CSD 366 CONCRETE

Topics:
5 Two Way Slabs on Columns
6 Shear
TWO WAY SLAB -
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Two way slab systems with multiple spans
 Simplified method– multiple span two way slabs
– [6.10.4]
Moments found by using factors

Rectangular support grid (of columns Simplified method & idealized frame
or beam & slab system supported on [6.9] overlap: in distribution of
columns) moments in the design strips [6.9.5.3]

Restricted to vertical load

Idealized frame alternative permits Does NOT give values for column
horizontal and vertical loads moments- limits usefulness- but may
be quicker than frame analysis
Flat slab and flat plate floor systems –
behaviour under load
• Deflection of panel supported only at the corners by
columns is greater than a panel supported on four sides -
• Flat plate or flat slab deflects along the lines joining
adjacent columns and deflects further in the interior of the
panel relative to these column lines
• Region around interior columns experiences radial
negative moment with the most severe moment close to
the column. Region becomes like a flat umbrella under
load. Remainder of slab supported from the edges of the
umbrella.

Reference fig 18.7 text

• Positive moments in the central area are much smaller
than the negative moments close to the columns & often
need min reinforcement only.
• Flat slab has bending in two directions. Moments are
calculated in both directions separately.
• In one direction the design strip is the floor bounded by
the centre-lines between columns thus 3D reduced to 2D
plane frame problem
Interior column strip L/2 max

Interior Design strip Lt

Conditions on using simplified
 At least two continuous spans in each direction
Rectangular, even spans
Lateral load resisted shear walls or braced
frames
Vertical UDL
Live load less than twice dead load
Analysis Steps:
1. Calculate the total static moment Mo on a panel
[6.10.4.2]
2. Calculate the total design moments in the span (design
strip) at the supports and at mid-span [6.10.4.3]
3. Estimate how these moments are distributed across
the width of the design strip [6.9.5.3]
Step 1 – total static moment

 Total static moment Mo for a design strip given by

 Lo is the span length = L – 0.7 (as) x 2

 taken from the critical section for negative moment which is defined as
being at 0.7as from the C/L of the supports;
 as is the span support defined in 6.1.4(B)

 Reference text Figures 18.8 and 18.9 text

• Lt is the width of design strip
• Design strip width Lt determined according to Fig
[6.10.1.2(A)]
• Note width of interior column strip is less than L/2
• Edge design strip supported by a wall is considered as
a middle strip
Step 2 – total end moments and mid-span
moments
• Total static moment is used to obtain the negative support
moments and positive mid span moments.
• Total negative design bending moment and positive
design bending moment are given by multiplying the total
static moment by factors [6.10.4.3]:
• Moment factors depend upon slab system and rotational
restraint – fully restrained edges attract higher negative
moment and reduce mid span positive moment
Interior span: Table 6.10.4.3(B)

End (negative) moments = 0.65 Mo

Mid span (positive) moment = 0.35 Mo

MNI
Mo 0.65 Mo
MNE
0.65Mo
+

MM
0.35Mo
End Span: Table 6.10.4.3 (A)
Table 6.10.4.3(A) end span –
the end moment at the exterior end is usually less than the moment at
the interior end
also the amount of negative moment attracted to the exterior edge of
an end span depends upon the degree of restraint of the edge - fully
restrained edges attract more negative moment and reduce mid span
positive moment

Compare the end and mid-span moments for a “flat

slab with exterior edge unrestrained” to a “beam and
slab construction” Table 6.10.4.3 (A)
 End span: Table 6.10.4.3 (A)

MNI
Mo 0.80-0.65 Mo
MNE

0.0 – 0.65 Mo
+

Ranges from Simply MM

Supported to 0.6-0.35 Mo
Fully restrained
Step 3 – design strip moment distribution
• Total positive and negative design bending
moments are distributed transversely across the
span to the column design strip according to
Clause 6.9.5.3
• The COLUMN STRIP ATTRACTS MOST OF
THE MOMENT
• The remaining “left over” design bending moment is
distributed to the two “half-middle strips”
Column strip moments
Negative moment @ interior support 0.6-1.0,
can use 0.75 mid range (A.S. 1480) for flat slabs and
flat plates and 0.9 for slab-beam systems
Negative moment @ exterior support 0.75-1.0,
if no edge beam can use 1.0, if edge beam use 0.75
Positive moment @ mid-span 0.5-0.7 ,
can use 0.5 (A.S. 1480 used 0.6; tests indicate more
uniform distribution hence 0.5) for flat slab and flat
plates, and 0.7 for slab-beam systems
• For slab-beam construction the beam resists about 85%
of the column strip moment the remainder by that part of
the column strip which is not considered part of the flange
of the T-beam

Column strip

Reference Tables 18.3 & 18.4 of text – flat slab and slab-beam
column strip moment factors are separated & description of each
given
Example : flat slab design
• Refer to handouts and lecture overheads
Design Considerations:
• Minimum Reinforcement:
• [9.1.1]

• [9.4.1] min for flexural crack control

• [9.4.3] min for shrinkage
• Arrangement of reinforcement [9.1.3.4] deemed to comply
Further Design Considerations
• Shear strength [9.2]
• Deflection [9.3]
• Simplified calculation based on deflection of design strips [9.3.3] –
• One model detailed in text book section 19
• Indirect control via deemed to comply span to depth ratio
SLAB COMPARISON

