Constitution Part 1

A
E

I...
!
"# $ A&' ()*+ ,E.
1
Contents
............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.
.................................................................................................... 6
1.1.
...................................................................................................... 6
1.2.
- ................................................................................................. 10
1.3.
A !" #$% ................................................................................... 13
2. I'($
)*++ " ,-+ .- .......................................................... 30
2.1.
A/!0 .- ......................................................................................... 30
2.2. I12$
*3 45 " A67- ............................................................... 33
3. I'($
A/8+ 9*#: ;#< =E" ? ................................ 41
3.1. I'($
A/8+ 9*#: ;#< ............................................ 41
3.2. I'($
A$: =E" 9*#: A ............................................. 46
4. I'($
)C*)DE F< ............................................................ 54
5.1. GA: ........................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.
................................................................................................... 81
5.3. C?A:" IJ%=K: ? .................................................................................... 96
5.4. L AC=" )3 ................................................................................. 110
5.5. MNO " L ................................................................................ 124
5. 'I=P4Q I RS ...................................................................................................... 127
5.1. 'I=PTQ ;C UV?" #$W: A!0 ............................................................... 127
5.2. 'I=P4Q XYZ L [ \] " )VV ............................. 129
5.3. I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<" <^ ...................................... 132
5.4. I RS 'I=P4Q L\! %__\" AW ................................ 138
5.5. 'Ià Q% b L\!" c1 ................................................................... 142
5.6. d A # e E" !\8 ? I RS 'I=P4Q L .......... 145
5.7. )72 AW f I RS .................................................................... 158
6.
)hQ .............................................................................................. 162
6.1.
Q )*hN\ ? ................................................................................ 164
6.2. i- )hQ .......................................................................... 166
6.3.
j)*kl AW ............................................................................. 166
6.4. I12$
A)*hQ .- E" 'Ià Q% b j"................... 170
6.5.
A)*hQ F< ......................................................................... 174
6.6. kQ m .......................................................................................................... 175
6.7.
)hQ .- _2 b j" ................................................. 176
7.
- Nnn\ ................................................................................................... 180
7.1.
- Nnn\ .- ....................................................................................... 181
7.2. I.'.2.$
jnn\ L .......................................................... 181
8.
"
#: ....................................................................................... 183
8.1.
#: ................................................................................ 183
8.2. )op
"
#: .................................................................... 185
2
8.3. I12$
#: N*; ........................................................................ 187
8.4. iq kQ E7* rqs ...................................................................... 189
AN< "

T
Jt\ 9*#: N C\!u

"
A 9*#: D
$

#$W: A !" E2
I RS
#$W: E2 " \] D
$
I'2$
*3 45 " A67- .-

A67- .-"
j62DE v
I'2$
=E"
#: A
I'2$
A/8+" 9*#: ;#<
I'($
?w ?w*CA"
4A GA: Q " x

"
N*[x v
I'2$
" q N*[x v
C?A:" IJ%=K: ? Q " \] E(yQ C?A:" (J%=K:
? X=E N*[0 )z*[ % \" {00 A
)3 " \WQ A)7- N )z*[
#: A " 44
x<
I'($
" UNO

'I=P4Q #$W: A!0" |CUV?
'I=P4Q XYZ L [ \] " )VV
I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<" <^
I RS 'I=P4Q L\! %__\" AW
d A # e E" !\8 ? I RS 'I=P4Q L
)72 AW f I RS

A)*}Q"
A)*}Q zI<
I'2$
A)*}Q L

A!$ kD~" 'Ià Q% b L\!" U1
3
7u k7R /-
A!$ kD~ j L

Nnn .-
I'2$
Nnn L

"
#:
I'2$
#: N*[0 _
AW DE c1
9*#: F UVA N*? 9\!u j-* " q$\ 9
j-k n jF 9*) UVA" NV " C\!u^ E+
%
Z " A WX N}\ ss

A2 A
A67- - %%
q 9*#: ?"
A/8+ z A)*}Q" Nnn L %% F b 4
$
9*#: ) 0"
A !"
#$W: E2
0 _ PC!E j N
=: IOj:
W: A7<" 9*#: C?: ? 0< 7CV N2* \[\ss XT
)N$
D
$ A67-{ zq A)*}l" jnn\
XYZ A< (
}) j DE 9*#: 0A " *7 2 A
ss
FQ I12$
A67- 9*#: ?" N
q
}
-* A7-? - 0 L_=
q )C*)DE C*#:
F<
q
A)*}Q" Nnn L \
)*2 ) F b 4 X ) 0A $ YZ A )J%"
A9= Nq UV^ ;; " *7 E2\ jC0 F JtG
N )+D E A9= E7 0? jV 2 Nz[
)J%e\ss
FQ T
Jt\ ) E k7R K $ %_\ /Q
==_ YZ A )J% )C \; b z I12$

4
XYZ A
[ j[=E" j ]DE 9*#: 0A"
\]^ 9*#: Q% 08 z" A DEss E-TyQ

N;-"
jW)q F" VA A\% yGQ A
lG lG jNl /0 F + (l) Y F *7 \[\ss
XT
A E7 A
z" # X) A=:
=E A67- .-q D=: E#< P #E" P!=E Xj \
IOj: N
=: W:" C?: ? 0< A F E7 z?
\[\ss I12$
2[< z#E XYZ A

j ]DE A72 0A O=E ? A7 j}2
A2}
N*? jJ% AGss
Q ) E7\F *7 "
q 2[< A$q
\ E N
=: W:" IOj: E8¡" m F"E )
b E(4DE" ) j E(F N2* N"EQ A# " )q
A WX : F 2 )X=% N)WX\ E+ %
Z " A WX
?8 NV- \[\ss
T
Jt\
" 9*#: D
$
- !
#$W: A !" E2 I.1.2.$
*3 45 " A67- E(yQ

#: =E" ?
q C*#: F< 'I=P4Q C*#:
D
" I'($
'I=P4Q D

- A)*hQ

/\ /!
- j)*hl AW !
- A)*hQ .-
! I'I$
- A)*hQ !
- )hQ .- _/b j"
! 'Ià Q% b E"
- A!$ kD~ j" !
- Nnn\ E"
Nnn -*<
"
#: A D \% 9*#: UVA
+e\ss
E(yQ XT
k7R 0 e" e"<^ )/C %\\
-
7C j* / j* VA E" / 0< JtG 0 NW)
)J%\ss
5

h E" D L\!" ¤<
#: N*[0 E)9 G

kQ *7 jl X2 F 'Ià Q% b
-
kQ CDE k7R XJtG [ AD$ )ze\ss FQ C\!u
J5G 0 )¥ 9*) VA" AD$ ) ¤< E"
)E X
- ;C V? E2 " I12$
A67-

"
#: E-TyQ
E"

#: N*; A= X"/ DE )D= E" \X) jD
A Q \ E E+ E" %
Z N-" A WX ?{ F r
\) 0* N2* DE<\ss
1.

44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1.
" 9*#: D
$ *7Gss
2.
#$W: A !" E2 z*4=Gss
3. I RS
#$W: E2 " \] D
$ \Gss
1.1.

2 C\!u
•
N Q N ?
•
8\"
kQ A2 A ?y #CDy?
Q?
z" C< jO A /Q Y A
A2 /Q Y
\© K\ª KX=X" K/] N /Q N E7 A- Qss

;C UV? -* X(J%=K L D# X\WQ A)77 XQ!¤ U? E2
/Q N\\ XC?: ? A4" 08 [ ) z" [$ A7
F jX=% k7 A- Qss FOQ
j/] C< yG
j/]
%% F b AE ?Z A_ J\ " A \Qss
6
Q%qQ A7 C X-*C Q
-* XO* «aR IOj% E" W:
D
\ X)CN= l z_ E" YZ Q%
b XY
C ) F ? N!8n j \ A- Qss ¬Q F

" ) 0: D
$ A2 A2 9*#: 0A N ;C UV )
b 4 N\ss
1993 .Q I RS ®®< 0" " QQ NEX\ V) 4 8 “

N A2 A j)7- " i4A° jX"±E )D yG
jF"E yGQ F

” N )*ke\ss
FOQ X DV AN 4 8

C _³ 0\" )´ b
4 N\ ss FQ
;C V? X
l" X_
AW
)\E A *7

4? 8 E"
6_ 0 )Cµ
< +# O*e\ss
XT
A X) O%C2
(%a$ “Constitution is the rules and
practice that determine the composition and function of the organs of central
Government in a state and regulate the relationship between the individual and the
state” N )*ke\ss XT
Q s-
$ -*
;y_ \% )+*6
2[< /Q
-A ? N E7\F" XT
)N$Q *ÍQ " )-[[j
)D=: F A( A C*#: E¡" F ;y_ )+\ E"

)? D#/tQ A$q i 2[< F
N G A[!j E7 ss
y ) -*
\% ;y_ #/t -A /Q \Q2 7 E¡
E" F A$q
AW "E jDG NEX:
7
A/8+ AW \! c1 " \! j4
y¤# j/ Í F<" -A z )f E-Fss
Î) -* ;¦§ )-k -A /Q \Q2 7 E¡"
A/8+ AW A-* \!" )D X/C )N$
}" WX\ f ! jG PF
E-j G" X ) 9*#: k7R Í F 2[
%_\

)?Z E-j= j % FO E"re ss
O%2
4 8 )C z E7 FO ?% Z
(%a$ C X “Constitution is the fundamental and organic law of
Nation or State establishing the conception, character, and organization of its
government, as well as prescribing the extent of its sovereign power and the manner
of its exercise” j\ C0 E" ss
*Q*s-
•
C*#: F A( A / Q j=D "
j)7-
F
•
C*#:
e A/8+ AW A-*
q D
$" \! P 4 jD Ô A)VC?
j®{Q" j-
%_\ Fss
• X X ;"E )N$
GA: \! EXQ 2*
E-F" GA: \! L= j\ AD? /Q
j- Ô F
%_\ E-F \\ss
• E-TyQ
GA: \! X_) F /Q
4) -A j0\" GA: \! EI " Q 2 +Q
E7 Ô F -A j+Q0
%_\ E-F )\%Õ\ss
A8 X)
e A( A /Q A2
j)7-DE C*#: F<" -A j4
NE+_ E-F j\; KF
X)Cµ < ))
;C UV? *Qss
•
A( A Q = " j)7- C*#:

F
8
•
E-A^ )Dd y¤# ;y§ )8\Z

#/ /Q *ÍQ \Q2"
7 A¡" F< PF
A-j\
• ) Q F \)
A/8+ AW
A-* " \!" )D j/ Ô F" 2[< jW
F
•
GA: \! Qd" C* E-TyQ
/C" -? j/ F" 2[< j4" GA: \!
j+Q AD? j-
%_\ E-F E-TyQ
•
" } WX\ PO jD f ) Q
}^ N%" NX C?: ? z A 6Q
C*#: F j4 ;y_ #/ /Q \Q2 7*
NE+_
E-F z? \ss
N"EQ A jÖ
XJ h-\ X ) ª C*#: 0A
j´ KF I12$
Q ET
C*#: UVA AW j4 ;y_
)+*6
E-F
q 2[< *7 \ss
I12$
X )+ C*#: UVA XYZ
[
j[= FQ XT
C*) VA )N$ A2 D
$ A ss Q
I12$
¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?` wN?[cx‹“ I´x‹ uIÓ ¾uLÃ’ƒ“ u^d†¨< _82"
õLÔƒ ¾}Sc[} ›”É ¾þK+" TIu[cw“ ¾Ò^ ØpT†¨<” Sw†¨<”“ ’í’†¨<”
uÒ^“ u}ÅÒÒò’ƒ KTdÅÓ“ ›”É ¾›=¢•T> TIu[cw KSÑ”vƒ Áe‹L†¨< ²”É ÁìÅlƒ
¾nM Ÿ=Ç” eUU’ƒ >”ÅJ’ SÑ”²w ÁeðMÒM::

q I RS ? ?*CA"
4A 8\ ×7 QQ F
; A72 Qy= I12$
? ?*CA
N
\ª#\ss FQ E A y¤#
q I RS ? ?*CA"
4A
8\ ×7 C2" GA:#E x F z? \[\ss
9
/ 0A
1. E< jO %\\
X ) ª 9*#: 0A ´\
? DG? Q?
2.
'I=\" %\\ -* N;- \? Q?
3. 'I=\
X%\\
Q Q k7R \?
1.2.
-

A( A Q = " Q )7- 9*#:
FQ
N G
[) A+=*E z#E" YZ y¤#< ) ]
"Ess FQ
^ A+=*; z " YZ 9*#: UVA n N2*
jX)G AØÙ Xp_Z N+0" ; \ss
• )
- E" \)
-
• 0?" \\
- !
•
h yG E" \F!
• $Ú?PW: /Q Ai7:!
• r`T7#: /Q Û#: E"
• 'I=\ /Q ]Ü#$ )?Z PX \ \ss
U.
%__\ Q ()o " \)o
)
XNE *7 E-j )
- A2 C2 \% )8Z #/ KF
\)
N -J
- )?Z j#/ A2 C2 DOQ
\! A4 AW A-* " \!" )D " }
f j/ \Q2 7 E¡ E" F E A= ;
E+Q# ss A N jf W# A
)§
ss
XT
0 A$WW"7 *V"$ E" I ]S QVY P+ XjG
03^ "Ess
10
\)
- Y ©\ A?
2[< ;y_ \)-*k /Q
\)CDC" A2 92 \)8G KF ss
- )?Z j#/ A2 C2
DOQ \! A4 AW A-* " \!" )D
" } f j/ \Q2 7 E¡ E" F DE A=
; E+Q# ss \)
Cr _ªQ \)§ VF A2
C2 )8 A r#E ss XT
Q V %__G )o \)o j\ VF
v% )-*" E" v% )-} \)+ j\ F E7 ? D l<
X=X=Gss \)
E EP4" E=~\ "Ess T
EP4
D\)
- Q = A )? Q #/+ss
.
%__\ jnn\ A
Xjnn\ A Ao 0? /Q \\ )? Xp Gss 0?

-
/rigid/ +G Nnn\ KF \\
- /Flexible/ jD -J +G
jnn\ ss
0? F
Nnn L jX)G A Nnn\ A D y¤#
yG +G Nnn\ E=\ss QVY *V Kz2 A =P Û
# jnnG Nnn Þ\

4 V¤ K-_ F +G Nnn\
A \Qss A$W
Nnn )D=: jF Nnn Þ\ Q
F # Q% b ? E j-k ?CD y Î) A?x 2Q;
K-_" E7 'Ià AD\ #
Aß Q% b Î A=) 2Q;
Nnn K,2{ ss i2 1949
jnn +* Nnn
Þ\ y qQ
Aß Q%b [= ?CD A?\x 2Q; K,2 ss
\\
- ) Nnn L L N \ N"EQ A$q )=
}
jnnG L jnn\ ss QVY EP4
N"EQ A$q
} jnnG L nn\ss XT

V A72
Qy=
h yG
E" \F
- %__\ j\Q #/8\ss
11
. i %__\ ; C ( A/8+)s
A/8+ $Ú?PW: /Q AU7:

- D\ #/8\ss
AU7: A)7- E( ) ] %\Z jXp \ FQ XA2 NEX\
j A= =Gss N"EQ L\!
q NEX\ )C" L\!
%__\ Y ss NEX: AW\ yG
N! Q F n
L\! O*e\ss EP4 *Và QVY j+ "Ess EP4
I2 2e" A2 2Q m KF á jÜâ ÛN
yGQ
K/! NEX\ E" A7EQ =VE
N! AGQss
$Ú?PW: A/8+ L\! NEX\ AW " %\\ AW
WX\ %__\ j-* ss
. i %__\ s
i %__\ r`T7#: /Q Û#:
D\ #/8\ss
A$q Þ`T7 +0#
4 j*0
q Þ`T-#: D\ss
qQ Þ`T7q ÛN )$ jF VF

4 )$ jF
L z*[\ss X_)
A o j L\!Q Þ`T7q }";p\ss
Þ`T7q
Aß Q%b +x AO*Qss
Q A oj"

Aß Q%b WX\ E \] x ss A$W
QVY
j+ ss Û#:
ÛN X
Aß L\! )N$
A j j= L jz*[
ss jÜ =
W¤ /%Z ÛN 628\ss
L jÜ) ÛN 0 +x
E(O=E \ss XT
Q )V
Aß" A oj WX\ \; F \]
W #qQ
Aß A j );EO L E(/2 Q% PF \ss
9. L) (z7: /Q i4D: i )

k /Q L A$q EC )7- F A i q z7: i
D\ss L\! )e* z 9* -* KF L\! ?E
D b ss ) k z z7: A4 _ªN: L\! D ss EP4 E"
12
QE=D: AÛ A z7: L k /Q L F \ L\!
AEss
i4D:($ãPW:) iL L i L#: L\! )! i4?
)* A$q EC )7- ss
A8 ET

- XNE Q [= F D
$ E7E yG
E-NE \] " =VE F D
$ AEss
? Q VF
E-A #$%! E2 ! ER) Q /z) \]
-#EQ P /Q
PVC\ \ss FQ
- W=" -WN h"E N/
jn " Q*0 Nn ) j*7 ET

-
N/ X_) +# O*e\ss
/ 0<
1. I12$
0?
/ \\
Q?
2. %\\
0?
/ \\
? ?=?
1.3.
A !" #$%
1.3.1 eK IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ uÖpLL¨<:-
IÑ SÓeƒ ¾›”Ç=ƒ ›Ñ` ¾S”Óeƒ ›"Lƒ ›Å[ÍËƒ eM×”“ }Óv` ¾T>¨c” ¾IÓ
T°kõ >”ÅJ’ IÑ S”Óeƒ Ÿ}cÖ< ƒ`ÕT@−‹ KS[Çƒ Ã‰LM:: J•U IÑ S”Óeƒ
›”(ƒ ›Ñ`“ I´w ¾T>S\uƒ ÖnT> 9*#: ¾IÓ T°kõ SJ’<” KS[Çƒ u¯ T‹”
¾S”Óeƒ” eM×” uIÑ S”Óe© É”ÒÑ@−‹ >“ S`J‹ SÑÅw“ ¾SU^ƒ ØÁo
¾}’duƒ” 9*#: U¡”Áƒ“ ¾IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© A !" >ÉÑƒ uØMkƒ SS`S`
¾ÔL É`h ›K¨<::
ŸLÃ >”Ç¾’¨< ¾IÑ S”Óeƒ SW[© }Óv` S”Óeƒ“ ›Ñ` ¾T>}ÇÅ\uƒ“

¾T>S\v†” F" Y`¯ƒ SÅ”ÑÓ ’¨<:: eK²=I ¾IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© ›S×Ø“
>ÉÑƒ ukØ ŸS”Óeƒ eM×” ›ÁÁ´“ S”Óeƒ K<¯© eM×’<” uSÖkU c=ðîT†¨<
13
Ÿ’u\ }Óv^ƒ Ò` ¾}Ñ“– ’¨<:: S”Óeƒ u›”É SM%AUÉ` ¡MM eØ T>•
I´x‹ Ó”–<’ƒ“ ›“E“E` ¾T>SKŸ~ IÔ‹”“ N/<×ƒ ¨<d’@−‹” ¾S¨c” >“
/!E IÔ‹”“ /C"E d’@− uGÃM TeðìU K<¯L© eM×” ÁK¨< ¾þK+"
)®Q ’¨<::
FQ ¾S”Óeƒ uÓ³ƒ ¡MG eØ ¾T>•\ c−‹” Ó”–<’ƒ" ›“E“E` j!
Ih N! " uK?KA‹ S”ÑÊ‹ ¾Sq×Ö` K<¯L© eM×” U”Û“ SW[~ U”É
’¨<? ujK¨< ØÁo ²<]Á ¾c¨< MÏ vdKp†¨< TIu^© Y`¯„‹ ¨<eØ ¾}KÁ¾ ›e}dcw
¾’u[ SJ’< ¾T>ÁŸ^¡` ›ÃÅKU::
uv]Á ›XÇ]¨< Y`¯ƒ TIu` K<¯L© eM×” U”ß“ SW[ƒ uGÃM

