. DC-loads are always
the active “single-phase”,
power flow P. Inductive as shown
effects are in Figure
only 10. For
considered in load flow simulations.
transient analysis, the
the active power flow P. Inductive effects are only considered in transient simulations.
Figure 13: 1-phase DC load model diagram

Figure 1.13: 1-phase DC load model
Figure 13: 1-phase DC load model diagram
1.1.4 Voltage dependency
The voltage dependency of loads inGPowerFactory

eneral Load M o d e l v14.0) is modelled using three poly-
(since
nomial terms as shown in (1) and (2), instead of only one polynomial term. In (1) and (2), the
subscript ’0’ indicates the Operating Point values as defined on the Load Flow page of the load
General Load Model
element dialog.
e aP e bP e cP
v v
P = P0 aP · v0 + bP · v0 + (1 − aP − bP ) · vv0
(1)
where
[1 − aP − bP = cP ], and v is the busbar voltage (p.u.).

e aQ e bQ e cQ !
v v v
Q = Q0 aQ · + bQ · + (1 − aQ − bQ) · (2)
v0 v0 v0
where
[1 − aQ − bQ = cQ], and v is the busbar voltage (p.u.).
By specifying the respective exponents (e aP/e bP/e cP and e aQ/e bQ/e cQ) on the Load
Flow page in the dialog of the general load type, the load behaviour can be modelled. Table 1.1
shows the values required for the exponents in order to model constant power, constant current
and constant impedance. The relative proportion of each coefficient can be freely defined using
the coefficients aP, bP, cP and aQ, bQ, cQ, as shown in Figure 1.14.
Table 1.1: Selection of exponent value for different load model behaviour
Exponent Constant
0 power
1 current
2 impedance
Figure 1.14: Specification of the voltage dependency factors for load flow analysis
Note: These factors are only considered if the parameter Consider Voltage Dependency of
Loads is checked in the Load Flow Calculation command dialog, as shown in Figure 1.15.
The exponents e aP, e bP, e cP are effectively equivalent to kpu0, kpu1, kpu when consid-
ering the earlier PowerFactory load model which used only one exponent, kpu, which can be

expressed in terms of the variables shown in Figure 1.14 as kpu=aP*e aP. The same can be
said regarding variables e aQ, e bQ, e cQ and kqu. Equivalence with the earlier PowerFactory
single exponent load model can be obtained by setting aP = bP = 0 and aQ = bQ = 0.
Figure 1.15: Load Flow Calculation command dialog specifying the use of voltage dependency
terms for load flow calculations
1.1.5 Reference Voltage
The reference voltage v0 in (1) and (2) is the busbar voltage at which P = P0 and Q = Q0 ,
and is therefore referred to as the nominal voltage of the load model. However, in contingency
analysis, v0 may be selected to be the busbar voltage in the base case. When executing a
contingency analysis, this option can be enabled as follows:
• In the contingency analysis command dialog: select option Allow different settings on the
Multiple Time Phases tab; and
• access the Contingency Load Flow on the same page, in order to select Consider Voltage
Dependency of Loads in the Load Flow Calculation dialog; and
• on the Advanced Options page of the Load Flow Calculation dialog: select the option Use
Base Case voltage as reference.

1.1.6 Load Scaling Factors
Loads can be scaled individually by setting the Scaling Factor on the Load Flow page in the
load element (see Figure 1.16).
Figure 1.16: Scaling factor option
Considering the scaling factor, the load is calculated as follows:
P = scale · P0 (3)
Q = scale · Q0 (4)
If the voltage dependency of loads is considered, then ((3)) and ((4)) become:
e aP e bP e cP !
v v v
P = scale · P0 aP · + bP · + (1 − aP − bP ) · (5)
v0 v0 v0
e aQ e bQ e cQ !
v v v
Q = scale · Q0 aQ · + bQ · + (1 − aQ − bQ) · (6)
v0 v0 v0
As an alternative to explicitly specifying the scaling factors, loads in radial feeders can be scaled
based on the total inflow into the feeder, as illustrated in Figure 1.17.

Figure 16: Scaling factor specification
Figure 17: Diagram indicating load scaling (adjustment) in order to maintain the feeder settings
Figure 1.17:
specified in Load scaling
the Feeder to maintain feeder settings specified in the feeder definition
Definition
In order for a load in the feeder to be considered by the load scaling process, the option in the
relevant load elements’ dialogs Adjusted by Load Scaling must be enabled (see Figure 1.18). In
this case, the individual load element’s Scaling Factor is not considered and the feeder scaling
factor is used instead.
Figure 1.18: Load option Adjusted by Load Scaling
The feeder load scaling function can be enabled or disabled globally using the corresponding
load flow option Feeder Load Scaling (see Figure 1.19).
General Load Model