Supported on 4 sides versus supported on

columns
Deflection
Moments in the x direction
Moments in the y direction
TWO WAY SLAB -
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Framed systems incorporating two way slabs
Idealized Frame Method 6.9
• Applies to two way flat slabs with or without
drop panels, slabs incorporating ribs including
waffle slabs, slabs with small openings and two
way beam and slab system supported on
columns
Restrictions
• Less restrictive application than simplified
method:
• Uneven spans
• Higher imposed load:permanent load ratio
• Non UDL
• Lateral loads can be applied
Aim and approach
• Aim to determine total design strip moments:
• Simplified method use co-efficients
• Idealized frame method use elastic frame analysis
• Analyze frames as series of parallel frames running through
building and second set of frames running transverse
• separate 2D frames for x and y direction (as with simplified
method)
Method
• Because design strips are NOT line members; may in fact
be strips 6 to 8 metres wide, approximations need to be
made
• Design strips bounded by centre lines between columns
Figure 18.8 text – [Fig 6.1.4.(A) and (B) A.S. 3600] (as
with simplified method)
• Design strip moments determined by elastic frame
analysis – may be computer or hand analysis
• Design strip moments distributed across the width of the
design strip (as with simplified method)
Stiffness Analysis of line-member frame
STAGE 1

• All joints considered locked against rotation &

translation
• Load effects on each member calculated, no effect on
adjacent members →stage 1 actions Figure 18.10
• at the end of stage one the joint is not in equilibrium
Fig 18.10 Line member frame
Moments at Joint A
Stiffness Analysis of line-member frame
STAGE 2
• Joints are unlocked, move until equilibrium restored→
Figure 18.11
• The joint block is considered to move as a rigid body so
the rotation of the end of the beam is the same as the end
of the column
• Equilibrium of joint requires that:
• wLb2/12 – KbθA - KcθA=0
• K = stiffness of beam or column
• θ = rotation of joint
• Analysis requires solving series of simultaneous
equations
Stiffness Analysis of the Idealized Frame
– vertical loads
• Compare the idealized frame of Fig 18.12 to the line
member frame of Figure 18.10:
• The beams are the design strips of width Lt; the joint
“block” becomes a joint strip
Idealized frame
• When the joint strip is unlocked in stage 2 & permitted to
move until equilibrium is restored, a small rotation takes
place where the joint strip is retrained by the column, a
much larger rotation takes place where the joint strip is
restrained only by the torsional stiffness of the joint strip.
• The moment across the joint strip is not uniform, at the
centre there is a substantial negative moment opposite
the column, at the end the final moment is almost zero
Moments at Joint Strip
• In frame analysis can have only one variable to describe
the rotation of the joint strip, the average rotation along
the strip - θA.
• The total moment in the beam is expressed in terms of
average rotation: (4EI/L)bθA
• The rotation at the top of the column in LESS than θA
• therefore moment in column is less than (4EI/L)cθA

In analysis this difference in joint strip moment is compensated for by a reduced

column stiffness
Reduced Column Stiffness
• One approach to compensating for the joint strip variable
moment is to reduce the column stiffness:
• The basic column stiffness is denoted by Kc
• The reduced or equivalent column stiffness is denoted by
Kec

• Basic stiffness of column given by:

• Kc = 4E Ic/Lc
• where Ic based on gross XSA
• Lc clear height between floors
Equivalent Column Stiffness
• Reduced column stiffness is only approximate but
is significantly affected by torsional stiffness of
joint strip as moments are transmitted between
the column and slab largely by torsion in the joint
strip.
• Most common method to reduced column
stiffness is equivalent column method:
• equivalent column stiffness Kec < Kc basic column
stiffness above & below joint being considered:
Equivalent Column Stiffness
• 1/ Kec =1/Σ Kc +1/ Σ Kt
• Kc is basic column stiffness = 4EIc/Lc
• Lc is taken as the clear height between floors
• Where Kt is the torsional stiffness of the two outstanding
arms of the joint strip refer to equations 18.20 and 18.21
for definition

Kt inversely proportional to L (length of strip) and proportional to C

C (St Venant torsional constant) is proportional to o/all dimensions of
the torsional strip
Beam Stiffness
• Beam stiffness Kb = 4EIb/Lb
• Ib based on gross XSA of design strip of width Lt
• Length Lb is taken as centre to centre of columns
Load Patterns
• Arrangement of loading on the frame under analysis
is to determine the worse case scenario
• [2.4.4] specifies arrangements of load to be analyzed
• Horizontal loads can be accommodated with this
method – reduce beam stiffness using an effective
beam width and use basic column stiffness - refer
section 18.4.4 text
design strip moment distribution
• Total positive and negative design bending moments
obtained form the FRAME ANALYSIS are distributed
transversely across the span to the column design strip
according to Clause 6.9.5.3
The COLUMN STRIP ATTRACTS MOST OF
THE MOMENT:

Negative moment @ interior support 0.6-1.0,

can use 0.75 mid range (A.S. 1480) for flat slabs
and flat plates and 0.9 for slab-beam systems
Negative moment @ exterior support 0.75-1.0,
if no edge beam can use 1.0, if edge beam use
0.75
Positive moment @ mid-span 0.5-0.7 ,
can use 0.5 (A.S. 1480 used 0.6; tests indicate more
uniform distribution hence 0.5) for flat slab and flat
plates, and 0.7 for slab-beam systems
Flat slab examples & tasks
 Example 18.1 of text:
 Calculate the fixed end moments for each loading
pattern to be considered – which do you expect will give
the max BM?
 Determine the stiffness values to be used in the
analysis for beams and columns
 Calculate the magnitude of increased stiffness of the
exterior columns due to the edge beam
 Design reinforcement for the slab using data given