¨ÃU uÙ`’ ›g“ò J• SÑ–ƒ ’¨< ¾jM ›e}dcw ’u`:: uò¨<ÇK< Y`¯ƒ TIu`
u}KÃU uS"ŸK—¨< ²S” (the period in European history between antiquity and
the Italian
Italian Renaissance, often considered to be between the end of the Roman
century)) ¾S”Óeƒ K<¯L© eM×”
Empire in the 5th century and the early 15th century
U”Û“ SW[~ ¯ T© dÃJ” u›UL¡ ¨ÃU uð×] Skvƒ ¨ÃU SS[Ø ’¨< ¾T>M
›e}dcw ’u`:: uSJ’”Å^c? J’¨<
¾›”É” ›Ñ` I´w ¾Te}ÇÇ` K<¯L© eM×” XQ2=: M\ VF X #: U\
¾}c×†¨< ìÒ }Å`Ô Ã¨CÉ ’u`:: FQ # #: \! (the devine
right of kings) j ?\ C1 =Q" C?© ss T
Q ?\ C* ”Ñ<c<
¨ÃU ”Óe+~ Áh†¨<” ¾T²´ uIÓ ¾SÅ”“ ¾TeðìU ÁM}ÑÅu eM×” =E::
uSJ’”ÓK=4 ”Ñ<e ¾’u[¨<
kÇT© ËUe /I / "Kings are justly called Gods, for they exercise a manner of resemblance of power
upon earth. As it is atheism and blasphemy to dispute what God can do, so it is presumption and high
contempt in a subject to dispute what a king can do" uTKƒ ÑMëKM::
¾’Ñeƒ K<¯L© eM×” U”Û“ SW[~ uSK¢© GÃM SS[Ø ’¨<:: eK²=I
T” U c ¾’Ñeƒ eM×” SnÜU J’ u>”u=}˜’ƒ TSî ¾KuƒU ¾T>K¨< ›e}dcw
u>—U ›Ñ` ’Ñe~ eM×“†” N"X c=ÖkS<uƒ E-O ¾T>ÁŸ^¡` ›ÃÅKU::
UdK? _ƒU ’Ñeƒ T”—¨“ ƒ°³´ ¾}n¨S c¨< >Ó²=AwN?` uØó~ Ãk×ªM“ ¾T>M
›”k; >“Ñ–ªK”:: ¾’Ñeƒ K<¯L© eM×” U”ß“ SW[ƒ u›UL¡ SS[Ø ’¨<
¾T>K¨< ?M u›”É uŸ<M ð×] Ø3ƒ ’Ñeƒ“ ¨Å‹ ¾T>qÖ\ }¨LÐ‰†” >“
²SÊ‰†¨<” ›Ñ`”“ I´w” KSU^ƒ >”Ç=‹K< ›É`Ô Y ©\ w²<G’< I´w ÅÓV
¾’Ñe~ ›ÑMÒÃ >”ÅJ’< ›É`Ô >”ÅðÖ^†¨< ¾T>cw¡“ uN“†¨ØK<ƒ Ÿ›pS< uLÃ ¾J’ Ów` ÁK_`É“ IÓ ujë±E p× uK?KA‹
G<’@−‹ N* z7: !\ ÁKTs[Ø I´v© >”penc? TÉ[Ñ<” ¾]¡
É`d“ƒ ÁdÁK<::
¾”Ñ<c< eM×” U”Û u›UL¡ SS*Ø ’¨< uUÉ` LÃ ”Ñ<c< ð×]” uS¨ŸM
Dn¨< S”ÑÉ K=ÖkUuƒ Ã‰L\ ¾T>K¨<” AC=" u¨p~ }”W^õ„ ¾’u[¨<” ›”vÑ’”“
Ú"˜ ”Ñ<d© ›Ñ³´ eM×” KSÑÅw ¨<Ö?T >”penc? uTÉ[Ó ð` kÇÏ ¾J’¨<
¾>”ÓK=´ I´w ’¨<::
¾>”ÓK=´ I´w >”Å ›¨<aþ ›q×` 1215 ¯.U u/p~ uƒ*eM×” LÃ ¾’u[¨<”
¾”Ñ<e ” ›”vÑ’“© ›e}ÇÅ` unÜ ¾”Ñ<c<” eM×” ¾T>ÑÉw“ K²?Ô‹ Swƒ ªeƒ“
T[ÒÑÝ ¾T>cØ c’É uT²ÒËƒ ”Ñ<c< c’Æ” uò`T¨< >”Ç=ÁìÉk ØÁo¨<” ›k[u::
u¨p~ }kpf ¾’u[¨<” Ù` N²z Óßƒ KT`Ñw uIú< +* ØÁo ŸSkuM ¨<Ü
K?L ›T^ß \*¨< ”Ñ<e Ð "¾TÓ“ "`" ¾eUU’ƒ c’É 1N< ›ìÅk:: k
6-+ ¾TÓ“ "` ¾Swƒ c’É /¾’í ²?Ô‹” uõ`É ¾SÇ–ƒ Swƒ ÁK IÒ© Y`¯ƒ
ÁKSÁ´ ÁKSk×ƒ“ ”w[†¨<” ÁKS¨[e Swƒ ¾S_ƒ vKu?ƒ ¾J’< c−‹
?#E +Q }c×†¨< Øn“ T“†¨cuew SJ’<” ¾jÅ’ÓÓ u›ÖnLÃ k eM×” ÑÅw ¾T>ØM“ ”Ñ<e
ŸIÓ uLÃ XÃJ” uIÓ ØL e` J• I´w” ›Ñ`” ¾SU^ƒ ÓÈ ÁKuƒ SJ’<”
15
j% IÑ S”Óeƒ " ]"© >ÉÑƒ ó“ / ¾J’ c’É SJ’<” u`" ¾e’
IÑ S”Óeƒ UG<^” ÃÑMíK<::
u>`ÓØU ¾TÓ“ "` c’É ¾IÓ ¾uLÃ’ƒ“ M°M“ T[ÒÑØ >“ ¾S”Óeƒ e\×”
¾jÑÅw IÓ ›eðLÑ> SJ’< X) ¨<Ö?T ¾cw¯© Swƒ c’É ’¨<:: J•U
¾>”ÓK=´ I´x‹ uGÃM“ uÑ<Muƒ ¾}’Ölƒ” K<¯L© eM×” KTeSKe ÁÅ[Ñ<ƒ [»U >“
>MI ›eÚî ƒÓM “¾TÓ“ "` eUU’ƒ” uSð[l w‰ ¾}TEL ULi ›LÑ–U ’u`ss
u²=IU U¡”Áƒ ›Å[ÍË~ eM×”“ GLò’~ ke uke >ÁÅÑ“ >¾}hhK ¾T>H@É û`LT
uTssU IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ K<¯L© eM×” ke uke Ÿ”Ñ<C ’Ñe~ KS”Öp" N* [»U
²S“ƒ ÁeqÖ[ cò >”penc?" ƒÓM ›"H>ÇDM::
uIÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ ¨<eØ uG<K}— Å[Í ¾T>Ökc¨< ¾>”ÓK=´ I´w
>”penc?U 168®−‡ uû`LT¨< u’Ñe~“ uu?}¡è+Á” S]−‹ S"ŸM ¾’u[¨< ÅU
Áðcc E8¡ ’u`:: µ H>Å w²< ¨<× ¨<[Ê‹ ŸKñ u%EL ¨<Ö?~ E- A
A! 1689 ìÅk¨< ¾>”ÓK=´ ¾cw¯© Swƒ ›ªÏ uÃó KSÅ”Ñ u8ss u1689 ¯.U
uû`LT¨< ¾¨Ë¨< ¾>”ÓK=´ ¾cw¯© S w „‹ ›ªÏ ¾”Ñ<c<” eM×” uT>ÑÉu<“
¾û`LT¨<” IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ K<¯L© eM×” ¾T>*[µ 8j Å”x‹” ¾Á² ’¨<:: 1689
¯.U ¾>”ÓK=´ ¾Cw¯© Swƒ ›ªÏ ¾”Ñ<c<” IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ eM×” ¾ÑÅu“ ”Ñ<c< þ`LT¨<
ujÁ¨×¨< IÓ SW[ƒ ›Ñ` ¾SU^ƒ“ ¾Te}ÇÅ` Lò’ƒ >”ÇKuƒ ¾T>ÖS<
É”ÒÑ@−‹ ¾Á² c’É ’¨<::
u›ÖnLÃ e”SKŸƒ ¾>”ÓK=´ I´w ke uke vÅ[Ò†¨< ¾[»U ²S“ƒ ƒÓM

SËS]Á uTÓ“ "` eUU’ƒ ¾”Ñ<c<” eM×” KSÑÅw“ ”Ñ<c< ¾TÓ“ "` eUU’ƒ
¨<eØ ¾}Ökc< SW[: Sw„‹ >”Ç=ÁŸw` KTÉ[Ó ¾‰K< c=J” E- A A!
1689 .Q ¾>”ÓK=´ ¾cw¯© Swƒ ›ªÏ -J ¾”Ñ<c< IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ eM×” uSÑÅw
IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ K<¯L© eM×” ¾û`LT¨< >”Ç=J” KTÉ[Ó ‹KªM:: Ÿ²=ÁU u%EL IÓ
¾TeðìU Y^ uT>’>e a‹ U¡` u?ƒ“ ¾ÖpLÃ T>’>e \ >”Ç=J” uNÉ[Ó“ ¾õ`É u?ƒ
’í’ƒ uT[ÒÑØ ”Ñ<c< ¨ÃU ”Óe+~ ¾`°e wN?`’ƒ T>“ T>Ý¨~uƒ Ç=V¡^c=Á©
Y`¯ƒ * E- G KS[Çƒ Ã‰LM::
16
KIÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ ›e}ªî* Áu[Ÿ} u>”ÓK=´ UÉ` ¾>”ÓK=´ I´x‹
¾”Ñ<c<” IÓ ¾T¨<×ƒ eM×” KSÑÅw ÁÅ[Ñ<ƒ >”penc? ?‰ ›M’u[U:: u¨p~ uLs
?]’>Á ¾p˜ ›Ñ³´ e` ¾’u\ƒ ¾cT@” ›T@]" # Iw[ƒ ›Ñ^ƒ K<¯L©’†¨<”
KSÔ“ìõ“ ’í’†” KT[ÒÑØ ÁÅ[Ñ<ƒ >”penc? SsÝ ¾J’¨< ¾›T@]" ¾’í’ƒ ›ªÏ
/declaration of American Independence/ Áu[Ÿ}¨< ›e}ªî* kLG j# ›ÃÅKU::
>”Å ›¨<aû ›q×Ö` 1776 ¾¨Ë¨< ¾›T@]" ¾’í’ƒ ›ªÏ /SÓKÝ/
G<KŸ<M Å[Í c¨< J’¨< uð×] ¾}ðÖ\ SJ“†¨<”
G<KÃ‹G Sw„‹ >”ÇGe†¨<“ Ÿ’²=IU
¨<eØ uIÃ¨ƒ ¾S•` ¾’í’ƒ“ Åe” ¾SÔ“ìõ Sw„‹ >”ÇK<uƒ
S”Óeƒ uc−‹ eUU’ƒ ¾}ssS<“ IÒ© eM×“†¨<Q U”ß ¾I´x‡ ðnÉ“
eUU’ƒ >”ÅJ’
\| + C2 ss

C2 Ÿ›”É I´w ðnÉ“ eUU’ƒ ¨Ü I´w” KTe}ÇÅ` ¾T>V¡\ G<K< Ÿõ}—
¾J’ ¨<ÉSƒ ŸTÉ[e ue}k` ¾I´x‹” Swƒ KSÓðõU J’ KS”Öp ¾TÃ‰L†¨<
SJ’<” ŸSKª“ ¾Ls w]’>Á ”Ñ<e upÖ Ó³ƒ uÁ³†¨< ¾›T@]" I´x‹ LÃ ¾ðìT†”
uÅKA‹ X44 c ¾cT@” ›T@]" # ŸT“†¨Áe}ÇÉ^†¨<” I´x‹ G<”“ ðnÉ TÓ–ƒ >”ÅJ’ T”—U I´w ¾TÃðMÑ”
S”Óeƒ ¾Sk¾`“ ¾SK¨Ø Swƒ >”ÇK¨<“ ð×] c−‹” >Ÿ<M Å[Í XE©\ Swƒ“
¡w` Ò` ¾ðÖ^†¨< SJ’<” uÓMî uTekSØ ¾K<¯L© eM×” vKu?ƒ ¾›”Ç=ƒ ›Ñ` I´w
SJ’<” *[ ss
T
C2 ›”É S”Óeƒ ¾›Ñ]~” I´w ðnÉ“ ÃG<” XÃÑ˜ Te}ÇÇ` ¾K?Kuƒ
SJ’<” ¾jÁue\ Gdx‹ p XN/EQ u}ÚT] K=Öõ ¾TÃ‹M }Óv^© >ÙÍ
uS¨<cÉ“ ’í’†¨<” N*[0 uì“ IÑ S”Óeƒ© Y`¯ƒ ¾Q )ÇÅ` ¾uKìÑ
¾}vu\ƒ ¾›T@]"” ›Ña‹ Iw[ƒ /USA/ KSSe[ƒ >”-‰G KS*Çƒ >”‹LK”::
17
u¯ T‹” ²<]Á ¾T>•\ I´x‹ ¾S”Óeƒ K<¯L© eM×” vKu?ƒ KSJ“
¾S”Óe†¨<” eM×”“ }Óv` uIÓ KSÑÅw ÁÅ[Ñ<ƒ >”penc? u>”ÓK=´“ ¾>”ÓK=´
pÖ Ó³ƒ u’u\ ¾cT@” ›T@]" ›Ña‹
?* w‰ )# ›M’u[Uss uK?L¨”penc? ueóƒ >”Å’u` u`" Qy^” Áw^^K< Ÿw²<−‡ I´v© >”penc?
u¨<Ö?T’~“ IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ "Å[Ñ¨< ›e}ªî* ›”í` uAw’ƒ ¾T>Ökc¨<
¾ð[”dÃ I´v© ›wÄƒ ’¨<::
¾ð[”dÃ I´v© ›wÄƒ ¾›g“ò’ƒ ÉM vÑ– TÓeƒ >”Å ›¨<aû©Á” ›q×Ö`

u’Nc? 27 + 1789 A

A !! A"# $% E '$ () '*+ ,-
.A/ -0 1234 56 E 7 8# 14 E98+
:; <=>?@ A8AB$ C19D (EF .A/ 3, 80 -0@
:# EG@ H> I CJ4D $!! K A -2 ,-
-0 A114 ,- -0 -L -2C A, ,-
AM NOD -2CP ,Q$ 9P, ,- -0 #R ST
A#7 ; $ C2 U ALD+ S( V- '* 1WP $6
$!! '*# 34X -0 2Y$T EZ # [\ N:# E9C
ADA1$ C:] D' 1J E9'$ ^$ ,- #[L -8_!!
M A $ :-@ À/ 7-(I -a8$@ Mb1 c d[e

7 ( : f9g 3P ,-I h8 J A9) (iEO AjD
( <k '@ E l H 7e2 h2# A PL CO) 34 m
.h/$@ 28WP; ,-@ A<5:D -0 (,D 3, 2<
19 E -5n 2# 282 EG'$ ,oY N14 P!!
M #H$ 1$E@ [\ #8 AV g# $PD 34 /

E -5np 3P ,- À/ A0D -MT À/ qG A92#!!
g# 34m (21 P6 ($;: $) .h/$ Er@ 286,
,-@ A<5:D -0 (,D E9b[# $j$ (o8
,Z C<- As APD ,- C(G9D 3, 280 3 3,
18
(t [\ (,L/ 286, 2u# v Me(w '$ -E$ E W M.
'* $!! MÀ/ U9T PJ E9C?2 3P ,- -0 y
34@ 1-(G6) $) ,- 3, ; -D (G9D P+ -0#
3, P9 N2 P+ 2 LE@ e 56 9$P 3, 7e
A2'* $!!
(5Lz 34m .h/$@ 28WP; ,- -0 E$D] 59B$

? Es14 286, ,-@ A<5:D A9r{ E9b[# -0 (,D
3, 2|0D . J6 19 u# v , M. -E$ }
'* PJ 1-W!! Mb3 S/ $; $E $ A6 3P
,- d ~E G+ S/ ,mp DD 12!! 3P ,-T
À/ A0)! AP$$ 34 5 20 34 10@
A#P$$@ 3W/ 286, CP2P. 3, 7e 'O A(<29#!! MÀ/
A0) E6PT 34m $P- AP$ -0 2P9 ># .h/$@
@ E 286, A5 ,- 3, ; P9 -D C(G9D '*
28WP; Me(w -E$ )+ U9# 1E9 1G) 34m
56 e WL ,2 E `1 'O C1P2, 3, 7e E9'$ MÀ/
A0k 2G ?!!
1.3.2. 3P ,- À/ E6P I

1!-
I
1 3P ,- À/ E6P (21 v (21 Pd( 1. '*
- #ELF Me> 8 : O!! E$D]# JG/ -Dh + 9D,
J M9D, 6: 2 Me@ E2!!
1.3.2.1. 3P ,- À/ E6P JG/ -Dh+
~. 1923 3P ,-
19
E9H> 34m [. I
1 D 34m .A/ -0@
AP$ M'* |L ,- 28-2- '$ E -5n ,
EGA `7 6DE P%.!! I
1 (21 m ALT# hJO
34/ Ad E -5n (9P V'# A -0 2P9 # '$ 2|0D
C1- 3P ,- f6| ^L Es A 28-P96 A?2#!!
'*# -2 I
1 3P ,- À/ E6P -2M 1923 h.# AP`T
(j 3P ,-$ q <{ 3P ,- EG$L C1ML7D
A92#!! -2'$# AP`T {`1 (% 3P ,- 1923 h.# :G8/
2-n f9: 3P ,- $!!
1923 h.# 3P ,- A5 AG9 U9 -2M A ~2-n

I
1 A|0D 1922 h.# - $P-$ q A2g c b1 h
(72~`1 (72 8`1# 3) <9-n + 3P ,- AD :
Es1:DX@ Eo4 E9k 3) <9-n 9, r
E6 A,B( -2$D + 1923 I
i1 3P ,- < T r ^L
$ “8 JG/ 3P ,-” A$ E9(: JT# DA ~Em
M8 3P ,- (<-9 E9(A(T JD ; 19 _[L Pj.!!
1923 3P ,- M0T <0 AP`T -; 9# 1] AP WV

83L/ 2A/ I OC1/ ;1¡ $) V'# 3P ,-T 3 34
;1¡ 2e -m (JW{ <0 ' < T <Ln ,-T :G8/
2-n (<¢ ? Es(2e 3, 29P, JG/ -Dh ,o .A/$
3W/ 20 £T EeT ; # 28-MD (9$PP 3P ,-
E9'$ C1ML7D A92#!! 1923 h.# 3P ,- $P-T @ 7
:Df 234X -¤ 7 1<" 3P ,- E9'$ ,V1 ,i
A-:#!!
3P ,-T A-L A6 #ELe (Mq. 8z1 A#- A:¥ A.!!
K 3P ,- ] -0 8MD+ -0 <9 8EM 8 E
8EM/ ,- A # 8MD ,oT $) eI 3, <w
20
#7D Y A '$ As- A (:8 Es'* 286, C1-. 6W
1J 'O EP2!!
3P ,-T 2[2 ?D '$ #7D Y 82# ] L$ C#

3, <w #7D Y E £I M ,o Ck 3, #DL #7D
Y E9CO) C9$,, ' E$b3 #7D YI - $P-T 56 -##$
APQ 3, 80 8. ME\ $ A8A`$ ~$ $L@
'* 3P ,-T 6W 8 2G !! 1923 3P ,-
E (0@ ¦ I ,Z MA:d 18 E-M A:d 29 JJ) V'#
I 3, C9$PP S (,D C. '@ C9$, AE`
9m 1.@ @!!
3P ,-T Cz-D Cz- #7D Y C1¨g_ 6W

MA:d 64 E-M 73 1J ' Cz-)# '$ Cz- #7D Y 3,
8-f# (,L@ C1M* ] E1f9g ' EG2 9$,W!!
1923 h.# 3P ,- -2 GB$ AA A:d 54 C9$,, V'# GB$ -0
eD6 YI ? E9'$ A1W,;#!! A5 GB$ C2MT 3, #`1
#7D Y E\ (%C '$ ] f6 ? E9'$ GB$ # 12@
GB$ ALD #6 1@ ' EG2@ 9$,W!! Mb3 (y8` AP`T
A-L AL ,o E9(Mq2 1-:#0!!
1923 3P ,- $P-T f6| ^L M2 MA#- h c

q®- I0N1 I
1 ¤D$ E <L #71 2v (jC$T
(¨ V'# M6 8,- ] 2] 3* 3P ,- S 86,
,-@ 289L{ E9M) ME1G ,o - (<A

E9CO) C9$,, A 80 3, <w 3, #DL #7D YI
Es¨¨_ (9P!! 'O# E$b3 #7D YI VO)# e¯8/+ 3, 80
8-f# y° eD6 - < -0 ] 'O #7D YIp
21
(29 88MD ^L@ Es:;. 86, Es<-* EG9 JD ;
1A± #[L Pj.!!
2. 1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,-
¤D MAPL M( c 1923 3P ,- 8°° A-v$