Figure 1.19: Load Flow Calculation command dialog specifying the consideration of feeder load
scaling for load flow calculations
1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis
Short-circuit calculations according to IEC 60909, VDE102/103 or ANSI C37 generally neglect
loads and only consider motor contributions. The IEC 61363 method ignores loads when calcu-
lating the short-circuit contribution, however if the calculation option Preload Condition (available
on the Advanced Options page in the Short-Circuit Calculation dialog) is set to use load flow
initialization, loads are considered in the load flow calculation to calculate pre-fault voltages
and currents. These pre-fault voltages and currents are then considered in the short-circuit
calculation.
The Complete short-circuit method utilises constant impedance (Z) or constant current (I0 )
models for consideration of the load flow current. Z and I0 are calculated from a preceding load
flow analysis. Figure 1.20 shows the dialog of the load type. Here the Load Model parameter
is used to select whether the load is constant current or constant impedance on the Complete
Short-Circuit tab. Sections 1.2 and 1.2 provide further information regarding the selection of the
appropriate Load Model.

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis

Short circuit calculations according to IEC 60909, VDE102/103 or ANSI C37 generally neglect loads. Only motor
contributions are considered here.
The COMPLETE short circuit method utilises constant impedance (Z) or constant current I0 models. Z and I0 are
calculated from a preceding load-flow analysis. Figure 18 shows the type data window used to select whether the
load is constant current or constant impedance. See notes on Harmonic Analysis for further explanation of the
models.
Figure 1.20: Selection of Load Model for the Complete Short-Circuit method
Load Model: Impedance, Model 1
For a Load Model selected as Impedance, Model 1, the load is modelled as an impedance.
Depending on whether the load is purely capacitive or purely inductive, either the resistance
and inductance are calculated or the capacitance and conductance are calculated. The load
admittance is calculated as follows:
Yload = I(ldf )/U (ldf )
where I(ldf ) is the load flow current, U (ldf ) is the load flow voltage, and the load current is set
to zero:
Figure 18: Selection of load type of either constant current or constant impedance for consideration
Iload =Method.
in short circuit calculations using the Complete 0
FigureFigure
1.2119illustrates
shows a 3-phase representation
the constant of a Y connected
impedance constant
load in Y- impedance and Figure 20 shows the 3-
and D-configurations.
phase representation of the D connected constant current model.
Figure 19: 3-phase constant impedance model, in Y and D connection, used for short circuit
Figure 1.21: 3-phase constant impedance model, in Y- and D-connection, used by the Complete
calculations using the Complete method.
Short-Cicuit calculation method
General Load Model

Load Model: Current Source
For a Load Model selected as Current Source, the load current is calculated as follows:

Iload = I(ldf )
where I(ldf ) is the load flow current, and the load admittance is set to zero:
Yload = 0
Figure 1.22 illustrates the constant current load model in Y- and D-configurations.
Figure 20: 3-phase constant current load, in Y and D connection, used load for short circuit
Figurecalculations
1.22: 3-Phase constant
utilising current
the Complete load, in Y- and D-connection, used by the Complete
method
Short-Circuit method
1.3 Harmonic Analysis

Load Model: Impedance, Model 2
In the type data of the general load model, the harmonic load model can be specified as either constant
impedance or current source. Figure 21 shows the selection of the harmonic load model type.
This model is not considered by the short-circuit calculation. If the Impedance, Model 2 model
is selected, the Impedance, Model 1 model will be used in the short-circuit calculation instead.
See Section 1.2 for details.
1.2.1 Fault Contribution
The scalable and fixed fault contribution of a load can be entered via the load element’s Com-
plete Short-Circuit page. For consideration by the complete short-circuit method, the load is
modelled as shown in Figure 1.23.
Figure 21: Selection of the load model type for harmonic analysis
1.3.1 Passive Load

Passive loads can be represented as purely inductive or capacitive or a mixture of inductive and capacitive. Figure
22 shows the single-phase representation of a purely inductive and capacitive load.

Yload Zshc’’ Zshc’

Iload
U(ldf) U(ldf)
Figure 1.23: Load model used by the Complete Short-Circuit method
The following naming convention is used in Figure 1.23:
Yload: Load admittance for Load Model selected as Impedance (load type: Complete Short-
Circuit page)
Iload: Load current for Load Model selected as Current Source (load type: Complete Short-
Circuit page)
Zshc”: Sub-transient short-circuit contribution
Zshc’: Transient short-circuit contribution
U(ldf): Load flow voltage
The total short-circuit contribution of a load is therefore calculated according to:
1. Total sub-transient short-circuit contribution:

U 00 − U (ldf )
Ishc00 = U 00 · Y load + Iload + (Load-oriented equation)
Zshc00
where U 00 is the sub-transient short-circuit voltage.
2. Total transient short-circuit contribution:
U 0 − U (ldf )
Ishc0 = U 0 · Y load + Iload + (Load-oriented equation)
Zshc0
where U 0 is the transient short-circuit voltage.
For the X/R ratio (X/R ratio break) calculation, only the short-circuit contribution is considered
and the load impedance and load current are ignored.
Sub-Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance
The calculation of the sub-transient short-circuit contribution impedance is as follows:
1
Zshc00 =
Sk 00 · scale · zonescale · ldf scale + Skssf ix