#71 C'* 2A/ I OC1/ 83L/ [\ $)!! 'O# ,-
( () ,- 6D DL ²Z³® <9 I
1
E6:: <* DL 3P ,- J/ C. Z7L A-(Em
1A(( '* 2v# V'+ A2# A:e (:$ 28, 1923 3P
,- DL 3P ,- 9$P G
AA(( P6 M8°° ´ H
A8L A$#!! '*# 3P ,- 8°°1 AD5µ C® $P-T
Eo4 M(¨¨ c 2-6- h 13 8°°1 µg L |I + 1948 h.#
(°°2 3P ,- $P-T <{!!
< T $ 3, #DL E 3, 8 #7D Y #77D E9(9P

CP2 1948 (°°2 3P ,- -# #ELF A6 I E A6
A:¥ $) ' Mb3 -; MA:i 1 E-M A:i 25 -D ,-T 2A
2-n ¶ -2C(2e -Dh+ MA:i 26 E-M A:i 36 9, -2
$P-T 3, A´$+ 3, A-jC$ E 3, (D·C$ (,D CJ4)
6W 1J 'O EP2!! 1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,- 1923 h.#
M<0 3P ,- (°2 [\ A/ I J4L!! 'O# K 3P
,- E9 1923 h.# 3P ,- ] e¯8/ '$ 3, 80 3,
8-f# GB$ -0 C1WP; $!!
1948 (°°2 3P ,- C °° < 34 X 1M

1(E( < T# S/ g ;1¡ '$ D m ³
2 AL ¸ ;1¡ H> 34 ;1¡ A,X 1 '* AP`T -;
(:02 34/ , 28 6 3P ,-/ e - 8
22
$D!! '*# (°°2 3P ,- f9: M h c 1953 h.#
2 ,- $P-T 28-<P6 AP`T S/ 2; 28#0
(M ' (21 m 34/ Ad E -5n (9P!!
K Eb3 [\ EG2 () ,- 6D E9 A

A|0D snD 2 : 1990 h.# E\ .A/$º 5 MI
1
WD (»9 DL L- 3P ,- M[2 A c Ad65 -L
A2!! ]# ²Z³® (¼9 DL I
½1 ,Q$ (2MT
(21 A¢ A<k c {`1 DL -; $) 2A D
EsD] 86, ,2m ? (<GG` '* DL D8 #D 1949
(M<$!! Mb1# 3 D8 (21 E\ Es<- M(9P 3GD <D
1952 h.# ²Z`®* EsD- <$!! Mb3 ] Eo4 g;D 27/1952 DL
²Z³® D¿ A9 A6 ,o A3G/ ,- -D (522!! DL
²Z³® EsD- A3G/ ^Dh MI
1 WD E6K6 A 2n
1<k E/ Eo4 ; ; $° '$!! 3 6Dv C5<_ <PO ;
, 8A6 {)+ APD -;# $ I OC1/ 2A/ 83L/ ,D
A,X 28-(P6 I
1 D m 2C1:DX .h/$ + -0
8$ ;1¡ #® C; 3P ,-/ ^Dh 2) 34/ Ai A

2:0 -M# 2 : 1967 h.# $P-T 34 Ad , M-0
<D 1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,-# 2AZ 2y° v 3 M-DhT
WD A AM(!!
I
1 ; #D#D I- 1. AG6 r E9C1E
1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,- 28°° 1960 h.# AD5µ C® (¨g
$P-T -0 CP6 A6 µ (JWI :Dm E9$!! ] , -(9T
µg 23, #DL 3, <w #7D Y E1:DX 34X g0 Ad Pe>
M-0 E9< rp 11.!! 'O# 234 q 1'$ K µ 2I
1
,D (t e 1J ' A2'* 28WP; A(?2#!!
23
A5 1923 h.# f9: 3P ,-# '$ 1948 (°°2 3P
,- 34 X 1M+ I
1 D m 3 4m S/
.h/$ ;1¡ - 8; $P-T -0 3W/ 286, 28MD
] 56 E e 8EM A6DP (: f9g '@ C1ML7D
A92#!! K# M A$ H> AP 3P ,- À/ A0D E6P
(2 P6 [\ 3P ,-+ A#P$/ '$ JG/ ^0* JG/
^Dh 3W/ 286, ] -0 C1MD P6 2:# 34 X
.h/$ -0 2Y$ ;1¡ 2ye2 C1 P6 3P ,-T
2:# ML@ 34X Ai 2 8:0 ]# '$ 1f9g 3P
,- : EG<G@ C1-P$4 $!!
<11 $;m
1. 3P ,- ,- -0 2P9 ,- M3, (Pu 286,

34 , ( 3, $!! b3 A$ P6 ( 3P ,-
(Pu '$+ 34 C1-(G6) ,- 3P ,-/ ,- !!
H ] v A9 3P ,- -0@ 28MD 3W/
286, A- C-88@ 8 P6 3P ,- 1f65.!!
Eb3 A$ [\ 1W;# ,-/ 3P ,- 82 P%.!!
2'* 3P ,-/ ,- ,-/ 3P ,-/ AM 12
/ $ #6 $?
1.3.2.2. 3P ,- E6P 9D, -0 J
34X S/ '* ;1¡ 2@ g0 Pe> A ^Dh

C1#i < 34/ E -5n CL (9L{ 5 12 2A ~
A$#!! '*# 4 (w EDM $) <9L/ O < T
$ 7e( :# 34X , EL2 C ®q “v1/ <9L/
A-(G9D 9D,” C `1 CL <9L/ AP$ ,- LE@ A<"
24
A 8¨¨# @ 3, E1<k+ DA h/ ;I+ - E
h/ ekD <{> f# ¤D$ 3,W C;] <{> JD
8;q <{ E9_ 80:° 8-r C1-P A92#!! 9D,
< T AP WV $ ³ 2AL¸ ;1¡ -D $: e V'#
H AD¿ A9) #D (5C$ CP6 ALD JD,º!!
H 9D, EL] A A¨¨ : {# 34X .A/$ -0
2Y$ + PD ~E $j ,2i+ A2AM $%$
9L{ 83D ^ $%$+ 3< OD I A/ M'$ A114
$%$+ ,i C;] DA A¢ A;º!! < T $ 6
12eD6 ,9+ I A/ 2'$ E-D G,+ A-P6¶ <D H> (9LLV
<{> # ,8p -9+ ,8p -DhT ; , 20 C9P
E -5n Es::. 86, A <# H A6 6 APD
C1q (,L it!!
1967 -M# <D {# 3 2 J,B <{ i# | <9L/
,- 1977 h.# IS C2 D A: c 1979 h.# 3P ,-
AD5µ C® 8¨¨# µg 34X Es<11 286, 7Â!! < T
~EX $j ,2i $%$ H2 [\ Aq@ ,- C5<# $PD
P) 8@ :DI ;D0³ (J C) <# CP9. [\ 34X
$% 'O 3P ,-T µ N; E98 C< V'# K A5
> µg y° $6 34X -_ 34 E\ Es; 86, Ã 198A
h.# A g;D 1/198A "I
1 Å4/ s7L1/ `Æ N7 3P ,-"
C -1 A-L #ELe (Mq2 A6 I A-L JB A:¥ 1. 3P
,- A !! 3P ,-T L- P4 A-(G9D E9CD (2M( V'#
K MC2M@ D m WD MD f9: '* $ ¤D$
A-|#!!
25
3P ,-T IS @w 2A D '*+ M9P, AG6
AMV A3G/ ,- ^D L- P4 A-(G9D E9COL@ 9,·!! b3 3P
,- GÇ -L J È -L J E9'$ E < T C_ '*
(7º!! AP`T I OC ,- CL ¿°N- 2A I OC1/ -Dh
E9'$ (9,·!! 3P ,-T DA 2I
1 E6 '$ A-(Em 1A((
$!!
K# 3P ,- <9L/ ,- -0 + 3W/ 286, É

A-(G9D Di C; A'$ -(:D AP`T [.# e 9# E1q $
34 .h/$ D m 8$ L- E6 L- < ;1¡
S/ - C; 3P ,- A$#!! '*# ({ ; ,
(7 I3As,+ AÈ$ ,m 2A : 1983 h.# 9D, ,- P- 3P
,-T# 3 A7t!!
<11 ;1¡
1. 9D, 3P ,- 2I²s` 3P ,- 1-(2 3P ,-/ En A2
2 1-.?
2. 9D, 3P ,- M9D, WD 3 1M( ,-/ 3P ,-
-2$D $ C2 A E $ 2 1-.? 2#?
1.3.2.3.
#$W: E2 X- 2+ Ù
I RS a / )
X | E-)JX* Aç U ¡ z Q F - z 6-{

4 9*#: 0" ? N*[0 /µ F /q *
z kC " ÙQ /#-=: - \!
[: N2*" N"X
# )+*," 6-{ "Ess FQ A$q 0 *
4? G: " ?
26
?*CA = E2\ = /C 0 _# jG A\Q ss FQ
$ AQD d =d * z7: A4 N/2 XTQ Ù
4
" m A®=d /#-=: AD": A)7- 9*) -
C )Ww- )[2Z A$q X_) F C?A: E\3 -è\ss X_) Q
{: U? /2´\ss IOj: E2Õ /2
4Ae X2
/ \ #
jO Q? =VE \ AÕE EU?" E { " E7#" \"
)7*k y¤# ) 0\ss
“i4 82" y# r
4? k\ " U\ N)7- j-
lX= X_) F C?A:" {: 2 XN2*" N
=: + XNpp ß Y
m E-NÖ” 18 QE) A$W< #E Kt =Q *
UV? E y¤# )D )JX*" X3 E F )*[ê\ss -
N"EQ W: N
=: E" IOj: 0 U\ E" k\ _# -*
lX= X_) F C?A:" E\3 {: U? 2 XNX)G )+ 9*#:
F
4 G: " = E2\ = /C ? 0 N7 D G
I
A( D +-Q $ )-* \ - C ë\ss
I
A( A$q X)!* Ù A$q ? N)7- A\JX*Qss \{Q
A$q 0 - 8/Q ì $ A) p l XU
jF ? ?*C? o Aß 25 #e3 CA [ WX yGQ
CN: W UZ lG ) I RS a / ) I RS CN:"
IJ%=K: a kD~ E2#5 A2\ss T
) C* )®® )/WR
Q% b A8 X87 N\µ AD E-jO )- KF XT
0
I
A( ) / {0 32 N Q XNa # * ss
) A$q
DFQ A$q /- CN:" (J%=K: .- [ )7-*

8j
FO A\ë\ss
I RS a / ) I RS ? ?*CA AD": L N/2

=VE E2\ =VE /C" IJ%=K: L D#" \N N[
27
2\2 " X+-Q
[) # A+=*| zq" A)D 9*#:
\] C2 ss
a / ) a )D # 25 C?A: ?

x )z*z C? ? A7 -? N% E" NX I#
E7 A+| A2 X-kQ )N$ ) - E- XD2 A %-
/\ )- _2 jV" j2G EQ UV? |
-= C?C?" 8/Q ? " YZ ? N[§ 2 NQ
W E8¡ -? )_" W Û< N-= ? *[
A$q #$% 0 W Û< p E(9*q
[: N*[x" e " C
FO E"re ss
XT
)N$ ) z" \ r
4A G: " = E2\ =
/C ? EX \ N Q E7 ? ?*C?"
4? s-
• = N NX D
G" #$© N\, E(yQ NEX:
0 " A2Z Y y¤# /X\
• X )+ ? # )*µ /Q )=*§ ?Z jQ =
E2\ = /C ? EX 2* N*[0 ? E7 \| -
$
C2 ss
) AQ %_Z G KF a / P=DE j ß

k7 PK" F< a A/8+ )e|O E" \!" )D j-k
-A z
C2 F ) N *7 \ss ) Ad
A$q Q = " j)7-
C2 Eî z3 E( \ #A
6-+
D F a / * )/WR Q% b

A83 ja N®®Q I# E7 A+| 9 (C) -[\ss
a / ) ? ?*CA"

4A =VE k7 =VE /C"
N)7- ? *[
C2 F X )\ï\ss a ¬
28
) )*[ I RS ? ?*CA"
4A = E2\ = /C
? )D=: N2* ?=: %\: a )72 N®®j Ae5 {0
7/1984 N/5 =VE
Aß
A oj"
)j AW\ E A=
A= (A( AD Q) a / %\: )72 N®®Q % \\
)72 j®®l %\:
Aß
A oj" 7Ö " _
AW
\!" )D X%\\ # /*7 -* j-= /*7 Q% b /*7

A oj" /*7 7Ö " _
AW \!" )D Aet N+0 'I=:
A/8+" \! /-# EX N*2 A-*
L\! )D %__\ A?
4? 0 j\ )D=: EQ
/ð\ss
a ? ?*CA"

4A = E2\ = /C ?
E N2* Ae5 {0 7/1984 ?=: %\: a )72 N®®l
? 3 A\*Qss Q%qQ )®®l %\Z" /*7 -*
N!
\!"
N ,Q U1q jX AW\ (J%=K: 2 )*"

4 y#" 82 r F Y 9*#:
4? 0 ss a /
)®® %\\ Q% b E" /*7 Q% b AD Qx IJ%=K: 2
NWw2 \ z2 a / )/WR Q% b %\\" /*7 Q% b Qx
N 6j Ae5 N! %\\" /*7 Q% b Qx NWw2
4 *!E
)/WR j= IJ%=K: L D a /-Ù N\"
) 2[< /*+ ? ); " )- j+ 8 ?A F
A$q /-1 A!x j/ Í 2[< F"E )D N*[0 ë\ss
A8 I RS a / ) A$q * W: 0*

N? j/%G ? ?*C? E" = N2* ì C?+
X [ Kp l XM jF o Aß 25 ì AN=d
) *ñ $ / E7 ? ?*C?"
4? N )X?" %\:
)72 A®{J = k7 = j # [= F k7R -J yGQ j":
F 2 )/X NEX: [= j/C 'I=: 6 "
29
IJ%=K: L) A$q E(®®Q N2*
0 2 X )"
a /

\ A$q
FO C2 ss
ET
# ) )Dd F" A_0 µ
4?
G: " W \! 0 ? ?*CA"
4A N " = E2\ =
/C 0 h ? " IJ%=K 0 9*#: _ D\ O
` (J%=K:" 'I=: $ã?P% I RS X Q W# 0pÕ E
FO" A_ J\ " A\Qss
a / ) /q Qa PC!E j 9*#: F C?: ?

? ?*CA"
4A = E2\ = /C ? E" IJ%=K 0<
%% F Qa C0Õ\ss Xa ) Ù 62 L= e I1($

z ) 9*#: F Qa f
4? 0< z3
CQ IJ%=K" \N N*[0 jG 2 Q
\ ©* NEX\ A2h
A o,NE j5 F<" 2[< A ò\ Xj 0? Ao W\)z
)+ I12$
A/8+ F" YZ 2[< p7" kQ
AD z? j \ AFQss
2. I'($
)*++ " ,-+ .-
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1. I'2$
*3 45 - " A67- .- ?==Gss
2. %\Z
*3 45 " A67- .- ) "Gss
3. I'2$
K62 * D=: y¤# *7Gss
4. Q A+_ )+D
A67- - ?==Gss
2.1.
A/!0 .-
30
I'($
* 3 45 " A,7- X\X# 1 A8

A/!0 .- )+D E
A/!0 .- 2j
\X ) ss XT
A )o
DE A

N! .- A= -*< X \ss EQ 1) N + (Drafting)2)
/ (Deliberation) 3)+\(Adoption)E" 4) N|- (Ratification ) -*<
"Ess
U/ N+ (Drafting )
Ad
N+ N ) ] l z N Q ®®

#$% W\ V /z) D l< [= jâ $ n jF
C2 jz[t j X ss
N+ -* C \| jF
X) ] A!x ) Q XN
=: XIOj:" X W: ì Ao #
$ /VÖ 9* j!\ -* ss

-* A? n j- 0 % W 25 r=Q

4 _h #$% /z) ss QY s- -? A_$W XAÛ#2 !
Ù )*++" /!
eÖ j)©* -? A_$W ?=:
* ("ANC") 25 r=Q ss
T
Q A? E-YZ
h
L ß A h N+
N- ss T
-* A83 jâ W# XQ ND #\ss
QY s- A$q ß" 0 k7 PK XX E" A GA: k7
PK IOj PK E" VCG N+ -* 08 8r 8\ss
/ ( Deliberation )
T
\% D l )*++ C2 C D b F A$Õ h
+D\ss
-* E= -* KF ( Deliberation ) -*
D\ss T
-* h C E A) 08" 44 )C?A C
0 E(W) -*[\ss
31

-* !Q 08 8\ jD T
-* C ) ] ? ?*CA
N Q ?c" A"V h ? j8\\ ss
/ +\ ( Adoption )

X +0Z j! /VÖ -* ss T
-*
4 )/ )/WR E
E(W)q )Cµ e" e" k7R W) " W)#E j*[0 ss T
-* C Í C2 C2 FO X|-{ 1 C D b C +\"

+G jV /VÖ -* ss T
-*Q F
?*)C W)
9*#: k7R N!= E(W) N2* /Q Q F + lG
? A ss
/ N|- ( Ratification )
N|- -*
FO X!q 1 Y /VÖ -* ss
-*
X+\ +0Z j! -* KF C D b F /XE C< )z[ C2
+\ A +G jV -* ss T
-* E- )= /W" )/W f
VF %\" X)= %\" )n* c1 )D ,l j*[0 -*
ss
T
-* .-q ? *5Q z = j\ E" yGQ z2 )+D
C2 j,2 ss T
Q N|- -* X )+ )X## -*<
N Q N+ " +\ -*< A\ j! *n -* ss

-* A\ C X6-+ /- Í" C2 j2 -* ss Ad

q E2q * E-lG C2 j ss
A8 Ay A " )+D D A Q )J% A2

- A 0Q
F XA ß )+D C2 F ET
-*< 08 N § )+Dq
(Legitimacy) X_) _= A ss
32
2.2. I12$
*3 45 " A67-
I RS 'I=: IJ%=K: $ã?P%

a / ) -
K/2 A$q : Q= )9*) a /
j=DE F< A/8+ )e|O" \!" )D E-TyQ a
q PX?=E" P |NE j h ? " ? ?CA ?
j- a / ? j \
E- X )\ï\ss ? ?*CA"
4A = E2\ = /C 0 z3 _ " )´ (J%=K:
A)7- L* ET
{\_ )´" z3 F Qa jC0

)*
4 *? E-jD" ¬Q a / )/WR Q% b I#"
U1 E-F a / ) A+| 9 (C) \| -\ss
a /
4? )/WR Q% b
) )!
4D: A-="
U1 /! U¡ / 1984 .Q Ae5 {0 24/1984 .Q
A83
ja N®®j Ae5 N/5
A83 ja A®{´\ss A83 ja e"
|/bq I RS ?*CA 0" I ] FO
)C \!" U1
9* I# /! [ " ?# E-C= A83 ja $v L=
E8¡< N z? \ss
I1($
A83 ja )/WR Q% b )Cl" )\EØE
\!" U1#E
)z4 )C!E U zÖ
A83 ja
AD KF ja 0 AD )e|O ) X) Aet A+| 7 U A+|
y E-) X)
1. X)/WR Q% b 7 AD
2. X W 25 7 AD
3. XC=) N
= 3 AD
4. XI RS 2 Q% b 3 AD
5.
D l N
2 AD
6. XI RS Q
= N
2 AD
7. XI RS m" D l< N
2 AD
8. X¡ )/W 3 AD
33
E-F *7 \ss
A83 ja e" )\E s-

• ) A(KÕ (J%=K: I RS Q 9* " Q )7-
i N+ s
• *3{ a / * )/WR Q% b N*?" Q% bq QQ
KÖ
4? N*? ss
• X
4? )r A) 9* *3{ Nnn\ *n *3{ Az5
)/WR Q% b N6-s
• )/WR Q% b 6-+ *3
kD~ N*? E-F Aet
A+| 4 \| )-\ss
ja $ *3 Az[5 a )/WR Q% b QQ Wr Ù

*3{ ) X)s-
•
#: ;C UVA" *3
q ) ] Q )®J E"
" zI< ¡j"" KQTJ Nz[ *3{
P7? jG UVA E" A) NCDC?
• *3{ %\\ )72 Q% b E" /*7 Q% b AD +A E(/] E"
A)#E E(Cµ N2*" XQ% b^ )C A) ?
+Q
• E-TyQ *3
q
4 +Y N2* A) PC0
j \ 2*% N E
4 *3{ C " A)
NCDC?" ?A +Q
• ) *3
q A\% X
4? j+ 0< N?=$"
o
X) ]
?*)C? %_Z +* A)" Nnn UVA NW) *n
*3
)/Wù Q% b Aú\ss
34
*n *3 +* )/WR Q% b *3{ X)/" ) "E
jE )N$" Nnn UVA *3{ N;-
kD~
E(+? /±\ss
)/WR Q% b
q A83 ja = j X Xj-* % \ }
}
kD~ AD " YZ Qx< \)" j": F 2
NX"/ j\ I RS Qx
{0 64/1985 .Q N!

kD~ AD Qx E(X"/ A2\ss
XT
Ù
q *n *3
4? 2Q| Ty )D )*µ

kD~ N*? C1 X)X* Ù
q ,2®\ss
XT
D=: U )) I1($
*3 45 - X)

*3 AC= - PX jDE 9*#: F< )D=: N2*
)X"/ ss A83 ja AD )e|O
4? \| F"
\!"
U1#E )z*z* F )/WR Q% b $ -* )+D r *3
%\Z" /*7 Q% b AD "
4? )/ A) C F
*n *3 )/WR Q% b #" 62
kD~ +* F
-q \| AV#1" (J%=K: E- z? \ss

q *3
kD~ C1 )% |-{ X E-) ,
*3{ 45 - )
?*)C? %_Z"
?*)C? E-TyQ %\\"
/*7 -* IJ%=K: 2 )*µ
4? E-=¡< C1 X E"
A) Cµ E-F AY jD\ A- Qss
%\Z" /*7 Q% b E" Q\)

4 )% )/WR Q% b )Q

kD~ +* *3
4 E /X\ *3{ 0\+ Q* E"
%* A$q z3 CQ (J%=K" IOj: E2 N4? 9* jF
A$q" j)7-
E(,2{ /%Z WE

35
kD~ AD
q A/8+ zq N Q E7ð A+|" 8\ /Q U*
$ C1 )X=%*" %* 6-{
ss

q *3
kD~ AD CE UV?" A)
A=Q-e\ss ADq ANÖ "E jëE X=X$" Nnn UV? A)
E(-* A2e\ss T
A F (J%=K: 2
kD~ AD
N"EQ 2 N#*{ _ûQ )8=Ü F UVA A) )X=X F

kD~ D-* / )z 8 kD~ yGQ F A2 /Q
y | ? N? z? \ss kD~ AD (J%=K: F 2 A
jG Nnn UV? A) /Q %% W+* Ù k7] kD~ AD 2Q|
ECµ kD~ AD A?x 2Q| r 2[_ UV?
q 0 E)W))
A? 2Q| 2[_ r UV? -J 2 EF \|" (J%=K: F
2 )% " )z% 6-+
F kD~ $v
z? \ss
XT
Ao I'($ i-
N+" N|- P\§ jD -*
yG F *7 \ss .-q \| AV#1yG A+_ DD
)-*C j L) " , )*[ /VÖ -*
ss .-q )Ww-
4 )/XG
kD~ AD ss
? Q VF
?*)C D AWD i q 0 W) D DE k7R
/ +0#Q F )/WR E ©\
q 0 _hq )WÕ\ss
A8 I1($
X) ] l )!µ i A83 jâ )*

kD~ E"
?*)C )W.v
4 )+D XAr Ù

kD~
7 29 + 1987 .Q = ë\ss
A8 X) I1($

X+-Q
) y¤#

q *3
4? " (J%=K: F 2 % " A)
C0 s-
36
• I RS ? ?*CA"
4A a / ) *[E =
A2\ = /C ? ) ®®NE %\\ )72 E" /*7
)72 Q% b AD C1 %* " A) C0)
• I RS ? ?*CA"
4A )/W F "
4? )*µ

kD~ AD QQ _U UVDE 2 )X=%* E"
%*
z" Qa VC O* C?A: ? X
4 G: " ?
?*CA"
4A N " = E2\ = /C 0 E" A= A?[

\"" k7 F (J%=K L D#
[: 9* FO E( \

4? C1 ) " (J%=K: 2 6-+
F *7 \ss
• I RS ? ?*CA"
4A T

\] )D E /%
E(X"E Qx /% ØE
kD~ AD
q
*3 K%" K/] A A2 N Q z" A$q
z7: AD": L " E )+0 F : /#-=:
A)7- - I RS ? ?*CA"
4A N " = E2\ =
/C 0 U\" ì N J%Q I RS ? ?*CA"
i4A - C=: ì N_ N#E NX =VE E2\
=VE /C ?#E N*[0 %\\ )72 N®®Q E
_` E!!l F"E XQ 0 ND
• z" z + A? k Ô -? AD PW2" P)D\ N\
?" -? d" -*DE F" ?=: N#E" ?#E
?+ /-1q A2 4 1 * )D f )WX\"
#*Q E7 " f#E E©\ " XD F< *
E7 )N
• =VE =VE N)7- =VE k7 =VE /C =VE
®® +Q" 7r ?#E E-)+ FO 'Ià A?* +\
jl [= E¡ E" \] jX? A2 W N
*C?" A2
IOj N
*C? Pf jG [= 0Q F 0\+

37
• %\ZQ F 'I=\ -* C?A: ? )´ y¤#
#: e "
W\)C!E" W\)X A$q z3 CQ N " IJ%=K: L
D E-N \ z?" YZ A N:" A
k=: IOj: N
=:"
W: y¤#< #V N2* I1($
E76-{
q
WC eE 9*#: UVA"
q z 44 W-*k
" %% z? \ss
FQ
q z" \ f {\_ W IOj E" N
=:
0< z3 Qa C? C?: ?" ? ?*CA" i4A
? E©\ -* )´ y¤# )X*D 'I=:" (J%=K: N I RS
D j\ 2 CX AEQ" 08 )% 6-+ F z?
q NX" )D=: N2* [ = D"\ss
X ) , 9* I1($

6-+ F NQ P+ ?C N\ U
FQ I1($

4 ¤ F
kD~ 6-+ F

4 _h E" QQ 6-+
A- Q N C< KX=X jCl
y¤# A ss FQ ET
C< j X=X$ 0? %% z
$ Q
j62DE v N " \[\ss
N )+D E
;- ¤ jC0DE A= v E7G
jX=% A- Qss
$
q j,2 /
N/5" - \! D AW\

j/! L /Q
Xj/! D 2Q| AC!0 L

j#/5 F ss ¬Q N /q =
Aß Q% b
A?x 2Q| /Q y «) 2Q|
q *3 XX* Ù

q j,2 AC= E7 EØ N EQ A A( A- Qss
N E=~\
2" YZ A
T
A 6-{ "Ess
FQ I'2$
a / * )/WR Q% b 62 F
38
EØ )+D AC= PF \ E-" T
Q% Ô"
h yG
F E-N+ z? \ss
y ) -* )+D
N;-3 2
q *3

4 ¤ 2Q| E(C0 N2* ss
4 ¤ A-
N;-3
2 Eî ?E" )+D
N;-3 2 A- Qss )8=Ü
4 ¤ jC E7ð

%_\"
2[ F C
A8 F ¬ AC= )WX\ jDE
#: 2[< )W%"
)X=% A)W%Z N|- N\ X+* *3 A? 2[ )NN 2Q|
Cß NNNDE UVA" 2[< O EØ )NQ y N
q
X^ j62 y¤# O A)
4 ¤
N;- )=d
E" m#N F AC= E7\F jX=X C< AGss
««) -* )+D

N;-3 2
4
q *3
C1 %* E" CX y¤# ) ] AN=ý A) A$q j5

E(,2{ j/%E
kD~ AD
q j62 y¤# ss

kD~ AD
q *3 %* )X=%*" 0\
A2
q E(62{
4 2Q| /XE" %\"EQ
X_)"
\] U1 E(/µ ss T
2 *" YZ W# A
[
# 62+ L= E-eG *7 \ss I1($

kD~ AD )% |-{
N|- )+D WE AC=
A- 2 6-+ F *[!\ss FQ
E- k2 A)
jX=X C< N
N;- A2 /0 F AC= (l) Y
F A( A
E-A$q )Dd y¤# A- AN=d )J
N;- j \ FQ ) Q W# ? ?*C? E"
4A A F
I RS yGQ UV?" _h jW
N! E7 ?
?*C? UV AA j/ 2 Q*0 A F z?"

q
kD~ |- )" Q A+_ -* )+D AC=
F E(z N2* \[\ss
39
A=) -*
j62 2 # WX\ j-* QQ ss

Q jF ) ] G: A 'Ià A2 * KNl
'I=\
FO j C2 #q X)/] X)-=- Ù
'I=G
1NE N;- 'I=\ q jCq AC=
E7 C A$W #
?* (USA)
A67-" Ay C -J
AÛ
?*
N|- j-* " 22 A? A
N \ss
X ) û
N;-3 v E7G FO A2 #$W: %)

#E YZ A )*+ 62 )C0ÕE EXAy ¬ )D 9*#:
0 -k
q j)7- A E7G z? \[\ss ET
Q
A2 # ì X)§ Ù QE=? " Û N)-- U1
*DE A ET
A jF C*#:
} 6-{ F" A^Q ¬
jD\ 9*#: 0 -k XNa QE) E-)7-DE L

Qy= \oGss
A8
KV *3{ - " A67-{ (J%=K: F y¤# A
FQ ¬ ? 3 A- Qss
4? ) 6-+
A$q
9*#:" {\_ W 0< \ N\ XF A$q CQ"
*[[ N*[0" \N $ FO N\\ E-N b P4
D\ss XT
Ao
-q (J%=K: " zq ³ FO Xrq
Ao z A ss I1($
ET
9*#: 0A j´

E-F 6-+ - Q F zq *7 \ss
/ 0<
1. %\\
6-{ %\G
Aß y «) 2Q; E-F T
$ 0" -*k Qy= \Gss F ¬ A67- .- ) ?

Q"G ? Q ?
40
2. I'2$
A/8+" A67- Q A+_ -* )+D E
AC= ´ ? DG ? Q ?
3. %\\Q
"*3 45 " A67- ?=ss
4. %\GQ
N ©\ E-6-+" A67- .-q %% 4ss
3.I'($
A/8+
A/8+ 9*#: ;#<
;#< =E" ?
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1. I'2$
=E"
#: A ?==Gss
2. I'2$
A/8+" C*#: ;#< z*4=Gss
3.1. I'($
A/8+ 9*#:
9*#: ;#<
A( A /-1 =E" 9*#: F A NW Q#-

y )": E8¡ N Q A( A W IOj N
=: d
f XX\" YZ z Q#X" E8¡ m#N F 2
NX"/
Q = 9*#: F F
PO= jD A/8+
P-=t jDE AW " AWq \!" )D
E-TyQ AW WX\ PO jD )-[[1 E
% \" {00 L
A$q 0 PX jDE CA" 2 ?
\! D b " \! j4 E-TyQ
j + y¤#" YZ 9*#: k7R
j " j)7- 2[< j- 9*#: C2 KF W 0<

" L \ jf 2 j5
} yG F
ss
I12$
YZ A
[ 9*#: ;# F X
) ª 9*) UVA AW z A$q
F AX=%Qss
41
I12$
6-+ N y W WQÞ )X_ W#P4Q"
«nP4Q /Q Q=" QE=? ER) Q E" W a© * W8
Ù Ad X+48 ì N%)Q c ss X+48 ì NX)Q c 6-{
XT 1 X6-{

[ D
$ E F
Q¦= \Gss X+4+ ì N%)Q Ù 6-{
[) Q= /Q
QE=? ER) Q C D XF µ" Q A+_ )+D E A)CA
y )": \© AW ) )+*ª A( A
” Ne w generation
Constitution” E-F Gss A( \2
“New generation
Constitution” XjDG
A-
I12$
ss
I12$
A/++ X A= A2 QE= )Xp G A2
2 A+ G KF
q C*#: ;#< *7 Q
q
QE= U %_Z" E7 2[ )W)) 9*) UV? 0J"
D\ss

A2 \] D
$ A$q ; j/ -A N+0
A$q 6 Q A F A7 j/C 9*#:
F
ss A2 A ; C A
7: 'I=: /Q 'I=a XY A
[
?* Q O F
2[ /"\ss I12$

Q z(: L " - * A
7: ; I RS
? ?*CA"
4A D
E E7V2k ®®E E7+l E"
E77f =VE k7 =VE E7)72 XD2 F N F
A$q ; A
7: F 'I=: , F E7
A+; 1 )- KF QE=_ A= XA+; 46 EX 52 'I=G
L= F %\Z 'I=\" %\\ # \!" )D YZ
'I=\ 6 m#N )N F k7R -[\ss
N

q YZ^ QE=^" 2[<^ %\Z" 'I=\ WX\
f jC+Q Q N E7\F z? \[\ss
q
42
QE=_ zÖ 0 'I=\" %\\ _2 b 7Ö \!" QE=_
A= A2 p" /d A\% 'I=\" %\\ # E
f 'I=\ ? CC? \! %\Z ? C?C? \!"
%\Z" 'I=\ [= j- KF YZ QE= 0 'I=\"
%\\ # f Í F -A -\ss I RS 'I=\ L
G D
$ " X'I=P4Q [ )Í E 0A YZ E« C1
ja KF T
-* ©* N2* jD
q '-=: ,
/" 'I=\ 6 j9= Q j)7- 44
L " -? - F ss

A( A ; j/ F E7 FO XT
)N$ YQ )D O*e\ss ¬Q A$q L) /C ss

I12$
A$q L) IJ%=K: L)
E-F A+; 1 -[\ss
q IJ%=: Lq
?*)C
) j-k 2[< QE=_ y W)) KF 'I=\ -*Q F
%\\ -* jO* IJ%=K: L #: E-F
A+; 45 -[\ss
q IJ%=K L A)" 9*#:
z /q jWw- Qx F - QE$_ A= A2
%\Z" 'I=\ " %% Qx \)Ö PWw2 j\ AW\
®®N\ss A2 Qx %\\ PO jD C A$q
4? E2 [ A?
2 F /q A=:
4? = X"/ E7 "
4?
= jX" AW\ \!" ) j- 2[ A ss ET
2[< I RS Qx k7 F

\" 0 F IJ%=K
L D NEz 2[ F j G "Ess

AW ®{N\ss \!" U1#E /"\ss A+;
50 I12$
'I=\Q F %\\ -* ®®Q DE e" e"
AW N Q
Ad
A j"
)j AW
E-jO=E - KF %\\ -* j®{l ET
AW
44 \!" )D %\Z^
E-j/C #V N2* 'I=\
-*
43

4? )/WR Q% b \!" )D
'Ià Q% b \!" )D

4? )/WR Q%b " 'Ià Q% b [= ¤
jCµDE k7R
I12$ Þ`7 ACQ" \!" )D
I'2$ jÜCâ" jÜ Q% b ACQ" \!"
)D
'I=\ E" %\Z _2 b 7r \!
jz*4 2[< NW)) AW \! %__\ )-[[1 " E
{00 L z*[\ss

A( A 0 " } WX\ jO* f Í
F -A -[\ss XT
A X+48 ì N%)Q 1 /µ
QE=D: A
[ K\" W ? E"" 08
jCµ KF )8=Ü «nP A
[ IOj NU=:"
D
\ ? ©* Cµ ss A( \2
XjDG
A- F I12$
K\" W ? IOj D
\"
N
=: ?" 2 ? )´ y¤# E" E" 08 jC0
D
$
ss
q QE=_ « 0 XA+; 14
EX A+; 44 )-" C1 ©* C C?: ?" 9*#:
08" E" jC0 KF XT
)N$
q 0 )-k C?:
? A)*}Q L ?E"" C?: _µ /\ 6l C<
NQ AW\ # /Q Q
* N# § F" C?: ?
AXD A\%
Ad
A j j! L 'I=\
%\Z j! L " _2 b C?: ? NX U1 ED
D3 )®Q" ?: ? ja j®®Q y¤# Í F 2[<
E"re ss

A2 A2 A A$q Q = IOj N
=: AXD
-
d f " XX F -[\ss
Q N2* /q
Qx A"1 F \! j W < j/êE ) ]
44
K<" )=â5< ET
F N 6Q jG" F^ j
F"E N*[0 j\ L z*[\ss I 2$
QE=_
A L ?=: PK F<^ AN< -}\ss ET
Q ?=: P
F<" N< j/! PK" E =â5
q
F^ )X) " A=: =E NW j\ F X#)\"
Gss

Y ;# AEØ y¤#< K[0l y¤# ®®Q
j/C7E \] EQ<" EQ<^ j] -?"
EQ<^ %% F"E % \" {00 j-* y¤# Í F
L z[ ss XT
A I12$
'I=\" %\\ AEØ
y¤# E \!" \!"E EI +Q E7 DE" k7]
% \" {00 j-* L QE=_ A= A2 - AEØ
y¤# ) j A9= L zÕ\ss

Í E
#: F N+0 YZ^ 2[<

}" AC= XF^ [ N!!Q 2 E-)}l /Q ) j
jF L z*[\ss I12$
Q
q 9*#:
F QE=_ y - F^ 9* N2* YZ^ 2[<
)}Q" ) j jF L zÕ\ss

#: 2[< )}Q A DE / DEQss j)}l XF
AW\ )kNE jG 0< Qa jCµ Í 2[<
- A-
;# ss I12$

kQ jn k7 O /Q A O N!= \!
A!$
kD~
q )}Q \! -J
q 8\ ×7 N)DE
A2 6-{ I RS ? ?*CA"
4A )/WR F 'I$a
Q% b jCµ 2[< NW)
q j)}l L
zÕ\ss

A( A j)7- 9*#:
XFQ
X V"E {\_ k7R j/ F<" 2[< j4
ss
Lq 9* " )7-$ F
jnn\ L E5 !Q
45
{\_ k7 ss FQ
= 2[< jnnG /Q
)N$ 2[ j#/5 y¤# L z*[\ss I12$
Q
QE=_ A= A2
Nnn 0 j+? E"
q
jnn\ L 2\ss
X X)¥ )N$
YZ A=: k7R QY D(= L=
®® ?=: 4l A$q e" X)N E" YZ 44 k7R Í F
2[< +Q!\ss
A8 I'($
I RS =E]e NW A F )®N
)®Nq f ) ] F<" YZ A D A F -A
E" L z*[\ss
L m#N N2*" j®0 0* "
\ j F y\ 4t FO r 8\ss
/ 0<
1. I'2$
" '-=: 6 " IJ%=K: L)
N/t" ) ? CDG" Q?
2. %\Z (J%=K: \F" L) N®®Q G? Q?
3.2. I'($
A$: =E" 9*#: A
A( A
" 9*#: F
} yG
ss
N"EQ AW\ \!" U1 Q" 9*q
q ss
NQ A W\ ¤ IOj N
=:" W PK<"
=â5< X
q j" X
q [ j!!l F A DEss
N"EQ
}
#: 9* E"
q N8* F
DEe\ss A8
A( A "
4? j=DE
9*#: F E" -A j-
A ss
46
N"EQ
(Ae5 /Q -) PW j \ 9*#: ?" 44 N<
AG ss
-J Ae5 /Q -? P ;" PW) N\ A2 9*#:
{Q j\;" PW) j\ C2 ss ? A=
A=: F

#: A" N< O#\ss XT
)N$
XA^" 44
N<^ *ÍQ A=: =EQ j ; " jW) 9*#:
ss
A( A *ÍQ C0 E \#- Q \ =E A=:

=E] E N2* W jDE
#: A" N< *++ y¤#
" 2[<^ 0 ;" NW) j\
A ss XT
))
I12$
Xz
q 0
q /×Z E
ANWÖ 6-{ I RS ? ?*CA"
4A A=E E [= =E"
PØE j \E
#: A" N< E-)W)q *7 E ss
I RS ? ?*CA"

4A [= =E K+*;"
#: A" N<
) ) Kz[t jN\G 2 UVD:" 1Z1: UVA" #¤< n"
N!+n N2* A- Qss \{Q z" [= ODE < A$q C0
A?[" { \_ F " ^ /q 3 " A0[ _
D Nr#E -*C C8" E\3 E-TyQ {: 2 W
/ z
)J%" X)Dd *< *7 z3 _ jF NC? ss
I12$
K,2 * D=: U *7
q Q Ay
z " ; E-6-+ j": FO z \ss
D § z" ? ?*CA"

zA = E2\ = /C ? D X"
C? C?: ?" Xp y¤# !VE" A$q 0 (J%=K

" \E\" F AQD " d =d ¥ Q% X1966 EX
1983 Q D 0 )-* E ì d Xy jPR
jF } /A?<^ ìq /Q dq )e \))§ A
47
aNY< ¡"
" AD? ìq C D E-F"
/#E E7µ A Q
A+_ 25 )-*k 0" *[!Gss
1983 .Q - I