Zshc00
Im(Zshc00 ) = p
1 + (R/X)2
Re(Zshc00 ) = R/X · Im(Zshc00 )
where:
• Sk” is the sub-transient short-circuit level in MVA/MW (Complete Short-Circuit tab of load
element, parameter: Skss);
• Skssfix is the fixed sub-transient short-circuit level in MVA (Complete Short-Circuit tab of
load element, parameter: Skssfix);
• R/X is the R to X” ratio (Complete Short-Circuit tab of load element, parameter: rotx);
• P(ini) is the active power operating point (Load Flow page of load element, parameter:
plini);
• scale is the feeder scaling factor
1. If option Adjusted by Load Scaling is disabled or the Feeder Load Scaling option in
the load flow command is disabled, then scale = scale0 (Scaling Factor on the Load
Flow page of load element)
2. If option Adjusted by Load Scaling is enabled and the Feeder Load Scaling option in
the load flow command is enabled then scale = result of the load flow feeder scaling;
and
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor (=1 if load is not assigned to a zone)
• ldfscale is the load scaling factor (applicable to loads connected at any voltage level). This
is specified via the load flow command, on the Load/Generation Scaling page.
Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance
The calculation of the transient short-circuit contribution impedance is as follows:
1
Zshc0 =
Sk 0 · P (ini) · scale · zonescale · ldf scale + Sksf ix
1
Zshc0 =
Sk 00 · P (ini) · scale · zonescale · ldf scale + Sksf ix
Re(Zshc0 ) = Re(Zshc00 )
R Zshc00
Re(Zshc00 ) = ·p
X 1 + (R/X)2
q
0
Im(Zshc ) = Zshc0 · Zshc0 − Re(Zshc0 ) · Re(Zshc0 )
where:

• Sk’ is the transient short-circuit level in MVA/MW (Complete Short-Circuit tab of load ele-
ment, parameter: Sks);
• Sksfix is the fixed transient short-circuit level in MVA (Complete Short-Circuit tab of load
element, parameter: Sksfix);
• R/X is the R to X” ratio (Complete Short-Circuit tab of load element, parameter: rtox);
• P(ini) is the active power operating point (Load Flow tab of load element, parameter: plini);
• scale is the feeder scaling factor
1. If option Adjusted by Load Scaling is disabled or the Feeder Load Scaling option in
the load flow command is disabled, then scale = scale0 (Scaling Factor on the Load
Flow page of load element)
2. If option Adjusted by Load Scaling is enabled and the Feeder Load Scaling option in
the load flow command is enabled then scale = result of the load flow feeder scaling;
and
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor (=1 if load is not assigned to a zone)
• ldfscale is the load scaling factor (applicable to loads connected at any voltage level). This
is specified via the load flow command, on the Load/Generation Scaling page.
1.3 Harmonic Analysis
In the general load model type (i.e. the Type assigned to the load element), the harmonic load
model can be specified as either an impedance or a current source. Figure 1.24 shows the
selection of the Load Model, available on the Harmonics tab of the general load type dialog.
Sections 1.3.1 - 1.3.3 describe the load models in detail.
Figure 1.24: Selection of the load model type for harmonic analysis
1.3.1 Load Model: Impedance, Model 1
The Impedance, Model 1 load model is used in the harmonics calculation essentially as it is
used in the short-circuit calculation, as described in Section 1.2.
In harmonics analysis however, the Impedance, Model 1 load model offers the user the possibil-
ity of representing passive loads as Purely Inductive/Capacitive or Mixed Inductive/Capacitive.
In the former case, R and L are calculated (purely inductive); or C and G are calculated (purely
capacitive). In the latter case, the proportions of capacitive and inductive reactive power can

be specified as a percentage. The active and reactive power is then recalculated into an admit-
tance. Depending on the value of this admittance, the model will be more capacitive or more
inductive.
Figure 1.25 shows the single-phase representations of a purely inductive and a purely capacitive
load.
Figure 22: Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis
Figure 1.25: Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis
Figure 22: Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis
The parameters R,L (G,C) are calculated from a preceding load-flow.
The parameters R,L (G,C) The