A( $
4? \ K-C - $
E5 5 XX W# PR v )N$ A$q b $ X+2J «
?* Q PR v E7 E-*D *< VGss T XA2

jPR jF }° - )7 E-jf" X- d_p E" 5Q E
µ XU EX C jF )N } A=E 0 C-2 E-)-"
E-)C- A
: *<^ VGss
- *n z A$q 0 P#*" Q PC0 Xj Q ` AD

jF ìq" )+ Q% P#*" Q PC0 XN\ -*
-« * F" E ìq
4 E )N D
\ Q
F ** y¤# 0 E-* y¤# )-*k 0" VGss T
D=:
y¤# E ì " d ~ F z3
#: _
W\)C!E" CN: 2 j q
#: W\)z*[ D § z"
) 6 #$W:
) 2Q" A$q /- Xp IOj: W:" N
=:
+ ND ""
4? Xp C8" E E\3 j-* F !Q \|
ss XT
D=: U V /-1Õ I RS =E E" =E] NVW
jG A" AN< DW)) \©
q ,-+ss
I RS ? ?*CA"

4A A=E E =E
q %*"
z%* D6-{ /×Z E N Q
kD~ AW ©\ \; A2e\ss
=EEQ “ CA ? " )*[D " ? ?*CA"
zA =C E2\
= /C ? )´ y¤# )X*D 6 'I=: IJ%$K: $Ú?P%
I RS [= L* ” E-F
kD~ AD W-*k E"
Q%% X
q " YZ 44 2[< z *7 \ss
48
I12$
X ) 6 A=: =E µ A z F N*[0

kD~ AD /q W-*k ? F
q 0
)W)q A2 A2 9*#: UVA )) *7 \ss
1. $ I RS ? ?*CA =VE 82" _h A(Õ 6
'I=: IJX$K: $ÚP% I R [= D =E E7E

=E yGQ E©\ -* j[ F z?
q 6-+
y¤# z"
Cq K62 N"EQ I R| ? ?*C?"
z?
a / ) )z * Y AN=d N \[\ss a
/ ) NQ ? ?*C?"
4? = E2\ = /C"
CN:"
[: 2 q N*[0 ?q )X* ss I R ?
?*CA"
4A ) )*[E ? )
XN®®Q \ 87E j9*Õ A(Õ I RS z Q = "
Q )7-
%*" z%* E(62{ )/WR E %
I12$
;-{ #E N/5" L* ?#E
)*[ìE D F ? I RS ? ?*CA
4A
_}#E" 87E A(Õ I RS D =E =E F 3
N*[x ss
2. y ) -* I RS ? ?*CA"
4A [= jú A(CÕ I RS
CA ? " )´ y¤# j*[µD FO N =E E7E
D6-{
0 A2 «) jF 2[< C?: ?"
-k F"E
• N"EQ %\\ C?: ? K!" %\G NQ N\ /Q

N \ 9 'I=\ !\8 D E7 j22
2[ N/Ess
• C?: ? ! C?E"" C: _µ /\ 6 N"EQ

C / G [ E7#2" N"EQ 'I=\ / Q % \\
49
AW\ # /Q Q
* E7)_
#: NE+?
!E"
•
q C?: ? 2[< Nnn L XD2" 0?
A2 +*6 Q% z? \ss
q
!$< C?: ? k7 A=: =E A2 9*#: %_\
A2 K D z A$q #$% 0 ) 6l XD2" +\
C?: ? 0C" ?E"" C?: _µ X) 6l z"Ö
/Z 3 Q
C2 #$W:
) N*Q" ß
?
E N2* NC? ss
3. «) -* [= jú A(Õ I RS C? ? ? F ?

?*C?"
4A =C E2\ = /C ? )´ y¤# j*[0D
E2 F [= _} " =E E7Ess
Q
• ? ?*CA"
4A D
E ®®E +Q" N-
=VE =VE N)7- ? E F \; -
• N"EQ ?*C? %\\ )7- L* ? F" %\\
)7- * 0 N)"2
#: L
z[
• N"EQ ? ?*C?"
4? = A2\ = /C ? EX
\ N*[µ" \ 0 j)"2
#:
L z[
A)e\ss
q 6-{
kD~ AD ? ?*CA"
4A ? )´
y¤# *[0" =EE 0 KW q W #$WE T
{\_ N "
G: 0 \; NnN CN:"
[: _ A C A$q
-*C /- NÖ k7 C*#: Q% E-F N"z? [= jCÕ
50
A(KÕ I RS
0 CN:"
[: 2 _# Q \ F A D
Xj\ -Q-j 2*VE z? \ss
A=) -* [=" 8+2 jú A(KÕ I RS 6" (J%=K L

Q = 'I=: 6 ; 9* \] 6[" E©\ -*
N)"2 j\ A2 C D [= ?\;" E2 j*[0D A E2 F
[= =E E F
q -k L) " 6
E-TyQ
q Xz*zE UVA *7 \ss
FQ I1($
- I RS ? ?*CA"
4A A2 \ A=:
[= =E E N2* /t F z? \[\ss [= =EEQ C?
?" )*[D " ? ?CA"
4A = E2\ = /C
? )´ y¤# )X*D 6 'I=: (J%=K: $ã?P I RS N
ss
I RS ? ?*CA"

4A
A=: =E E N2* [= $"
)7-$ F"E z2 I1($
8\ ×7"E N)?" N9$ A2
A;2+e\ss
q 0 jX)G 9*#: A )VW y¤# )D
N*[0 E-jDE
q \| +Qe\ss ¬Q s-
• A$q 0 z3" e " CQ N*[0s
• A$q 0
4D: e " " 6" (J%=K L N s
•
" I RS ? ?*CA"
4A 82 )9*) A2
W N
*C? [= D s
• IOj: N
=: E2#E Np" A2 IOj N
*C? [= D
"Ess
I RS ? ?*CA E"

4A W § #$W: .- E" *ÍQ )J%E
3 Q
C2 A$q 0 CA" ? ?*CA
4A ? lG
lG W\)Xss
51
# E©\ W\)*[" D
\ NV-" o EQ N=2 ?
yGQ E©\ -* W\)*[
#$WE 0 /* )D f lG lG A [=
0NE NV- A%* W\C
N#E E" AÖ" )X? D § z" =E A?
[= 0Q A WX " \WQ E¡ N7 W\ G E"
eE #E f (J%=K" CQ z3 F W*[µ A^ PV©
E-NG \| F ®=®
q A+Qe\ss
I RS ? ?*CA"

4A A(Kq I RS E =E E N2*"

#: A E NVW 8\×7"E NC$ A2 6-{

N%
q 9* )7-" 7r jG F Kf E-F" Y
©\
#: Lq XN"EQ A_=a 2 " )D m#N F 2
XX\ NX KG E-F )´ b z#\ss
X X) , A=: =E"
q 9*#: A E-Q*7 I1($

Xj- ß
q Nnn\Q F
#: Lq
/0 N"EQ / U\ /Q
?*)C? %_\ j-* lX= I R|
? ?*CA"
4A A(KÕ I RS [= D C+ ) =E
j\Q" A$q
\" A-[ j0\ A
\"" -
j ,Q
/\ ss
I1($
03 CA /Q /q L\! z
25 (I
A() 6-+" L= e
A- Qss
q XA
c ¡" X-
j e" D
$ I1($
I R|
? ?CA"
4A z" ?=: N#E E" E7r" G:" \!
D b F"E N*[0 -*k *ÍQ" XD2 eE m ss FQ
I1($
D3< ([2) W 25 /Q A2A# jO
N
*C? %_\ F yGQ I RS ? ?*CA"
4A "Ess FQ

52
#: Lq U\ /0" + j-* lX= + G N] "
j\§ k7 E7\F" k7R Xp -* -
q )*[E
*n AN=d +Q j27E V E-F 0\+ # A ss
FQ W A WXq QQ y Q A \WQ =E" )p [

#: Lq c\ /0 j- N"EQ E8¡ {Ö
XX\ A=: I#" c1 A ss
A8 E7 'I=\Q F %\\ U1 )*%A jC= C=)

/Q D \!
q 0 )W)q A=: =E"
#: A
AD *7 " A=: =E] E E-F"
#: A^ E(V© D
+-Q C _ c1 " I# A ss \" )#1 F 7u" 8

A=: =E [=
q 9*#: A NVW
#:
Lq N%" NX I# A DE E-TyQ
q =E" 9*#:
A" E¡
?*)C N*7 " NC*; U1 dQ A DEss
I RS ? ?*CA"

4A [= 8+2"
)9*) A2
W N
*C?" A2 IOj N
*C? * 8\ 8\×7 NC$"
[= )7-$E F I1($
N;- ss
q
GA:#E x ss FQ
q" i #: q N%
\] CN:"
[: 2 j q L
q 3 y ¤#
z)e\ss XT
ß j-* N"EQ A_=a E8¡ A
\" E-)8!
08 # " T
A A_=a 2
AD? !" XX\

#: U1 " I# _
AW E7 DE \ z? \[\ss
/ 0<
1. I RS ? ?*CA"
4A C?A: ?" ? ?*C? E"
4A"
? )X*D 6 (J%=K: 'I=: $Ú?G% I RS D =E
AE j ADD\ %% EQ A < ? Q ?
2. %\\
%\: F =E"
#: AN" ? A ? DG?
53
3. %\\<
=E
#: A" N< z4ss
4. %\\<
=E ?" N I'2$
=E [ j!!Q
A=: =E NVW j\ F Q?
5. I'2$
" '-=: 6 " IJ%=K: L) N/t
) ? CDG? Q?
4. I'($
)C*)DE F<
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1. GA: "
4? GA: Q ) "Gss
2. I'($
#: A I RS
4A GA: \! D b F"E
j*[µ A ) "G ) oj#EQ =VE j" x/
4t F"Gss
3. I RS Qx A " A o,Q IJ%=K: F< )X) F
) "Gss
4. C?A:" IJ%=K: ? X XIJ%=K A N\ F" I'($

C*#: F F *7Gss
5. I'($
UNO " ) ] F"E *7G UNO "
= E7-D =VE j" x/ 4t F"Gss
6.
x" N ,j v ) "G I'($
#:
A
N*[x A 44 ) "G

XQ =VE j" x/ 4t F"Gss
7. )3 " \WQ A)7- N )z*[
#: A
) "G ) oj#EQ 4t F"Gss
s-
s-

%_\
q )C*)DE C*#: F< QN %_\ ss
54
ET
C*#: F<
q DE QC«< /Q
q )DDE
NEz 2[R "Ess1
) ] A= G (J%=K: A) # XA=E \] y¤# Ao A

XY j E =VE \] D
O=EQ yGQ (J%=K: A)
# j[eE C*#: D
/Q F< AGss ET
F<
j X ) ] Qy= E(yQ ) ] A=
=VE
+Q ) A+=*|" {0 EXp G +Q!Gss A72
QVY
A$W
ET
F< ) ) )+µ F A"EQss y"
\| DFQ
q 44 "? F<^ *7 " N/ E ss 0G
yGQ Qy= /Q
jNlDE E©\ " {0 E F<
GQss y" AXp \(classification) ] Eî yGQ Cv XJ }-\ yGQ
C*#: D
/Q F< )W)q "Ess I'($

Xj-k D
A
q j=DE F< \| + F
ss I'($
C j=DE F<
q $ %_\
QE=_ y )z4* Gss T
%_\ ET
F< E X# ss
5.1. GA:
I'($
)C*) $" C*#: F
4A GA:
ss NQ \© \! I RS 0 I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A
F \| +Q!\ss
2j GA: Q N ?

GA: N-?" N *n \! N ss
A sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority, subject to no other.
GA: \! N *n" X] jz Y \! Y \! FO

YZ \!O yG C* jF N ss
4A GA: N Q A2
1
)/WR Q% b ,-+
*3 Ad N?=$ | 9
55
A G
4A *n /VÖ \! D b "E N ss GA:
y \© \ss
!: GA: (Internal Soverginty)
!: GA: A2 A \! %\\ }" YZ C

ss FQ A$q } j)7-
N! " Nnn\ \ss
XYZ # [ D f GA: (E

GA: (External Soverginty)

XYZ # [ D f j ; ss
Q N XYZ
# [ f E©\ )C*) E" _ªQ j X
ss A2 GA: KD\ X= Y \!
Q /Q PO A\Q N ss
GA: Y \©Q P ; \

1.
[: GA: s
GA: s-

[: GA: A2 e 0
Aß jO*
\! /Q \! N ss
Q A2 (J%=K: A)

N! \! )C AW\ ss FQ
Aß Q% b
A2 e 0
[: GA: AW\ D\ss
2. W: GA: s
GA: s-
W: GA: A2 X_) \! D b /Q N
ss
X_) \! Y VF =
4? N ss Y
A[ W: GA: N
4? GA: N ss
4? \!

)-} jC0 VF X= X
4? GA: jd ss
GA: (J%=K: A)
56
yGQ (J%=K: A) A C*#: D
i4?/i4A
GA: j ; F ss
i4A =VE E2\ =VE j/ " jC)72eE )/WR E

jµ " K \k -J X\! j/ A XY
4 GA: \!
D b VF YZ UZ _} N 6j" A\[ F"\ N ss

4?/
4A GA: D\)*[ Q A F
4 j)72*
N)7- j U\" k\ ss
4 -J U\" k\
)x A4 E(/2 #G A+Qss
i4A C?A: ?#E E(XE" N

=: " W:" D
: ? E
E(XE" E(p§E z" K#G ] F #$% ? p
A_*e\ss ` A Q W# A )?) Q"E C?A:" (J%=K:
? )X*DE (J%=K: L E(y Ô< _} " 82 µ VF
4A ?#E X -*k \ m F"E +-Q ? +* |y

V#E #/V\ss I RS
4A GA: \! D b D\ / I RS
CQ A0#"\NÕ ) *U?" A F" F± +-Q D T
|y_
%_\ )\%)"\ss I RS
4A (J%=K" IJ%=K: A ) -*"
) AØÙ # e\"X_) eE Q X_ E )x
I(J%=K: A4 A/- (J%=K:
A®{e\ss I'($

$ C*#: QC« I RS GA: \! D b I RS ?w
?w*CA"
4A E-F \; -}A\ss
i A+; 8
1. I RS ?w "?w*CA

4A I RS GA: \! D b "Ess
2.

GA:#E x ss
3. GA:#EQ j 6 T
i 9* jêE
)/WR E" +0# j-k (J%=K: )V ANW F"\ss
57
T
A+; U A+; 1 \; E-)- I RS GA: \! D b
I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A "Ess
N I RS k7 /C
*n \! E ET
I RS
4A "E N ss
(J%=K: N /µ

G: A$q A8
4? ss I'($
T
\© XNQ (J%=K:
[
jVC\ FQ
4? G: Xj-
j ] D
$ E7G
\| ss A?<^ A=
\! D b A? A2 A
i4? C KF U \| E-)+ I1($
-
D b q I RS ? ?*CA"
4A E-F \o\ss
-q
D b E-F"E G: Q F A+| 8 \| )+Qê\ss
4?
G: T
? A8Qss +\Q U A+| 2 I RS ? ?*CA"
4A G: x E-F NV ë\ss XT

)N$ G:#E
Xj |DE 9*#: v A" e E=VE (J%=K: AØÙ
jêE )/WR ANW E-F \| +Q!\ss Y x 2 -J
+0# j-k (J%=K: ) E-F )\,e\ss
G: T
\© +µ ? );EO E7G N/ E5 !Q 8j ss
$ G: T
\© +µ U= #: L kV: F
$ã?PW: AQD": VF (J%=K: E(yQ \ F L VF
-
#: 0 L j= F E7 V\ss
I RS ?w ?w*CA" i4A GA: L\! D b Q o\? Q
*[!\?

} yG F
N|-
Lq A+; Q U A+; 2 “

GA:#E x
” N -} E" ss
58
A2 A
4? GA: \! D b F N*[x yGQ L\!O Qd F
9*#: k7 D /VÖ \! ss I.'.(.$
-L
} yG

ss FQ

-L N|- \! *n
L\! AW\ ss
"
-L GA:#E x ss" K\ Q N q ?

-L I RS i4A ,-{ N q ss E0
-Lq
6-+
-L kD ss
-L kD AD I RS
4?
-
Lq )/) E(,-{ )*µ "Ess I.'.(.$
-L 6-+
y¤# Q
\
4 = E2\ = E(/ -* F +-Q ? )N
Q
%_\ 44 )\%)e\ss FQ I RS
4A
-Lq T
? *µeE )/WR E ANW ,-{ F

i-L
GA:#E x DG T
AD? E-F *7 E ss
)/WR Q*0
i N;- A
4? GA: x C*#: k7 FQ"
i4? GA: x T
? jQ A- Qss
4 /×Z^ ANW
D6-+
C* )®® j /×Z^ )/C "
_ U: F 2 Q*0 Y
4? GA: x" N*[x 2 ss
4 j c1< /Q $< " _ U: F \© Q*0

D*[ A
4? GA: )*[ê\ N A \Qss
4? GA: P*[0
j $<^//×Z^ Q*0 ? VF *!E $< N*2" Y
)W /Q /0 K\Q ss QxQ A2 ? )-} j8
VF )/C 0
4 _}q E(\; j- A KOQ ss
Q
\! AW\ y\ \! E-N )4A \! AD
E(+Q j-" Y ©\ -J
4 * E-+ FO Dr
Y / E(0 E2\ jC0 ss T
Q
q U A+; «
“GA:#EQ j\6 T

C* jêE )/WR E
59
ANW j\ )-ss E-j#/+Q I'($
X6-+ Ù
«
4? )/WR Qx )-}A\ss
Qx E0Q
4 GA: E(*[0 ´ DE C*#: y¤#<
N Q _ U: F Qx A yG jV _ Qx F \) Qx
A oj _ U: Qx N2* E©\ /7-$ 2*% (IJ%=K: ?)
Qx / j `#< j q _ U: A \[Gss I RS ET

j X y¤# Q \? XT
+\ ET
C*#: k7R XI'($
" AD? WE

} [ N4 E X# ss
1. Qx L

4? GA: *[µ Xj/ k7R A Qx A ss (J%=K:
L EXAy j#/{ Î Qx L AGss EQs-
• ?U 2[_ L
• )! %\" L
• A?x 2Q| L
"Ess
U. ?M 2[_ L
T
L QVY A2 Qx %\\ 0 A= )/77$< O A"1 FO
j* XMQ F i4? 2Q| 2[_ r ss
E(F
$ Qx XA=q )/77$< WX\ A MQ 2Q| Wr A
)/77$ MQ 2Q| ?\x E(Ö y ) Qx Ww7\ss
Qx
L jX)G A A?<^ y ) )/77$ E(+ j-E
$ 2Q| ?\x A-" y ) /µ )/77$< ss

Qx L A? i4? 2[_ r )/77$ E(*0 N2*k W=
h KF -WN h -J Xy ) 22 /µ )/77$< 2[pE
A /Q Y + )/77$< Cp Û 22 jX_
*n j* C = /Q Û r=Q N ,Q 3 =ý
60
2[_ Y F ss T
Q% T
Qx L = r=Q N ,Q
X3 %\" L\! L E7 P- \ss
.)! %\" L

Qx L E /Q Û< /X\ CA + j/7-
L A- Qss )/77$<^ Û< "Ess E7 Û Qx 22
Dr i4? 2Q| %\" \ XQx Ù /×Z^ Û CN\ss
(Q%=K F 9*

Qx A A2 ©\ yGQ Qx 0 )V)
i4? E(/X\ N2*k i4 %\" A8 E(´ K- Y ©\ -J
= )/77$<^ A E(!E j- A- Qss E(yQ )/WR^
Xi4? [ j+=úE y¤#< A 0Qss
XT
)N$
Qx L A? i4? 2[_ L E(*0
j*7 A- Qss A? j= A) 2[_ E Û< 0Q
L E(®{l /-N2* ss XT
) T
2 )®® L
A2 A) %_\ 2[_ Wr XL\! P/2 \ss T
A) Û<
i4? Qx XC!E 2[_ L E(®®Q /Q XL\! E(/2
N2* X_) c\ C!Ee\ss
. A?d 2Q| L

Qx A jX)G A X)/77$< WX\ A?x 2Q| r A"1
F"\ss T
Qx L W= h PD\ j N e/0"
)*[[ L E(®®Q j*7 F ss E(yQ -J Qx A o,Q
+\" A³ F" ? /d N L F ss A? *zQ
(J%=K \Q2 E E-EP4 A$W E" W"7 G A Qx jWw
T
L 9* ss
61
y"
Qx A = E7 Qy= NNGss T
L .-
QVY A2 Qx %\\ 0 A2 %\" A# A= C< /7- E77E
) 2Q| 2[_ Pf Gss XUXE A- X_ D 2Q| QVY
\
XUQV /5A%/ 2Q| 2[_ AÖ *0 Qss A=qQ
)/77$< )!!Ö F 2[_ QY
\ A 20% y ) 23% «)
25% E" A=) 21% 2[_ 2Q| f j* 25% r F"\ss T
Q
Q% A2 /×\ A"V F i4? 2Q| E(*0 -e\ss
y¤# A?
Qx %\\ ),D*+ E-F L A? i4? )- \F y¤#
P \ss X(J%=K: Ao K# E(
m Lq -WN h
E-F )-} /C7\ss
XT
) Xq « Qx A (J%=K:
DE A=
)+D E Qx A "Ess Ty %_\Q E-) X E7
Qx A = W=" -WN }O G Eî A XyGQ )=d F
A- Qss T
Q Q% A Q G (J%=K: A E-A )Dd y¤#
=VE Qx A )X )D=: -[Gss I RSQ XET
Qx A
Q X) A?x 2Q| A F
q \| )-} E" ss

q A+| 54(4) Q% bq AD A2 Qx %\\ 0 XYZ )/77$<
WX\ A?x 2Q| r )/77$ A"1 jF Qx A *!G› \ss
FQ I RS Q X) Qx A
4 GA: N*[0 (J%=K:
A XjX)G A F A?x 2Q| A N Q (J%=K:
QVY Q +C A$W XQ X) Qx A [ )VV F *7
E ss
2. Qx F<
i4A j-k Qx E0Q
4A 82 )\ GA:#E
N*[0 Qx A PÉ j C*#: F< AGss Qx
%%\Q
4 GA: N*[x E(F
• yGA+_
• E©\ *[
62
• qE
• j=: 2Q; *[
F A ss
1. yG A+_ (Universal)
yG A+_ N ?w ?w*C? ®® MNO /Q Y N
=: Q% VO yGQ
} Q*0" *0 E j*[0 ss FQ yG A+_ Qx ?