are parameters
calculatedR,L
from a preceding
(G,C) load
are calculated flow.
from a preceding load-flow.
Figure 23 shows the single-phase load model for mixed inductive/capacitive load models (e.g. cables), used
during harmonic
Figure 1.26 shows the single-phase analysis.
load model for mixed inductive/capacitive load models (e.g.
Figure 23 shows the single-phase load model for mixed inductive/capacitive load models (e.g. cables), u
cables), used for harmonics analysis.
during harmonic analysis.
Figure 23: The single phase equivalent for mixed inductive/capacitive load model
Figure
NOTE: 23: The
Figure single
22 and phase
Figure 23 areequivalent
single phasefor mixed inductive/capacitive
representations of the passive load.load
The model
3-phase presentati
Figure 1.26: Mixed inductive/capacitive load model used for harmonics analysis
similar to that shown in Figure 6 and Figure 5, and with either Y or D connections.
NOTE: Figure 22 and Figure 23 are single phase representations of the passive load. The 3-phase prese
Note: Figure 1.25 and Figure
The 1.26
similar areshown
to that single-phase
inductive/capacitive Figureof6representations
portion
in the
andload 5, and of
is specified
Figure bythe
with(7) passiveor Dload.
and Y(8);
either The
connections.
respective 3-phase representations are similar to those shown in Figure 1.5 and Figure
1.6. Q Q 1
The inductive/capacitive
c C portion of the load is specified by (7) and (8);
! ! (7)
Q QL QC QL
1
The inductive/capacitive portionQofc the
!
QC is calculated
load Q
! C
1 as shown in (7) and (8): (
Q QL QC QL
1
Q y Q QC 1
# nC ! c = C
= QL (7) (8)
Q % Q "
Q + QC
##1 " LL QC + 1
y
# n C !$ QC ! (
where Qc is the capacitive reactive power,% QQ " is the inductive reactive power, and Q is the
reactive power. ##1 " L L
$ QC !
General Load Model
General Load Model

y
ωn C = (8)
QL
1− Q C
where ωn is the nominal frequency, C is the capacitance and y is the admittance.
1.3.2 Load Model: Current Source
The Current Source load model is considered in the harmonics calculation as it is used in the
short-circuit calculation. See Section 1.2 for details.
1.3.3 Load Model: Impedance, Model 2
The Impedance, Model 2 load model is illustrated in Figure 1.27 and is an extension of the
Impedance, Model 1 model. It takes into consideration the impedance of the load transformer
(if specified) on the Basic Data page of the load element dialog, and also has user-definable
static and dynamic portions on the Harmonics page of the load type.
C L Zshc’’
C_lv R U(init)
Figure 1.27: Equivalent circuit of Impedance, Model 2 model
The quantities in Figure 1.27 are calculated as follows:
1
R= (p.u. based on 1MVA)
prp/100 · plini · scale · zonescale · ldf scale
where prp is the user-defined static portion of the load (in %), plini is the user-defined active
power of the load, scale is the load scaling factor, zonescale is the zone scaling factor and
ldf scale is the load scaling factor (specified via the load flow command, on the Load/Generation
Scaling page).
The LV capacitance is calculated as follows:
pf c/100 · plini · scale · zonescale · ldf scale + Bc lv

Clv = (p.u. based on 1MVA)
2π · f nom
where pf c is the power factor correction (in %), Bc lv is the user-defined additional LV capaci-
tance, and f nom is the fundamental frequency.

The capacitance is calculated as:
Bc hv
C= (p.u. based on 1MVA)
2π · f nom
where Bc hv is the user-defined HV capacitance.
If the option Consider Load Transformer on the Basic Data tab of the load element dialog is
enabled, the inductance is calculated as follows:
xt/100
L= (p.u. based on 1MVA)
Strat · 2π · f nom
where xt is the user-defined reactance of the load transformer and Strat is the user-defined
rated apparent power of the load transformer. If the option Consider Load Transformer is dis-
abled, the inductance is set to zero:
L=0
The load flow voltage is initialized as follows:
U (init) = u(ldf )
For Impedance, Model 2, an additional current source is modelled at the fundamental frequency
(50Hz) to compensate the difference between the load flow current and the current calculated
considering the load transformer. Depending on the size of this transformer, this difference
between the two currents can be large.
This additional current infeed is calculated as follows:
i comp = i(ldf ) − u · y1
where y1 is the admittance of the C k (L − (C lv k R)) part of the circuit shown in Figure 1.27,
and is calculated according to:
1
z st = + j · 2π · f · L
y lv
where y lv is the low-voltage admittance, giving:
1
yl = j · 2π · f · C +
z st
1.3.4 Fault Contribution
The fault contribution is definable for harmonics analysis. It is considered in the harmonics
calculation as it is in the short-circuit calculation. The harmonic current is calculated comprised
of three components:

• the load voltage and impedance;
• the current injected by the current source; and

• the current based on the short-circuit impedance.
Refer to Section 1.2.1 for further details regarding the calculation of the fault contribution.
1.3.5 Harmonic Current Injections
Nonlinear loads are described by their harmonic current spectrum. A requirement for modelling
current-injecting loads is to set the corresponding parameter on the harmonics page of the load
type dialog to current source.
Harmonic current injections in PowerFactory are defined via the use of the Harmonic Sources
object. For balanced loads, only characteristic harmonics can be specified. Figure 1.28 shows
the specification of the harmonic spectrum in the Harmonic Sources dialog, for Balanced, Phase
Correct sources.
The angles of harmonic currents are defined with reference to the fundamental frequency phase
angle (cosine reference). This way of entering phase angles allows the definition of the current
waveform to be independent from the power factor at fundamental frequency.
The current spectrum shown in Figure 1.28 is that of an ideal 6-pulse rectifier. Absolute current
angles are adjusted by PowerFactory according to (10).
Figure 1.28: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for balanced loads
In the case of unbalanced loads, the frequency, phase angle and magnitude of harmonic cur-
rents can be entered individually for each phase. Figure 1.29 shows the Harmonic Sources
dialog in this configuration.

Figure 1.29: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum per phase for unbalanced loads
For Balanced, Phase Correct and Unbalanced, Phase Correct sources, the user can select
whether current magnitudes are to be calculated referred to fundamental or rated current.
For phase correct sources, if the harmonic injections are to be calculated referred to fundamen-
tal current, the harmonic current magnitudes are defined by (9):
|I|(f ) = k(f ) . |I|(fn ) (9)
where k(f ) is the user-defined harmonic current injection and |I|(fn ) is the current magnitude at
the nominal frequency. The phase angles of the harmonic currents are defined by (10):
f
ϕ(f ) = ϕ + ϕ1 (10)
fn
where ϕ1 is the phase angle of the fundamental current.
If the harmonic injections are to be calculated referred to rated current, the harmonic current
magnitudes are defined by (11):
|I|(f ) = k(f ) . |I|(rated) (11)
where k(f ) is the user-defined harmonic current injection and |I|(rated) is the rated current. The
phase angles of the harmonic currents are defined by (12):
ϕ(f ) = ϕ(ldf ) (12)
where ϕ(ldf ) is the bus voltage angle calculated by the load flow.

A source may instead be defined as an IEC 61000 harmonic source, according to the IEC
61000-3-6 standard. The input for this type of harmonic source allows odd- and even-order
harmonics, as well as non-integer order harmonics. For this type of harmonic source, whether
performing a balanced or an unbalanced load flow, harmonic injections at zero sequence orders
and non-integer orders are considered in the positive sequence.
Note: All current magnitudes for IEC 61000 harmonic sources are calculated referred to rated
current.
Figure 1.30: Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for IEC 61000 sources
IEC harmonic injections are always calculated referred to rated current (never referred to funda-
mental current); hence the harmonic current magnitudes are defined by (11). The phase angles
of the harmonic currents in the case of IEC harmonic injections are defined by (13):
ϕ(f ) = ϕ(ldf ini) (13)
where ϕ(ldf ini) is the initial bus voltage angle calculated by the load flow.
1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability)
For RMS simulations, a three-phase load can be modelled as a combination of static and dy-
namic load. The static portion is modelled as a constant impedance and the dynamic portion of
the load can be modelled either as a linear load or as a non-linear load, as illustrated in Figure
1.31. Two-phase, single-phase and DC loads are generally modelled as constant impedance.

Figure 26: Diagram indicating the mixture of static and dynamic loads used for stability
Figure 1.31: Representation of the mixture of static and dynamic loads used for stability studies
The background of the dynamic, voltage- and frequency dependent load model according to Figure
25 is a motor-load in parallel to a static, non-linear load. The parameters of the block diagrams in F
The dynamic, voltage- and frequency-dependent load model represented by the block diagrams
Figure 25 can either be calculated from such a configuration, but they are usually identified from loa
shown in Figure 1.32 and Figure 1.33 is a motor load in parallel to a static, non-linear load. The
measurements.
parameters in the block diagrams in Figure 1.32 and Figure 1.33 can be calculated from this
kind of configuration, however they are usually identified from load measurements.
The model according to Figure 24 is a small signal approximation of the model according to Figure 2
Figure 1.32 shows a smallParameters
signal approximation of thecorrespond
with equal names model shown in Figure
to each other. 1.33. Parameters
with identical names in the two figures correspond to one another. Figure 1.33 illustrates the
use of the three polynomial terms (as given in ((1)) and ((2))) when modelling the voltage de-
pendency of loads in PowerFactory . This is configurable on the Load Flow tab of the load type
dialog, as described in detail in Section 1.1.4
Pext
1
+
k pf + s.t pf + ∆p +
Pout
∆f X
1 + t1
+
k qf + s.t qf
1 + t1
k put + s.t pu
∆u
1 + t1
+
k qut + s.t quFigure 27: Model used∆toqapproximate
+
the behaviour of the linear
X Qout dynamic load.
1 + t1 +
+
1
Qext
Figure 1.32: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the linear dynamic load
General Load Model

Po
(Pext if connected)
1
+
k pf + s.t pf +
∆f X Pout
1 + t1
+
k qf + s.t qf +
1 + t1
+
1
Uo
t pu +
1 + s. kpu 0 kpu1 kpu
k put Up  Up  Up 
∆u aP ⋅   + bP ⋅   + cP ⋅  
1 + t1 + Uo  Uo  Uo 
t qu kqu0 kqu1 kqu