/Q Qx
j Xq z< j´G yG Qx
jW G Qx A N ss /\ F j#/{ Q*0" *0
z< jX)G "Ess
1. Q*0 *0 ? D b F 4) E2 N´
2. AEQ m "
3.
? A _ "Ess
ET
z< yG Q*0Q *0Q \ss I RS X1967 1
* Qx L A2 C E *? j*0 A= Qq X?
1000 N N+V+ ?* /Q X? 2000 N j+V+ ?* PO
D ss
I'($
A+| 38(1)( ) E2 A= Q A J Q*0
E-j\ -[\ss
)nn Qx
Ae5 {0 532/99 A+; 33 NQ C
\)-
Q*0Q F *0 ? E-A -}A\ss Q*0 j \
Q
1. A= Q A J
2. AEQ a# Y
3. _2 E= ! \)/C "/Q !q « /!
F
4. Q*0 ?q
\)- F
? "Ess
E j{ Q Qx
k A+; 45 E-) X)
63
1. I RS: F
2. j/7- ?w=: %\\ /Q AWD = ®® j
3. Q4D E E2 M A2" XT F
4. Qx %\\ - y O* XF /Q \2 A#
E P+? Qx %\\ XF /Q X)N /Q /*-
XA2 Qx %\\ j_ FO X)N /Q /*7 y A
- C= XF
5.
Q*0 /Q *0 ?q \)
6. 22 +* W 25 /Q \ +* E A j/!
Qx QD -? )+?Z * F FO \ +* E Q*0

W\)X XG Qx %\G e$< 0 X 1000 C 2[_ 1N
N*? 8\ss
A2 )=d Q
\ C /%\ j Q Qx
k A+; 20(1)( )
Q% bq / 550 I RS
4? NW \ jr NEX: Q C*
D-* \© E-jF -}A\ss y" A"V ?w*CA %\" E(O=E /×E
jµ y¤#
4? )/WR Q% b E-j/ Qx
k A+| 20(2)()
-}A\ss
2. E©\ Qx ?
(Equal)
A2
4? )/W Q*0 A2 C A2 2Q; ? jO* XF E©\ Qx
? A N ss
N A2 U?#Q /Q A2 jÜ 2Q; XA2
08 C=) 2Q; E©\ N ss
Ay +* FQ QVY b\5Q X
1921 1 25 A E2 J [ A2 2Q; KO* 35 J b)C?
c1 E-TyQ N+V+ ?* E /Q X_) ? jX_G C< XA2
2Q; O=E ss A72 )/C C< XA2 Qx ! 2Q;
? O=Ee\ss EP4 EX 1948 2*
A A C= ss
I'2$ Qx
A+; 14(4) Qx j X =ý 2Q; E©\ F
-}A\ss I'($ Qx
A+; 56(2) E7 =d 2Q; j
A2 ? E-F -}A\ss
64
3. qE(direct suffrage)
A2 =d NQ A !\8 ? VO Qx jX"/ A# r
j \ )/W Q*0 j\ A qE Qx A D\ss )nn
Qx
A+| 26 Qx +0) E-jF -e\ss
4. j=:(secret vote)
j=: Q*0 A = NQ V E(0 j*[0 A ss
T
C* N N E-* X= )+ «) C j0 ss
A? 4 A# 2Q; jC0 A ss XT

d E5 NV
j-* Qx ss T
N N E-* j#/ );EO A ss j0
Q*0 zI = X_M F \© Q*0 ?q E(+Q -[\ss
I'($
A+| 38 (1)() Qx Q 2Q| AC!0 = 8
o j\| e " jC0 F E7 -[\ss Qx
A+; 26(1)
E(y 2Q| AC!0 j0 E-jC0 -[\ss
XT
\X E-JX I RS Qx A XT
) Xq
yGA+_ E©\ E E" j0=: F j*[0 \© E(C0 j-
A )z*[ F j % KF
Q
4 GA: N*[0 Y
e " F j % ss
3. o Qx A j
" _ U: Qx N2* Qx X)/77$< );EO F \© E(X"/ o

Qx A j O A ss (J%=K: Qx N2* c1 jC AW\
X Q )/77$ );EO FO \)Ö j0 F A ss I RS
Qx N2* c1 )C ?w=: Qx A2 ss
I'($
A+; 102 Qx A2 jX) )-} \ss
1. 'I=\" %\\ Qx %\Z " %% Qx \)Ö E(Ww2
XNQ );EO F ?w=: Qx A2 ®®N\ss
65
2. A AD jÜ A=
4? )/WR Q% b NGss 44

/C"\ \ss

C* A2}Q /! )nn Qx
Qx
Ae5 {0 532/99
)$q )/WR Q% b F Qx A j A2 )®® KF ADq zÖ
E-jF A=*!EQ A+| 6 (2) E-) X) jÜ q
j´G C< A2 AD\ Q% b XN* 1 Q% bq +x E
YZ W 25 E PF jG CA o" \) F"E N*[0
k7 )V E(O=E j\ 3 Q%% 2*% E(O N2* U1
)0Z#\ss

Q yGQ )/77$ Û< E<^ E A®Q \)" o F"E
N*[0" (J%=K: Qx A X"/ X_) p7 ss
AD\ *0Q ?w=: )e|O E" ¡ )V XQ PD E-jD +
KF Q )+
1.
q #NÖ F
2. X W 25 /)Ö o F
3. J ?8 E"
4. \WQ QD=E #/{ F
E-F A+| 6(3) )z4 E" ss
A+| 6(4) Qx A2 AD L= TE AQ FO Xy
E-N*µQ )-}A\ss Qx A ?=: -* %\\ -*" X%\\ #
|/b E-jO Aet )\%Õ\ss
Qx A2 L\!" )D
Aet A+| 7 E-) X) A X)Cµ \!O WX\
1.
q E" T
Ae5 9* jWw N"EQ Qx E"
4 V¤
\)Ö N ,Q
66
2. -* E" jWw Qx< o" _ U: F 2 jWw
y¤# N E " N*[0
3. Qx N ,Q j \k Cv" {V{« Nz[ " NC=
4. Qx A\% i4 [" =ý Q
p "
Q
jCµ AW 82 X#)\" !
5. Qx #< 82 X#)\" !
6. W 25 4? 82
k C* X#)\ E"
!
/z)..
W #\ss
4. 9*#: ? N*[0

(J%=K: A Qx o"
4? GA: E(*[0 C*#:
4A
? X A DEss XET
Q WX\ UV? o 4" | ? "
-= ? Qx #z? ? jW)q "Ess
1. UV? o 4" | ?
i4 )/WR^ P0 j T

c1 F"G jE N/7- ss
XET
)/77$< WX\ Q*0 -J A XY Q E-jn\ i4
_} j/% N E-F N/ A ss A XY Q E-jn\ N/
-J UV? | o PO 2 ss MV? | ? X)X* ) ]
*0 j \k C< MVDE | Gss T
ANW Q i4 X+*
MVA 0 jn w ?Z Q*0 \ N ss T
Q ANW
A? C * C L\! \ N ss XT
)N$ MV?
| ? O L L= j# 2% E"
) Q
AWw E()W%\ h E(G j- L ss MV? | ?
j |DE v ?CD< [ì `2R" âYÍ
VCG v ss I'($ i L A WX " MV? o |
? A+| 29 A*[ê\ss
67
Qx i MV? X | ? [ )z Qx
k L "
?U E" L AW c1 \| A+QìA\ss
59. " ?M A8+Q
1. L {00 G " ?M N Q `7R âYÍ"

[ì E -[1 F W 25" i?*)C? %_Z
A2\< +Q ? AEss
2. E< " ?M A AÖ) +Q ?
AEss
3. " ?U A8+Q A N#/3 jÜâ XA [
F j/! 2\2\ C* X"/"\ss 2\2GQ )/77$ W
25 E({ " A) E(Cµ -*[\ss
4. " ?U [u Qx Az[? QD A j/! -?
C* /C"\ss
60. L AW I#
N"EQ -* jf L AW " c1< Qx 22 E8¡

E(VW N2* c1#E jf `(R !< ?CD A7=
[ì" VCG E<" -[1< E A2\< +Q jE
y¤# N E I# A DEss
Qx +V UV? | ? A FQ U | ? Q
/\ 2 N Q Y C
[: ? j}7 /Q
" L
j8* /\ 2 P ,QQ \ss ) Q (J%=K D DG
A MV? | ? /\ L= XNVV )D N+0 AE[$
ss Y ©\ Qx +V E7-"+_" i4? (J%=K: ? )´
\© E( | N2*Q \[\ss
j X Qx ik jX)
)-} \ss
Aet A+| 57 E< \] ? E-jX) )-\ss

1. E< XD2 /\ K |l E5 X_5 W\) )+ Qx
EXj"+ 2* AQss
68
2. T
A+| U A+| /1/ X)+C ) y¤# E< i /0
2 ,l E-F i[: EQ j/C2DE Qx m A
ANW p i4? X) , Ù ? F"\ss
3. X U A+| 2 )- OQ A"1 C Qx /
, /\ j+ j X) Q% b
X KV ss
2. -= ? (2 Û A )
MV? | ? )´ \© m#N PF j C?C?" -=

? X) +- ? ss MV? | ? A ) MV? j
C< ) * ? ANW )e+ j-§ MV? L= Ne\
)CD m E(µ N2* ss MV? L= E(\ L=
j C \e\ss T
-J CDC? -= \[\ss
` ?? F Q L L\! 4 )-= \© PK

AN=ý N*?" /7- \[\ss ` (J%=K: Q L\! 4
j )-= \© j-* Qx 22 ? ss FQ Q
(J%=K: L) L Û< O=Gss W Û< 8-Ö
)9*q E" i4 L L\! 4 GA:q j*[0DE
$< "Ess Qx 22 A? 2[_ r/f Û/<
PK" r=NE K |l )"1 /Q A"V 2[_ Û -J
L PK A o,Q )E AN=d PK< +DGss
W Û< i4 )=ý )3 N2* jl $<Q "Ess

i4 j Û Þ=Q" PK F )= Û Þ=Q
)D=: N- XF Û L\! E( /Q -J 2[j j-*
Qx Nµ Û )=ý 8\ E( |l N2* j\
L ss (J%=K: F W Û< Qx ) L\! DQ
)* L j/!E i} X?=Gss \] Q " CN:
2 ? # E7 Q"Gss (J%=K: q #NÖ F )8ej
Û !Q A ss
69
I'I$ i L A+| 31 NQ C NQ N N
-= ? E7 -\ss E(yQ A+| 56 Q% bq A?x
+x r W 25 /Q !Q= 25 'I=G L i
A oj AW\ -=\ =\ N -\ss
W 25 jz jC* /z) L )nn W

< Q4D Ae5 {0 573/2000 )\%Õ\ss
W Û Q
Aet A+| 2(2) W Û /Q W 25 N Xi?*)C 0

)/C C< NCDC? = W EQ " N j,D r=Q
N! U A+_ /Q %\\ W E8¡ 0 )V (J%=K:
L 9* W L\! 4 T
Ae5 9* )-= N=: )®Q
E-F )\%Õ\ss
W Û< Q4D j X ik jX) \ss
A+| 4. W Û L*
1. T
Ae5 A+| 582 E-)+ FO NQ I RS: W Û
N®®Q /Q W Û AD\ F ? A ss
2. T
Ae5 A+| 58 E-)+ FO NQ E2 18 A " XT

F I RS: T
Ae5 C* U A+_ /Q %\\ W Û
AD\ F ? A ss
3. A2 U A+_ W Û i\" jO*
U. 15AA L= AD KO
. XET
L= AD 0 AD X N\µ /4A/ A2 %\\
- e$< KF"
2

2[ 7 XX C=: AD\ P AD\ W Û AD\ PF NG F
j- ss y" W Û AD\ F X k = \+ ODEe\ss
70
. )+ L= AD e$#E I RS Xjf %\Z 0
A=q %\Z - e$< KF"
. T
A+| U A+| // 9* %\G A A+_ Û L=
Xjz AD E7 %\\ jz Û AL=
AQ E5 /15/ jF F A DEss
3. A2 W Û %\\ W Û i\" jO*

U. 75A L= AD KO
. XET
L= AD 0 X\V /6A/ F A2 %\\
- e$< KF ss
T
\© )®® W Û 4? O#\ss W\)z L=
A\Qss
‹NQ W Û W Û +V+ j T
Ae5
9* 4[ L$ b )4A i[: C N*[x Q% /*+
KÖ ss›
4. Qx #z? ?
Qx N-* E0Q _ M: -*k N*[0 )/77$ Û<

E(yQ YZ /O j#z L z[ A ss XT
Ao I'($
Qx i jX)G 2[< AG ss
A+| 78. Qx #< j- %_\ Qx .- #z? j \k

A 0 Qx #< XA- jC0 82 Qx #z? E-jG
E(yQ A$q )+ E QQ E-){ F A FO Kr
d Qx #< P[?4 E-j\ -[\ss
A+| 82. T
A+| E Qx %\\ «
4? #< E(yQ E7
Qx !
4? j*µ AQ Qx #< E-jO -[\ss
71
A+| 83 -J NQ Qx E +* W 25 Qx .-
j/% )/W #z? E-j\ %#\ss
4. Qx ) X) j `#< j q
Qx +V 2Q| x E E(yQ 2Q| =" NV/ j X
)/77$ Û< `# PO \ss )/77$ Û< j `#< j q
A Q Qx _ U: " o F A " C*#: ss
XT
Ao Qx
k A+| 92(1) A Qx .- j A DD "
QQ _# j\ W 25 [= 2*% -* E-j®{Q
+Q!\ss
XT
)N$ Qx
k 0 `# j # y¤# 44 2[< -\ss
Qx !< A)7-=: V¤ jCµ Abq# Cj jâ< E-jO E(yQ
%\\ -*" XT Abq# Cj jâ E-jO )-}A\ss
Ty C* Aet A+| XA+| 92 Q =d X4? j2 y¤#

[ C M A= CA 0 Abq# Qx ! Abq# Cj jâ
N*?" N/C \ss Abq# Cj jâ M A= CA 0 V¤ W\C
Abq# A= 0 E-)NN =\ss FQ Q4D X"/"\ N ss
y" Abq# Cj jâ 24 CA 0 V¤ XC V¤ 48 CA
Qx %\G |
b Abq# Cj jâ DÖ N*? \ss %\G Qx !
Abq# Cj jâ 24 CA 0 V¤ W\C Qx ! Abq# Cj V¤
E7o" =\ss C %\G Qx jâ Abq# Cj V¤ W\)NN 24 CA
0 /*7 _2 b DÖ N*? ? A ss /*7 _2 b jC
V¤Q *n F"\ss
Y ©\ ? Y /Q =d 4? Y C )4ú\ N
NQ C `# Qx ! Abq# Cj jâ AA V¤ Nr ?
A ss Qx ! Abq# Cj jâ 24 CA 0 `# Q V¤
A ss Abq# Cj jâ Abq# W\)+ /Q 24 CA 0
72
V¤ W\C Ab D] `# 48 CA 0 %\G Qx ! N*? ?
A ss )VV Qx %\G Abq# Cj jâ jC V¤ /*7 _2 b
`# N*? ? A ss /*7 _2 b jC V¤ *n F"\ss
Aet A+| 94 E-) X) E 4? #- C Qx %\\ Abq#

Cj jâ Abq# N*? ? A ss 24 CA V¤ W\)C 0 )+D
E7 =\ss y" Abq# Cj jâ 24 CA 0 V¤ XC jC
V¤ DÖ %\G x_ |/b Abq# Cj jâ 72 CA 0 *? A ss
)VV 2 %\G x_ |/b Abq# Cj jâ 48 CA 0 V¤
W\C V¤ E7o" =\ss C `# XA %\G _2 b
DÖ N*? \ss %\G _2 b jC V¤ *n F"\ss
)VV 2 E X4? )X X W 25 E /Q \ E
Q4D j8/Q NQ C /Q W 25 Abq# )VV \©
Qx %\G x_ |/b N*? *nQ %\G _2 b AA
V¤ NC ? A ss
Aet A+| 95 E-) X) 2Q| AC!0 .- 2Q| X #- C

Abq# Qx ! Abq# Cj jâ N*? ? A ss Abq# Cj
A2Q : 2Q| E(C0 N2* k7] /-Qx %\G |/b % V¤
E( P- \ /Q : 2Q| Q ?Z P/ \ss
V¤ \)NN Ab D k7] /( /*7 _2 b N*? ?