1 + s. Up  Up  Up 
k qut aQ ⋅   + bQ ⋅   + cQ ⋅   X Qout
+ Uo  Uo  Uo 
1 + t1 +
Uo Qo
(Qext if connected)
k put = aP * k pu 0 + bP * k pu1 + cP * k pu
k qut = aQ * k qu 0 + bQ * k qu1 + cQ * k qu
Figure 1.33: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the non-linear dynamic load
Figure 28: Model used to approximate the behaviour of the non-linear dynamic load.
As the block diagrams in Figure 1.32 and Figure 1.33 represent small signal models, they are
Since the block diagrams according to Figure 27 and Figure 28 represent small signal models, they are only v
only valid over a limited voltage range. This range is defined by the variables umin and umax .
Outsideinthis
a limited voltage
voltage range,range. This isvoltage
the power range
adjusted is defined
according by graph
to the shown u
the variables inmin and u1.34.
Figure max. Outside this voltage r
the power is adjusted according to Figure 29.
Figure
Figure 1.34:29: Low/High
Low/High voltage
voltage approximations
approximations used
used in the in the non-linear
non-linear dynamic loaddynamic
model load model.
With reference to the outputs of the block diagrams according to Figure 24 and Figure 25, the load equations
With reference to thethe
representing outputs shownrange
full voltage in Figure 1.32
can be and Figure
expressed 1.33, the load equations repre-
as follows:

senting the full voltage range can be expressed as follows:
P = k.Pout
Q = k.Qout
k=1 : umin < u < umax
2|u|2
k = u2 : 0 < u < umin
2
(14)
min 2
|u|−umin umin
k =1−2 umin : 2 < u < umin
2
k = 1 + (u − umax ) : u > umax
1.4.1 Load Events
A value pertaining to a load can be changed throughout the course of an RMS or EMT simulation
via the use of load events. The user must specify a load element, and also a point in time in the
simulation for the event to occur. The value of the load can then be altered using the load event.
There are different ways to change the power of the selected load/s:
• Step
Changes the current value of the power (positive or negative) by the given value (in % of
the nominal power of the load) at the time of the event;
• Ramp
Changes the current value of the power by the given value (in % of the nominal power of
the load), over the time specified by the Ramp Duration (in seconds). The load ramping
starts at the time of the event.
In order for a load-ramp event to be simulated, the Allow Load-Ramp Event option in the load
element dialog on the RMS-Simulation tab must be enabled. If only load-step events are to be
simulated, the Allow Load-Ramp Event option does not need to be enabled. Load events must
be defined using the Load Event object.
1.4.2 Use of External Signals
The signal inputs Pext and Qext of the load element can be used to change the load during
dynamic simulation. For 100% static loads, a PowerFactory measurement file can be used to
directly control the active and reactive power consumption of the load. However, if the load con-
sists of a dynamic and a static part, only the dynamic part can be controlled by external signals.
In this case, the static part remains at its initial value (and voltage dependent deviations). See
Section 2.1.1 for further information.
1.5 EMT Simulation
In EMT simulations all loads are modelled as passive loads using the equivalent circuits shown
in Figure 1.25 and Figure 1.26. The load is considered as an admittance in EMT calcula-
tions, and therefore it is important to know if the load is capacitive or inductive. For this reason
the load type offers two choices of Load Model: Purely Inductive/Capacitive or Mixed Induc-
tive/Capacitive. If the latter is selected, the user can also specify the ratio of capacitive/inductive
reactive power as a percentage. The active power and reactive power of the load are then
recalculated into an admittance.

2 Dynamic Simulation
Note: The use of negative active power in EMT simulations leads to unstable behaviour, since
negative P is interpreted as negative resistance.
2
2 Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model
Dynamic Simulation
2.1 2.1 Three-Phase Load

Three-Phase Load
2.1.1 Stability Model (RSM)

2.1.1 RMS-Simulation
Pext
Qext
Figure 30: Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation)

Figure 2.1: Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation)
Table 2: Input Variables (RMS-Simulation)
For load types defined as 3-phase and as being 100% Dynamic (RMS-Simulation page of the
load type), the input signals correspond to the active and reactive power. For load types with
settings different to these, Description
Parameter
the input signals may correspond to another variable:
Unit
for example,
for load types defined as single-phase, the signals Pext and Qext correspond to the admittance.
Pext Active Power Input MW
Qext Reactive Power Input Mvar
2.2 Single-Phase, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load
Constant impedance load models. No input or output variables.