A ss /*7 _2 b 2Q| x CA X"+{ 1 V¤ C!\ss
V¤Q *n F"\ss
T
\© jC V¤ C* 2Q| E(- P-* j 2Q| N7
X"+{ 1 X-*C ? E-F
k +Q!\ss
73
)VV 2Q| PC0 ND C 2Q| C0Õ\ N Abq# +A )VV
A V¤ E-jÖ A+| 95(5) )-} E" ss
Aet A+| 96 2Q| = .- " m `# C = X) , Ù

`# Qx ! Abq# Cj AW\ A4A 48 CA 0 Qx %\G
Abq# Cj jâ N*? \ss Abq# Cj 48 CA 0 V¤ C!\ss
V¤ \)NN Abq# A+= 5 +" 0 A Df N*? \ss A
jC V¤ \)NN 5 +" 'I=\ _2 b Df N*?
\ss
XT
)N$ Aet A+| 92(6) E-)- XT
X)-k d NQ
W 25 /Q \ E A Qx .- jC V¤ /Q E4
8/Q 'I=\ _2 b DÖ N*? E-j\ )-\ss
XT
E-) X I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A GA: \! D b
F"E j*[µ C*#: )®N O=E ss FQ I RS ?w
?w*CA"
4A I RS GA: \! D b "E ? EÖ "
"\ss
2.3.3. +0) (J%=K: )V
iLq + Y G: x i4 +0# j- (J%=K:

)V E-F ss
Q N L\! /-# N*2 i4 jr
/*7" +Y )72 +0# = k7 E(/ N2* N ss
Xi Lq G: j\, 2[ U A+| 3 i4 G: L\!
D b q j*[0 A 2 i4 +0) (J%=C: )V E-F
-}A\ss
i4 +0# = k7 = j/ F i4? G: x FQ
(J%=K )D j)*}Q F AX=%Qss
74
YZ (J%=K: AQ F i4 +0# V¤ AC!0 jV)_ y¤#
E7 QY 1/ Q% b )/WR Q*0 2/ A72 /VÖ k7R i4
V¤ /C +0) )V E-j | )\%)"\ss
I RSQ P)
j\ ss
i4 )/WR^ Q*0 G:q EW*[ 2* XT

)N$ i4 +0)
)V Q -*[\? j\ 0 PV \ss
E0Q i4 +0) )V A G: x FQ I RS y¤#

i4 +0) (J%=Ke )V XT
Q kQ ss
“(J%=K" \WQ A)7- )´ AØÙ )D=: jF

N2* jG ) ] (J%=K: A4 )®J" 25 ) "
)"X i?*)C 0 (J%=K A)VC?" D
\ 7* y¤# ss
FQ ?<^ 7* (J%=K L DE A )=z #$% .-
E-T
q y¤# _ )ë\ss )=z .- $ X_) -*
D i?*)C? %_\ +0Z -* -* /- i4 /*- ? ! *2 ) *
(J%=K Di\ E F±\ss A^ jDE 9*#: F<

L#: q E5 j i4? A2 [= A®Q 4
ë\ss \]^ CN:" (J%=K: 2 i4? V¤ Qx
v ? _# Di\ 7?\ss E-T
q 9*#: A WX EQ "
Di\ A2 9* ! y¤# j \] )" (J%=K:
AØÙ" \ q +" A-[ N[\µ PF e\ss )
\% )=z #$% .- ) L )®J Û< N= j(
/z) ) ] i?*)C? %_Z 0Q 7* AØÙ N=2 jG 9*#:
F< A2 A WX " EQ E T
)) [=
jC" ) \] E (J%=K: AØÙ _# jG Fe\ss
…
A=Q (J%=K L PC2" P7? j ) \©
9*#: F<
?*)C A2 [= EQ j4 T

)L [= EQ $ A? jC= ) \] q +"
75
A-[ V[\µ (J%=K: AØÙ ? j q Di\ j7? (J%=K:
A4 )®J" 25 Ty j7? y¤# K ss
A=
y¤# E5 )=z .- _Q ) E" + y¤#
A- Qss (J%=K k7 A= _ A2 E8¡ k7Q dQ F
)p .- "+ A A T X0p 7 A \Qss
(J%=K A4 Ap!Ö E(C2 EQq" )®J^ E( " E("X X)

i?*)C? (J%=K D# E8¡ 0 p " +0# V)_
A ss
…
(J%=K D j-* E )E \ +0# )V#1 EF
X\Q N k2 E)WX W= }O E} ) XLq +0# )8j
F A ss Ty .- i4? )p .- (J%=K XjÖ ? "
0Q )®7a EF X\Q Xq" X%% E)N*" (J%=K DiG E"X*
(J%=K ) E y¤# Ap!Ö P \ss (J%=K )8j 8"
D3 F C1 i?*)CD: c\ _ #7 L Ed E7+dd"
A=Q i\" A? E7X Q N2* \ss
……
E-j#/+ yG U= 2
" Ù + E5 Xp C--" )/VC
Qý G ss ))WX \N A!x ) i?*)C? 2

e[ X7 7 j8 / Q F X_) \" j L= F
N+ ss
Y y¤# XA$q ! A \Q i4D X_) A-[
[ µ A+Qss Q\A) i4 \N )D X7 7 E(+V+ X)
Xjr \N +0# )8j F A ss PK< + j-*
%% +0# )V#1 F 0l j?{ PK< E(+*û
N2* \ A ss A o,Q .-qQ X\Q E)N* N)WX\ A ss
" )D PK<^ E0Q j+l F"E z?" N
A ss
VF lG \? \N )D V)_ A$q" = N7
A\Qss Y A[ IJ%=K: .- +0#" C1 )V#1 W\F )+
76
\Nq % E(x/ j j" x/ A\Qss A= IJ%=K
A2 )Dd \N U\ F N\\ A \ k7 )´ AXeÙ
)D=: F A\Qss FQ
4 +0) )V W A8 )
)N$ 2
" Ù + A$
4D X0p #- j\
{\_ V$ F PC D\ss
A= )Dd y¤# X
4? /- 85 A jF A« A- ss A« A-
WX\ Ay /
jD\ 0QQ F ? d " \] Qss A2
25 A« A- ? " 0Q N e N X)V" A« A-Q
)+D Wr W .-q /VÖ )|EO NV*_ j\ F"\ss XT
d
< A# E5 D?" W \! 4 3 E2\ NX_ ss
XT
)N$ ?<^ < A7( F"E" Q i?*)C? %_\
? " 0Q ?8 /X\ \ G CA $ )CDC F Gss W
25 T
\© E5 -WN F / X Dn wv E7
?*)C?
%_\" [ ?8 NV)_ AN=d Y F"\ss
4 +0) )V E5 !Q
) jF A Q% Q w ss
/ I RS (J%=K D# k7R )/C- /
XT
+* |y_
1. (J%=K I RS
\" k7 E-F (J%=K A=
\" P?
j )=z .- VF Ap!Ö X)D ? E-F
NVW j\
)D (J%=K )®N E-Y
2. I RS 2
_0 N/2
\" k7 E-F E" 2
q N/2 L=
E PF j
?*)C? 8 )V KO ? E-F
3. 85 jF
4? A« A- F A2 25 A« A- ? " 0Q
N" e N A2} X)V W .-q /VÖ )|EO NV*_ j\
F" Y \! 4 3 E2\ NX_ F" YZ W
<Q E5 -WN F y¤# E7
?*)C? %_\" [ ?8 NV)_
AN=d Y F
77
N+0 A RS (J%=K D i4 +0) (J%=K: )V )×
Y E-F +Q!\ss
FQ
i4 +0# (J%=K: )V j- y¤# W\) E (J%=K

_0 PD A\Q
I RS (J%=K _0 W\)D *5Q PD j\ E2\ Qss
FQ i4 +0) )V Y (J%=K E PF A\Qss FQ
iLq )- i4? +0) (J%=K: )V (J%=K \]
Di N ss
I RS )Dd y¤# i4 +0) (J%=K: )V N Q N ?

EI o\?
i4 +0) )V E(- j XF

P- j )D +0)
)V P | j\ y¤# ss
-J E PF j +0) (J%=K
j |DE y¤#< A) i4? {0 D y¤# ss
-J P |
j 4) -* jf A)7- EXO ss FQ 3 /C \!
\)NX A)7- KO
4? +0) (J%=K: )V
)D=:
N2* \ N ss
4) A)7- EXO N®®Q j X i-Lq A+| 5A/4/ jX)

)-} E" ss
%\Z %\\ " %\Z A F jfeE A)7- EXO e+=Gss
4 4) A)7- EXO +0# V)_ z2 4) EXO 3 \!

C!\ss
A= y¤# 4) A)7- EXO QE /*7< X)N Nz[

b" =E )e+ " X)N +Y< "Ess
XT
A +Y -* G Q% b Cp {0 E E(F X)-* +Y
±$ XF
4? 0 X_) Q jC {0 +Y Q% b AD\ jF
78

4 +0) )V XN*[0 AØ \] A)e|O P*% \ss XT
)N$
T
-*< G Q% b C*#: k7R ¤< X/C"E 1
4 +0# +Y" -Q y N

ECDC PN%" P/]
Gss
/ I RS (J%=K D# k7R Xj\ |y_ )/C-/

Ay I RS A= 4) -* jf +Y" ` N
= 0
?*)C
+0# jV)_DE W# AD G N% kD~< G KF XT
)N$
) ] AWD \N " 08 ©\
?*)C jV § E8¡< j-*k F
X

4 = k7 +0) )V E-* F FQ GA: \!
D b F E*[ F E*7 ss
FQ XT
E-) X
q )C*) A C*#: F
F
4A GA: *[ F KF
Q
• I RS GA: \! D b
4 E-F
•
Q )/WR^ Q*0" +0# (J%=K: )V E-j |
• )/WR^ Q*0Q A QA+_ \Qv" A j{ Qx
F<" #7v z Qx
E-F
• Qx ) X) C*#: XF Qx A A?x A jX)\
E-F
• Qx E©\ E /z) F< D´ \© ,Q jG 44
F< O=E
• C?A:" (J%=K: ? X=E
• -= " CDC? )X* F
• Qx Aq #< /z) j# F
• `# j+? A O
• +0) (J%=K: )V j X +Y -*
4? )V O
)*7 KF XT
V
4? GA: P*[0 j\ A D
E-F *7 E ss
79
/ 0<
1. G: j X I RS ) ] iL C E-jX)
ss
c L¡ iL A+| 1 G: K\| E-jX) ss” I RS
kC L L I RS z2 lG Í L jf A yG"
D
Q -¡^Q dQ ss lG Íq" A^ N!G "Ess A^"
Í ?^Q DE2 N) § "Ess” Ge T
C2 ” lG Í ”
j\ \© +* ss
- iL A+| 1/2/
I RS i4D: (J%=K: $Ú?P% -¡^Q Q ? A" D
q
N!\" N- GA: L ”
A+| 3 /1/ I RS i4D: (J%=K: $Ú?P% \! C A- i4? ss
ET
) ] iL E-) X) GA: ) , X " X2
Ao ss I'($ iL -J GA: X " 2 Ao VF
XizA ? [ N4 +* ss %% G: x ?
2. - iLq \! C A- j\ 2[ *ss y" -
\! C A- A\*Qss I'($ iL \! I RS ?w
?w*CA"
4A \ss E0 \! ?w ?w*CA"
4A F
N*[x Q2?
3. i4? G: \! D b jF Q2? i4? GA: j
XQ2? L \! C< i4? GA: N )E ? i4?
GA: \! D b F \ /?
4. I RS Qx A A?x 2Q| X)ë ) /? YZ Qx
A I RS )D=: F Q +#? Q k7 A ?
5. } A2 A OQ Aq yGQ E©\ )8j yGQ E©\ )}î A-GQss
U? " ?* Aq X_) -* )8jQ F )}î PF \ss FQ
yGQ E©\ )8j" )}î D\F y¤# yGQ E©\ 2Q| E(O* N2*
) /?
80
6.
q A+| 9(2) NQ [ AW W 25 YZ
N
= E(yQ D \!O E
q NX"
q )Ô F
U1 A DE \ss Qx +V /
q
4? VF
4
k\ )x ?Z ++
2[ ! A- Q /? Qx
k
Qx +V / XD2 /\ E-jK4 -}A\ss
q
4? A- Q
?Z ++ XD2 /\ /? XD2 /\ Q2?
7. Qx m A +\ ? / i !?
8. Qx 22 #< j" Q2?
5.2.

I'($
)C*) Y C*#: F /Q QC«

ss

L A+| 9
1.
Lq U$q i ss NQ i \N7: AC= E(yQ
L AW\ /Q D \! ¤ XT
i L [ j8*
XF ) oj Qss
2. NQ [ L AW W 25 YZ N
= E(yQ
D \!O E iLq NX"
Lq )Í F
c1 A DEss
3. T
i L X)- d N"EQ AWÙ L \!
4 )X X ss
4. I RS 6-+ E Q A+_ QQ U$q i AW\ "Ess

I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A GA: \! x" N*[x
F
} yG
ss
q jX*Q
•
q N%
•
q NX"
•
q )Ô
F F \| +Q!\ss
81
I'($
44 X\X# 1

7C ) ss
5.2.1.
|CUV?
i N NQ C F Xi A- Q j9= L= yG

)3 N ss i Y y¤# PO j C<

Q N k\ " c\ E C< ss yGQ C i
N L )3 \F / E- " E7n N2* \
N ss #$% Í<" i A2" A2 ss FQ i N
Í _} " 82 N ss
What pleases the ruler is the law.
i N% N

U$q i F i Lq N%" NX
i Lq 9* L\! )C!E AW jCµ V¤ N%"
V¤ )Ô F
jCµ V¤< `# XA
q )*[µ ? X)!
/Q NQ A A DD )+µ
A )X Z E()WXG
E(#*l N2*
N ss
i ) ] \ o\ss
1. L\! /C ( Limitation of power )
i A 9*#: x D L\!O E- k -? j/

y¤# E7O N2* /C L\!"E -? ss Rule of law puts limits
82
on the discretionary power of the government, including the power to change
laws.

Q N NQ \! AW\ /Q D L\! jC= L=
)C
\! ? F A N ss
X)C \! =
\! L= FQ
! F"\ N ss
2.
1 E©\

Y x NQ C \! -* * yGQ C

1 E©\" )3 F"\ N ss FQ Q -* jÖ C
j |
! )VV
" 9* 8\ N ss
3. \! +Q jO LL " A o,Q L
NQ L\! AW\ /Q D \! /C \! D k7 K/

¤ AC!µ .- PX)E j P0VE NG 9*#:
? AGss FQ /C \! O*Q j/ PX jDE
LL
}" -A +-Q ? )z[t" yGQ C j+E PF
D\ss ET

} \| )D=: -* A DEss
If the government is to be restricted in its exercise of discretion, the
government has to follow legal procedures that are pre-fixed and pre-
announced.
FQ QY /\ CA\ )?Z j* C Q= K-* /Q

% +A K/C N* NCDC? %% .-
A oj" _2 bq
PX?* jD N ss
Aß
j/! P0VE
NE C*#: ? E-AG yG i N! jX)E
Q T
0 jW)q "Ess
83
GA: \! D b F
4? )/WR^ ANW /!E
} K!
j0C / )3 W\F
4? GA: )!C N ss i4? GA:
j*[0 XF i *[0 O#\ss
4? GA: "

P!G NG "Ess (J%=K:
}
4? GA: x F
} E(X? j{ Y C E x i VF E=VE +0#
/Q )/WR E ANW /µ i ss FQ (J%=K: 0

}
k A%?* E(O A2 9*#: Q% ss FQ (J%=K:

k N% Q^ D=: y¤# A N \ss
5.2.2.
N )+µ
A
1. \!
-?
NQ
E(*[0 X) -? Y \!
L AW\ O Qss NQ L AW\ \!
)-
F A ss (J%=K:
L X_) \! AW\ /

Aß \! / \!
Lq )- ss
Aß AW\

N! \! O*Q -? E- j/! VF
Lq
)+µ C*#: ?" o E(yQ
DX* \© ?
N! j ss j/µ
} C*#: F ? jX?" N0
F A DEss
2. \!/ L= %__\ O
\! A2 A# XNXNE \! Xp \

N*[0 E-A2
$ +V\ss 2 UV? -* \! AXp \Q jXp )D=q "E
j\ %% j+ Qy= E7G yG \! Xp \ ? jX=X
Qy= AGss
2 UV? %% E-)+ FO yGQ -J%=K:
N \ L AW
Aß
A oj"
)j )Xp
84
ss FQ
Aß
XN! A\
N ,Q = 0 ADQ
/Q 7Ö L= AC=Qss
A ojQ
XN ,Q ß
N! Q
F 7Ö = AC=Qss 7Ö AWGQ 7Ö X ß
A/!Q
A |QQss
y" ET
AW A Y ! y¤# E-A) Lq \ss
QVY r`T7#: 0 r`T7q" N AD +0#
4?
j*µ jF A Y ! j\ A ss 7Ö =
j+ L U1Q y q L\! AW QQ j*0 F
7Ö AWG A- / )|EO E7/2 -e\ss 7Ö q -J
j+? % 9* ET
AW )C
\)X)G =< /Q X

d )C =< E()WXG A01 E(+! )}î E(W -[\ss
QVY A$W
Ad AW\ j/! i
Lq )-k
C*#: ? j8* XF _2 b % +A Pn \ss
Y ©\ #:

4 +0# j
4? )/WR jf

Aß ? jF" GA: x )-} j/C-
AW\ jF
\! E-)Xp )-} AQss
Aß XUXG A oj AW\
j0 A F N XyGQ \! KF r`T7#:
E7 YZ AW j! A- Qss y" = %__G
)VV ss T
0
Aß AW\
k 9* C=q
N*[0 )+ Q EA \ss I'($
L
Aß
j/! i
Lq j8* FO X)r E"
j X 0Q
/ X+ 'Ià Q% b
k E0Q
Lq j8* FO XAr
Pa* \ss FQ I RS y¤#
Aß j! AW\ O

N*[0 W= E-A %#\ss
\! /-} ? VF /-# jXp \ Q )VV \© \!

%__\ AW\ ss 'I=: A/8+ DE A= \! 'I=\ Lq"
%\\ L# WX\ Xp \ss ~'($ *o Lq 'I=: F
85
Q% 'I=\ L " %\\ )Xp ss I. .(.$ i-
Lq /0 W# %\: # QQ \[\
Q L\!
) ] AW Xp \
N W= e " O jV
ss
3. } (J%=K:" C?A: ? X
} (J%=K:" C?A: ? X=E } ?#E )

L j#] 2%"
) 0p j[\µ T
Q C*
YZ L \! AW
9* =E E(/µ N2*

E(X X_) j" AEss XTy [ )Q } )/WR E
NQ 0= " )W ?#E +Q )/WR E Pa
jG L i"
9* ? E(C= j22 AC= ss
y"
KD\"
X A KD\ q D\+" X\! d
/!
N%Q 8\ /? j\ 0 PV \ss (J%=K: )
L 0 q D\+ C* j/!

A- Qss FQ

A N% E-
! A#Q j\ %% P+? \ss
?< (J%=K: )C*)DE A= NQ \! AW\ j/!

i /Q -? j#*Q " j)WX\ A ss FQ
k AD Lq
? /! /Q A- Q ?Z /C j q 0
/C
\! AW\ Eî NQ C A- Qss FQ NQ /

)X Z
k E(n /Q E( /0 0 N*? ¤ E(C0 N2* Eî \!
D AW\ /! i /Q )C ¤ Lq + A- Q /Q QY Xi-
Lq [ 8*"\ N A N% A\Qss i j*[ NQ
C

X\! ß /! F
A- Q FQ AX?Q N VF
k E(n /Q E( /0 )+ L 9* L\! AW\ N*?"

E(#*Q N2* ? ss
86

D C ¤ Cß (Discrption ) lG lG p\ N
A- Qss E7ð k7 i )/" +0 D\ A o,Q AE[$ E(yQ ¤
X)Dd y¤# [ E)"z C jD XF A _
Q ND F"\ss
XT
)N$ j \Q A- Qss E=
k FQ 4Q?Z ! VF C<
j/! =VE )D=: jF VF C ANW )D=: jF "Ess
FQ e" 0 C< A4 ( Discrpetion) lG lG N/2 VF

" C< /C o U\ j o E©\ E" _

N*[0 /Q Nr j \ L z[ ss
5.2.3.

A( A
E-F ) Qv QCN" ? O¦ )\
Q"r UV? ss FOQ

\ Q N # ?

) : D
$ (I) Q Q 9*#: UVA
8\\?
A( A
A=q
F"E j*[µDE
zI< Q2 "E?

N%" NX I#" c1 DE AW
u^ "E?

)´ y¤# E jF EI ? jG
0< ;C UV 44 N " )) 8\ss

\ A$q 0
q N"EQ C" AW\
/Q D L\! (Govern N2*) /Q N-2 U\ /Q ?8 A
N # ss ET

\s-
N"EQ AW\ N Q
Ad
A j E"
)j AW\
\!" U1#E j" j+7 X
q F
\!" U1#E L= jG
q 2[< N%
U1 DE F
87
N"EQ AW\
)C \! +Q /Q

q )C \! AD? +Q
q j8* N"EQ

¤ /Q Y A )D ;Q A2=}q
[: A75 E" ) j
NO*" = F
'I=\ 6 D DE A 'I=G \!" U1 X

q jd F" %\\ # Q \! Qd" 9*q

q 2[ F
'I=\
q %\\ # )C \! !\8 D
Y F" %\ZQ 'I=\ )C \! !\8 D
Y DE F
'I=\Q F %\\ # \!"E
q N8* 2
+Q DE F"
q j8* 2 N/µ
/Q
jCµ ¤
[: A75)" ) j Y =a jF F
N"EQ UNO )®Q W 25 /Q N

q j8*
N"EQ A ¤ /Q EC8¡ XN2* ? I#"
q
! j\§ ¤
[: ) j Y " =a F
P¡< =â5<" YZ )D= X
q )+"

q F /Q 2[< N8* F DE F" PK<^
=â5<^" YZ )D=
q j8* KF
[: ) j
YE =a F
; Q+Q ;C UV E-F
!: z
j) Qy= \Gss
5.2.4.
N*[0 jl zI<

;C UV? K)) Q Q 9*) UVA E-j4 X
; )J%\ss NX)\ 0 A( A
X
) 6 \% A$q
F AI *[!\ j 0? ?
88

A$q
F N*[0 ) ] A ) zI" A9=
+NGss FQ XT
# ) û zI< /Q A9= yGQ A
\QQ2" )JX jW q PF NG KF ? A )+D
E A9=" zI< "Ess

A$q
F j*[0 A 2

q \; j- 2[ (Supremacy Clause) E(O* N2*
ss W# A

q A$q
F"
qQ EX Q 2* E-F j- A+; E"re ss T
Q

q
Ad j/!E YZ
} AC j /Q
)}j
jCêE ¤< X
q [ )8=Ü XF QQ A
[: m
E-NO=E j-
#: 2[ N+0
q
" \E\" jX L z*[Gss
y ) -* A
#E j*[µ 2
AW j/µ
} /Q jCµ V¤<
q 2[< N+
F"E j= L z*[Gss A A2
/Q ¤

#: z*k LA A2 /0" ) A- Qss
A? y A A9= E\X ss *
Ad j/µ
}

q N8* F"E Q *Q*
}^ Q% bq X6-{ c

F X!#E 1 AD? E AW 0 K+ Q%
bq 6-+

q kD~ (Constitutional Council) #" )Q

q j8= %_\
k X#)l 1 j#*Q L
z# ss Y ©\
A j AW j/êE -A" $<
X!#E 1 “WC\ ¡ ” ©\ )Q j#l L
z# E"# ss Y ©\ (USA) ? X N"EQ
/Q ¤ L=
Xe c
q 2[< j8 F
#: ?â
)0«?\ ?Z j? N"EQ ) 0 /Q
/ 2 C NQ -*
jÖ _2 b 0 j+? "
k /Q V¤ _2 b
NC*Q L z# ss A8 A ) ] L z*k
89
FQ
h /Q ¤<
#: j= L
z*[
N*[0 j+l zI" A9= E-F
z? \[\ss
Î) 2 A A j AW\ AEØ y¤# A[0J\ j\
C?
q 2[< ) j -?
q j8*
}
E7/!" ) * A-[ +\ XN A)7-=:" YZ
EQ< E7/2 AEØ y ¤# j-k 2[<

#E NW) " AEØ y¤# j C

q -? E-TyQ AEØ y¤# % \" {00 L
z[ AW A9= j! L z*[Gss T
Q
AEØ y¤# K[0
q 2[ $ )7-$
A2} j9= AEØ y¤# ) j E 2[< NW)
CQ ? F AEØ y¤# K[0QQ
q
j= " j)7-* L _
q *[!Gss
A=) -*
q N*[0 A jX)G A9= X

q Nnn L [ )"r ss W# A
q Nnn\
z*k L
Ad
N! XjX) L X- ss
T
Q XjC A- Q%
Aß A\E

2[ +\ L Enn
q E7*
q
jnn\ L
Xj/! L X- N2* +j A
N \Gss T
©\ A )J%" A9= " A2 A2 A
X
q 0 )/C 9*#: 2[< -J XD2
X$ + \ Nnn L*A -[Gss
AQ) -*
N*[0 A jX)G A9=

q j8* ¤ /C /Q Y A E8¡ -* AW\ /Q
C?
)3 E-F N2* ss FQ \! O* ¤
/C k7 -*C AW\ _ ? )3 jF L z*k KF
\! AD? ) C? D L\! -J XU1q j/2
_ ? )3 jF 2q /\ FO )"r <{ (1µ
90
C' -Dh JDW 3P ,-T $ E 28WP;
SL.!!
A8
q *[0 e " jF ) ] L jz*k
Q E-F 2[j ; A \Qss A( A
q
*[0" X
" \E\" C L D $ 2
y# ss
D ;C UV? N"EQ C /Q AW /Q
D L\! X
q F
q 0 L
q 2[<
)Í FO O Q F Y A[ “yGQ
L” F I#E"
U1#E ! " \!"E +Q DE F 8\ss
5.2.5. Is` 3P ,- $!