Table 3: State Variables (RMS-Simulation)
Parameter Description Unit
xu Delayed Voltage (Time constant T1) p.u.

xf Delayed Frequency (Time constant T1) p.u
cosphiu cosine of voltage angle
sinphiu sine of voltage angle
Table 4: Additional Parameters and Signals (RMS-Simulation)

fe Electrical Frequency p.u.

scale Scaling Factor

A Parameter Definitions
Table A.1: Input parameter of load type (TypLod)

loc name Name
systp System Type
phtech Technology
aP Voltage Dependence P: Coefficient aP
bP Voltage Dependence P: Coefficient bP
cP Voltage Dependence P: Coefficient cP
kpu0 Voltage Dependence P: Exponent e aP
kpu1 Voltage Dependence P: Exponent e bP
kpu Voltage Dependence P: Exponent e cP
aQ Voltage Dependence Q: Coefficient aQ
bQ Voltage Dependence Q: Coefficient bQ
cQ Voltage Dependence Q: Coefficient cQ
kqu0 Voltage Dependence Q: Exponent e aQ
kqu1 Voltage Dependence Q: Exponent e bQ
kqu Voltage Dependence Q: Exponent e cQ
i csrc Load Model
lodst Percentage: Static (const Z) %
loddy Percentage: Dynamic %
i nln Percentage: Nonlinear Model
i pure Load Model
pgrd Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QL/QC %
iopt qc Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QL/QC; QC/Q
t1 Dynamic Load Time Constant s
kpf Dynamic Load: Frequency Dependence, kpf
kqf Dynamic Load: Frequency Dependence, kqf
tpf Dynamic Load: Frequency Time Constant, tpf s
tqf Dynamic Load: Frequency Time Constant, tqf s
tpu Dynamic Load: Voltage Time Constant, tpu s
tqu Dynamic Load: Voltage Time Constant, tqu s
udmax Voltage Limits: Upper Voltage Limit p.u.
udmin Voltage Limits: Lower Voltage Limit p.u.
Prp Static Portion %
pfc Power Factor Correction %
Table A.2: Input parameter of load element (ElmLod)

loc name Name
typ id Type
bus1 Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
outserv Out of Service
iLoadTrf Consider Load Transformer
Strat Rated Power MVA
r0 r0 p.u.
x0 x0 p.u.
mode inp Input Mode
i sym Balanced/Unbalanced
plini Operating Point: Total Active Power Load MW

qlini Operating Point: Total Reactive Power Load Mvar

slini Operating Point: Total Apparent Power MVA
ilini Operating Point: Current kA
coslini Operating Point: Power Factor
pf recap Operating Point: Power Factor
u0 Operating Point: Voltage p.u.
scale0 Operating Point: Scaling Factor
i scale Operating Point: Adjusted by Load Scaling
plinir Phase a: Active Power MW
qlinir Phase a: Reactive Power Mvar
slinir Phase a: Apparent Power Load MVA
ilinir Phase a: Current kA
coslinir Phase a: Power Factor
pf recapr Phase a: Power Factor
plinis Phase b: Active Power MW
qlinis Phase b: Reactive Power Mvar
slinis Phase b: Apparent Power MVA
ilinis Phase b: Current kA
coslinis Phase b: Power Factor
pf recaps Phase b: Power Factor
plinit Phase c: Active Power MW
qlinit Phase c: Reactive Power Mvar
slinit Phase c: Apparent Power MVA
ilinit Phase c: Current kA
coslinit Phase c: Power Factor
pf recapt Phase c: Power Factor
i rem Remote Control
p cub Controlled Branch (Cubicle)
Skss Scalable Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short- MVA/MW
Circuit Level
Sks Scalable Fault Contribution: Transient Short- MVA/MW
Circuit Level
Ikss Scalable Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-
Circuit Current
Iks Scalable Fault Contribution: Transient Short-
Circuit Current
Skssfix Fixed Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short- MVA
Circuit Level
Sksfix Fixed Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit MVA
Level
Ikssfix Fixed Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-
Circuit Current
Iksfix Fixed Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit
Current
rtox R to X”
xtor X” to R
iopt fau Fault Contribution: MVA and MVA/MW; kA and
kA/MW
iopt rtx R/X or X/R: R/X; X/R
iopt p Power Representation: Active Power
iopt q Power Representation: Reactive Power
iopt s Power Representation: Apparent Power
iopt pf Power Representation: cos(phi)
iopt i Power Representation: I
iopt type Allow Load-Ramp Event
phmc Harmonic Currents

icurref Harmonic current referred to

xt Load Transformer Reactance %
Bc hv HV Capacitance Mvar
Bc lv Additional LV Capacitance Mvar
iShedding Controls: Allow load shedding
shedcost Costs: Costs for load shedding $/MVA
shedmin Constraints: Min. load shedding %
shedmax Constraints: Max. load shedding %
i pini Active/Reactive Power: Estimate Active Power
i qini Active/Reactive Power: Estimate Reactive Power
i scaleini Active/Reactive Power: Estimate Scaling Factor
NrCust Number of connected customers
i prty Priority
shed Load shedding/transfer: Shedding steps
trans Transferable %
pTrans Alternative Supply (Load)
pSCDF Interruption costs: Time dependent rate
fSCDF Interruption costs: Scaling factor
OptCost Interruption costs: Unit
classif Load Classification
sernum Serial Number
constr Year of Construction
iComDate Commissioning Date
chr name Characteristic Name
for name Foreign Key
dat src Data source
doc id Additional Data
pOwner Owner
pOperator Operator
appr status Status

B Signal Definitions
B Signal Definitions
Table B.1: Input/Output signals
Name Description Unit Type Model

Pext Active Power Input MW IN RMS
Qext Reactive Power Input Mvar IN RMS
Table B.2: State Variables (RMS-Simulation)
Name Description Unit

xu Delayed Voltage (Time constant T1) p.u.
xf Delayed Frequency (Time constant T1) p.u
cosphiu cosine of voltage angle
sinphiu sine of voltage angle
Table B.3: State Variables (EMT-Simulation)

curLA Inductive Current, Phase A p.u.
curLB Inductive Current, Phase B p.u
curLC Inductive Current, Phase C p.u.
Table B.4: Additional Parameters and Signals (RMS-Simulation)

fe Electrical Frequency p.u.
scale Scaling Factor

List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 DIgSILENT general load model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Specifying input parameters for the load element (Load Flow page . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Load model used for balanced load-flow analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 General load type data input window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 3-phase, Technology 3PH ’D’ load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 3-phase, Technology 3PH PH-E load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 3-phase, Technology 3PH ’YN’ load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.9 2-phase, Technology 2PH-’YN’ load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.10 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.11 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.13 1-phase DC load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.14 Specification of the voltage dependency factors for load flow analysis . . . . . . . 10
1.15 Load Flow Calculation command dialog specifying the use of voltage dependency
terms for load flow calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.16 Scaling factor option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.17 Load scaling to maintain feeder settings specified in the feeder definition . . . . . 13
1.18 Load option Adjusted by Load Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.19 Load Flow Calculation command dialog specifying the consideration of feeder
load scaling for load flow calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.20 Selection of Load Model for the Complete Short-Circuit method . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.21 3-phase constant impedance model, in Y- and D-connection, used by the Com-
plete Short-Cicuit calculation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.22 3-Phase constant current load, in Y- and D-connection, used by the Complete
Short-Circuit method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.23 Load model used by the Complete Short-Circuit method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.24 Selection of the load model type for harmonic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.25 Purely inductive/capacitive load models used for harmonic analysis . . . . . . . . 20
1.26 Mixed inductive/capacitive load model used for harmonics analysis . . . . . . . . 20
1.27 Equivalent circuit of Impedance, Model 2 model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

List of Figures
1.28 Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for balanced loads . . . . . . . . 23
1.29 Specification of the harmonic current spectrum per phase for unbalanced loads . 24
1.30 Specification of the harmonic current spectrum for IEC 61000 sources . . . . . . 25
1.31 Representation of the mixture of static and dynamic loads used for stability studies 26
1.32 Model used to approximate the behaviour of the linear dynamic load . . . . . . . 26
1.33 Model used to approximate the behaviour of the non-linear dynamic load . . . . 27
1.34 Low/High voltage approximations used in the non-linear dynamic load model . . 27
2.1 Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . 29

List of Tables
List of Tables
1.1 Selection of exponent value for different load model behaviour . . . . . . . . . . 10
A.1 Input parameter of load type (TypLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.2 Input parameter of load element (ElmLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.1 Input/Output signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B.2 State Variables (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B.3 State Variables (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B.4 Additional Parameters and Signals (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

List of Tables

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

T: +49 7072 9168 00

General Load (ElmLod) 1

1.1 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3-phase loads (3PH-’D’, 3PH PH-E, 3PH-’YN’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1.4 Voltage dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.1.5 Reference Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1.6 Load Scaling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Load Model: Impedance, Model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Load Model: Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Load Model: Impedance, Model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.2.1 Fault Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Sub-Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.3 Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.3.1 Load Model: Impedance, Model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.3.2 Load Model: Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.3.3 Load Model: Impedance, Model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.3.4 Fault Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.3.5 Harmonic Current Injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.4.1 Load Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.4.2 Use of External Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.5 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

General Load (ElmLod) 2

2.1 Three-Phase Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.1.1 Stability Model (RSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.2 Single-Phase, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

General Load (ElmLod) 3

• A combination of dynamic and static loads

Figure 1: DIgSILENT General Load Model

1.1 Load-Flow Analysis

1.1For Load-Flow Analysis

General Load (ElmLod) 4

Figure 3: Load model used for balanced load-flows.

1.1.2 Unbalanced Load-Flow

When performing an unbalanced load flow

General Load Model

General Load (ElmLod) 5

Figure 1.4: General load type data input window

Figure 4: General load type data input window

The actual load 1.1.2.1 3-phase

These configurations are illustrated in Figure 1.5 - Figure 1.7.

Figure 5: 3-phase, Technology 3PH ‘D’ load model diagram

General Load (ElmLod) 6

Figure 7: 3-phase, Technology 3PH ‘YN’ load model diagram

Figure 1.8: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model

Figure 8: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model diagram

Figure 9: 2-phase, Technology 2PH-‘YN’ load model diagram

1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E)

The 1PH PH-PH1.1.2.3 1-phase

Figure 1.10: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model

Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram

General Load (ElmLod) 8

Figure 13: 1-phase DC load model diagram

1.1.4 Voltage dependency

The voltage dependency of loads inGPowerFactory