Is` 3P ,- AP`T 3, '* 28WP; C1-. H>
AP (:$ 1@ AL E JZ 1A(( 'O EP2!!
E$b3# JJD A6DP -1@
- {`1 3P ,-T AP`T 3, '* ,i C1 6W
(supremacy clause) 12 '* $!! 3P ,-T A : i JB 3P
,-T $ C1" AL S/ 6W 1r!!
E1GG@ 6W LE@ h8 1@ '* 6Wp A6$
$ -2Is` 3P ,- $ C1-:#k S/ D3
EM!!
-2 3P ,- $ C9$,P 3P ,-T A:i JB Is` 3P

,- #ELe [2 -D 3P ,-T S/ D' 82
A-:0@ A#- S/ D' -; A9w S/ D3
'* OD!!
3P ,-T A:i 9 U- A:i 1 " ÅP ,-T ~P`T 3, $!!

8@# 3, 8G/ ALD Es[# ,- AA <# 2-0 E\
91
Mb3 3P ,- WD C5 M'$ (jC$ AO# " 82 9$,W!!
3# A) -J4 !-
• 8@# 7 <# ²ZL 3, A´ 3, A-jC AA N 9r
-Ll 7 <# H> E\?@ M3P ,-T WD C5* M'$
(jC$ H2 '* !
• 8@# 7 <# ²ZL GB$ AA \ M3P -,-T WD
C5 M'$ (jC H2 '* !
• 8@# 9r CPB 7 <# ²ZL ,- 2-0 E\
M3P ,-T WD C5 M'$ (jC$ H2 '* 9P, 7#
'$ ²ZL 9r CPQ ,- AA 3P ,-T 6W C5
3 <# \ M80 : 12@ '*+ 3P ,-T
C5* \ <# 3 A<k , (jC$ E98OL@ AP`º
-; P× '$ 3P ,-T '* ,i A-:#Ø!!
• 3P-,-T $T C1{ ,- AA <# 2-0
C<-Ù@ \ ? A92#!! Is` 3P ,- w AAV
C_ 8G/ AL (jC$ COL@ 3P-,-T E-A(5*
6- ? E9'$ ,i Al!! 3P ,-T E1G D
34 3. 8E9, MM EG2 9,·!! 'O# 3P ,-T
Es2 T CP 3P ,-T 6W 85* 3/ EnI
8G/ AL El 3P ,-T 2C5* C 3W/ ;5 E9H2
E9# 8@# 8G/ ALD M3P ,-T WD C5 M'$ (jC$
E9H2 8< 3P ,-T 8G/ 6DvI 12 $
1W,0!!
• [2(w 9r 3P ,- $ A9w D3 A6D 3P ,-T
A:i 9 U- A:i 2 "8w# W ,- AA+ 2A 6DI
83L E9b[# 2-0O?@ 3P ,-T 8-MD 23P ,-T
(P× ' ~$ A2@ 82 9$,W!!
92
3P ,- 6W ,- ? E' ,2m 83
2A 6DI C2MT I (00B '$ ,Z ~$
C1-:#k @!! '*# 3P ,-T 8w# W +83D +2A
6D <# ,- AA 3P ,-T (WP2 -L
1 3P ,-T 1-: ,Z# E 9r 87D EG2 3P
,-T - H> 87D E9CP E [v# 3P
,-T -L `1 86, 23P ,-T (P× ' ~$
EG2 9$,W!! Eb3 3P ,-T C;2 3P ,-T C5*
8@# (,L M# : + 23P ,-T (P× ' 87D
,Z ? E' H> 6DI <# 8w# AA 3P ,-T
C5 (,D # AP 3P ,-T N1-M ) C. A _ 86,
CP [. 86, ,Z ;>!! '*# 3P ,-T 3P ,-T
C5 (,D <# E\ M- Es:X E 23P ,-T (P×
Es'* H 9, 3P ,-T 28-MD @ ~$ Es<k
9P, 3P ,-T $ 28WP; 9$,W!!
¿-(w 9r 3P ,-T A:i 9 U- A:i 3

" b3 3P ,- M(9$PP ´ 8@# A£c -0 14 (M2M2
$ " 82 9$,W!! K D3$ 1-:k I
1 D
m 34m ,- -0 s7L1/ '$ P6 3P ,-T
S ? 14 EG2 3 (2e ~ s7L1/ ,-
P; ^0 N14 E98? E9b3 h$ _M L V1W;#
I
1 D m 34m 3 D3 28-MD A-v '$
ED#r [. E9C<- C9$,, b3# 3P ,-T $ P×$
C1W,; 6W 'O EP2!!
AL(w 9r 3P ,-T A:i 9 U- A:i 4

I
1 19:?@ h2# A:e -##$I AP`T 3, AA @ C
D3 9,·!! K D3 h2# A:e -##$I 3P ,-T 6W
93
AM NOD -2CP ,Q$ C9$,, $!! K D3 EZ $
(D# 12 C DA AMLA` G
$.!!
{`1 "AP`T 3, AA $" C2 ~, EZ $ 12

C $!! b3 3P ,- 3, C -1 CL@ M3P ,-T ´
1. H> 3 '* MA:i 9 U- A:i 1 6W 2G
?!! h2# A:e -##$I Cf6g 34 (<A
#7D Y E9'$
A:i 55 U- A:i 12 (9,·!! '*# h2# A:e -##$I
AP`T 3, AA C'* M'$ ²ZL 34 (<A
#7D Y ²ZL.#
'$ 7 ,- (jC C19DW@ A¢ 17 3,
1@ '* 127 C MLM`1 C1:DX A.!!
H 3P ,-T A:i 13(2) E 3P ,-T A:i 9 U- A:i
4 M(: D3 WD EZ $ 00# C?2 I
1 1f9:?@
h2# A :e A/ I -##$ 3P ,-T #ELe ¿- ^D
M(9$P A/ I 6W WD E 9r E9C <# 3P
,-T 6W (D# 12@ Mh2# A:e A/ 6W
WD (00 P6 -2'$ EZ $ C C. ;1¡ $E.!!
A5 -2M( 3P ,-T h2# A:e -##$I AM 12

,Q$ # E9'$ P× '$ D3 8-:k 3P ,- $ <*
E-M# 6- E9'$ 1E1!! '*# h2# A:e -##$ C1f6:
AA h2# A:e ,Z -; M,T -##$T M3P ,-T WD
C5 ' A2'* Es#D <# M-##$T -; M3P ,-T
WD C5$ 7e 8:2 8P96 (Reservation) 12 '*
Pà Es: C1-P66 D3 $!!
Is` 3P ,- $T C1 6W S/ 3P ,-

D3 A6D M1 (y8` 8@# ,- AA \ <#
94
8@# 3, 3P ,-T C5 'O M(P (D# 6 C'
^Dh 9P, !
• 3P ,- 8°°1 ;1¡ 28 # '$ 3P ,-T 28°° ;

'* ^DhI 9P, JDW!
• ,- 2-0 (1µ$ 3P ,-T A S/ D3
A6D 9P,!
• A-@£ v [\ NL@ CPX S/ 9m 9P,
## '$ ,D v 3P ,-T P×$ $ C1W,k
AL S/ D' AAI EP2!!
<11 ;1¡
1. 3P ,- $ (WP [\ " 3, $ E 8WP;
C1- ^Dh P ? 2 1-.?
2. 3, $ “Rule of law” E 3, S ,o“Rule by law” AM #
S/ $ A2 2 1-.?
3. 7 3P ,- $ ,2 4D4D 1-:#k!!
4. I²6` 3P ,- $ 7 3P ,- $ WD 12 ,Q$
JD4)!! A6 7 ²ZL. ,- C5 7 3P ,- V1f6
}T # '?
5. *n *n ik j/µ C< F V EI i D\?
d =d kL j/!
"
4? )=ý j/µ
WX\
\] Q2?
6. I RS \! %__\ (separation of power) A /?
7. iLq ¤ E(C0 \! )C AW\ A2\< /Q
) C
¤ A N%
E-! =\ /?
8. (J%=K: ) L i A D\ss I RS A72
C?: ? K! #\ss
D y¤# EI i A N
\?
95
5.3. C?A:" IJ%=K: ?
# )C*) «) QC« /Q C* C?A:" (J%=K: ?

X F ss
C?: ? n" ? } XL L\! abuse ss X#$%

E-Qz (J%=K: A Q*# )-* \ C< ?
E(#/{" E(X X)-* \ [ )z ss
i W\F )+ #C EQ ? /z) EP4 A (J%=K:

) L X*q 1 XD2 \ E" f ? "Ess y"
ET
" YZ C \ ? e " Pf jG ?q )8j F
E=VE C< L\! D b KF ss i4A G: L\! D b
D\F C< C?: ? e " Pf AGQss
è A$W C*q = AD A$W o Kt ) =*l C2
jX) \ss
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among
these are the pursuit of happiness-that to secure these rights, Governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the
governed. '
Taken from 'Declaration of Independence'
(J%=K: L) L Q*# e" C*q C<" i4A ? X

F (J%=K: L) L " C< ? X j!G A-GQss
FQ (J%=K: L) L ~Q F e" x C<
? X N \ss
96
5.3.1. ? AXp \ (classification of rights)
Qy= C< ? ) ] +Q Xp_ +Q!Gss
A7v^ positive and negative )? KXp G negative N L Et
E(C? j2 QVY
/ O ? N/ N KF Positive
N -J L yGQ E©\ 08 P- jD QVY Q
" m"
? yGQ N7* N ss Y ©\ -J A- \2 ? (first
generation) N Q C?A:" W: ? y ) \2 ? (second
generation) N Q IOj:" N
=: ? E" «) \2 ? (third
generation) N Q û
AWD O ? /z)... N Xp Gss I'($

? C?A:" IJ%=K: ? N X_Ee\ss T
|y_
I'($
C* A2 \X EJ%= ss
A+| 1A
C?:" (J%=K: ?
1. C?: ?" XC \5 ) 0 j N!" N § "Ess

2. } E" i4A C?:" (Q%=K: ? X=Gss
U A+| 2 E-)- ET
C?: ? E(yQ (J%=K: ?
E-jX -\ss } C?A:" (J%=K: ? X CQ N \N
NQ! E5 !Q A ss } ?#E X)X* /- A|" yX _
jw Q% AOQss EE Nnn\ ? )) E(9 j- ss
) I RS y¤# CQQ E2 Q C?:" (J%=K ? X 9*#:
2 y¤# ss
C?: ?
C?: ? N NQ jC!E /Q j_[E VF C< F"E ?

) 0 E ? N ss L ET
? E" C!Ee\
97
Eî j*%#E ì#< A-GQss ET
? X [ ) VF
C F ? jX ? "Ess
C?: ? )? Xj+ WX\ A7v^
1/ i/ O ?
2/ AW\ -
? E"
3/ ? "Ess
(J%=K: ?
(J%=K: ? jDG } A2 A A?* O=E Q% [=

C*q N
*C? 0 jO=E E©\ )V " )8j j X E©\
? E7E j*[0 Lq E" jC ? ss
(J%=K: ? )? Xj#/{ WX\ A7v^

1/ MV? | ?
2/ C?C? -= " CN: C\_ N2* ?
3/ Q*0" *0 ? "Ess
I'($

F )X Z QE=_ « C*#: C?A:" (J%=K:
? z4\ss A8
q A2 «) %_\ ET
C*#:
? 44 F"E X Q
q C?A:" (J%=K: ?
C ©* EzD ss
5.3.2. ? jO -?

IJ%=K: A } yG E©\ F"E ? A8+Q E©\ )8j "Ess
T
Q C* QVY MV? | ? yGQ ? F A MV K\|
YQ ) MV? W U | ? A N ss E¤ +*?©
MV? Y P+\ D\ A T ?â A\)X*Q j\ A WX = ? Eî
Y ? A N/ F"\ss FQ NQ C ?q K+Q YZ C<
) ? N% De\ss FQ NQ C ? E" jC"
08 j-* Y C ? EWX* 2* ? ss Y C ? jW
KF ? F Q" Y C ? ! F"\ss y" A- ?
98
A{J Y jQ N XD2" AE[$ ss
) MV?
X | ? [ )z }\ #\ss FQ A ? XY ? [
A!0J w2 A (J%=K: L j[0Q )" ss
? PX jG ? K! jX? L KO ss FQ ?
E7! X)!Q A01 j+! /Q -*C k7 )!!f jX_\
" A O A ss (J%=K: L Lq j " j)7- "

j i" L A ss (J%=K: Lq N N ET
i}"
L N N ss ? E(X ET

" A X A DEss
ET

" A " k2 DE FQ
" A C* ?
P#*l" P)WXG jDss
" A EXF 2* NQ C PX?=E
D\ss FQ } (J%=K: Lq )? /µ
}" L
N% c1 A DEss y" i NX L= A{J C?: ? !
jQ* q [ E-F Q XD2" AE[$ ss ET
i} N ,Q
i A oj AW\ i NX j/- EQ C?: ? P©" P!
Gss T
Q% (J%=K: L i A oj AW\ X_) )"
E-j0 AEQss ? C?: ? )X=W$ 2O ©*
C0) j)^ /\ ,l j , C?: ? ! VF i
AXD$ i PX j/- EQ /\ )!$ ? E7W XX\
ss
? AEØ Ae5 Q% P- Gss

-Lq A+| 93 d
/=$ K[0Q
-L#: Lq A-[ j0\ y¤# KXC " ) -
i NX ®®Q N \ KF ? P- E-jG )-\ss
A+| 18 C?A: A4 X\XG A+| 25 E©\ ? " A+| 39 ?
?*CA ? E-N-? -\ss
5.3.3. A? L\! A"V 2 ? j-? F (the maj

majority rule
restrained and limited by the rights of the minorities)
99
? AXD K/V N*C A"V %_Z ? ) ©* jC F
b C2 \[\ss (J%=K A"V %_\ 0Q" A) Xb ND "
) A/WX\ F A)q X )D | O#\ss
W\F
NQ N*C jW V¤ 2Q| ?\x ? X)/C A"V %_\ 0l
A72 V +=\ss XTQ A\ P*V" PQ \ss
KF
A"V< N*C 0 E©\ )V#1 F A?* O _}#E PQ
\ss
A"V KD\ ?*C? D
\ MNO ®® E(yQ -J W A)
j/%G %_Z yG W #\ss
ET
A"V< {0 W {0=E j - W %\" Pf
jG ?#E X y¤# A3 F \ss jO
N*C? /Q ?*C? %\\ 0 {0=E !Q A) FO W )®N
0 %\" Nr NG XF i\"E 0NE" A)#E E(#/"
E(X ) ? E(C!E N2* (Q%=K F j+ ss QY
A2 %\\ 0 jO {0=E N Q% %\" Nr W\ G X?M
A/WX\ A/WX\ ? ) ] (J%=K L C!Ee\ss T
A2
N*C? A"V %_Z ? N 7J%=K F j8* VF (J%=K
E-N"X j ss
XT
E-+* A2 ©\ ?U NX Y ©\ A"V ?
j8* Gss y" ET
(J%=K: L 9*) QC«<
"Ess A? j \ [= k7 /C Eî Y A"V /
)z[ A- Qss
FQ (J%=K: L A"V< 9*#: ? X (J%=K: Lq

9*#: Di ss A"V< ?#E E-)X* W*[µ 7J%=K:
Lq 0 A<#: )V E(-k N*[x ss
I'($ i L A"V ? j\ 2[< Gss

EQ
100
1. ? ?w*C? = E2\ = /C EX\ ? ss
?
?*C {0 XQ VD NQ ?w ?w*C? iLq )*[
? ss FQ {0 A) F ?w /Q ?w*C? )C*)
(J%=K: L 9* Ay jÖ y¤# W\)E" W\)NN
NQ Y / VD = )72 * /Q EX\" =
L * j ? ss
2. 'Ià Q% b ?w*C? 9* -* %\"ss I'($ )/WR Q%
b AD\ )9*) i4? ? A2 C A2 2Q| j C*
D-* %\" ss T
Q Q% A? i4? z ?w*C? X_) {0
%\" O*e\ss )/WR Q% b E7 ?w ?w*C? %\" PÖ
j\ \© Qx %\\ E-j/CQ )\%A\ss e 'Ià
Q% b E7 ?w ?w*C? j/X\ FQ A"V ?w*CA X_) {0
%\" E(O=E j- ss
3. iLq )-k 9*#: ?ss ET
9*q A"V 2O ?
)? )-*k ? "Ess ET
9*#: ? /0
j yGQ %\\ Q% b KNl ? ss A A) {0
%\\ Q% b W\)NN ET
? A2Q nn\ A-*Qss
5.3.4.
q C?:"
C?:" (J%=K: ? NX z*[E {00"
% \
# AW i q N%" NX E7 DE A+| 9/1/

+0Z D y¤# -\ss
NQ [ AW W 25 YZ N

=: 25 E(yQ
D \!O E
q NX
q )Í F c1 A DE
/C4 )*/

N%Q A I#
q )-k " E" f
C?:" (J%=K: ? N% NX I#E ss
#

101
T
AW" D \!" A\)/Qss \{ ? NX {00"
% \ zÕ\ss T
%_\ ET
{00" % \ XN[#
1 YZ A G )J%< N EJ%= ss ET
Q A EP4"
A$W "Ess ET
y A (J%=% A KF y 0A ?";=E
EP4 |
)- A : KF e" e"
\! ÛN z2 ss A$W | Þ`47#: KF 'I=:
A/8+ A ss EP4 )
Q A$W )

A ss T
T
\Q2 Nq 0 --$ F"\ss
A$W" EP4
C?: ?
0 NW) Q% \! )-
N®®Q ss Y ADD\ \! _ªN: F 2 ) ] )®N "
CA E5 A7XN N2* ss
T
©\ EP4 A )
Y C?: ? )|
jf ) ]
} 0 ss FQ «A ?# )!C N
k7E _/b j+ )D 0C 2* A 2* N _/b
j
q VF )=
} ss
C?: ? 0C
/Q Y AW\ /Q C? P ,Q \ss AW -J X E7

Aß
A j"
)j F"E )\%)"\ss FQ C?: ? 0C
6
A j XF EP4 _2 b /judicial review/ jD
/mechanism/ AC= 2q \! -? /ultra virse/ N 2q E(Q
/C \! AEss
FOQ ÛN C?: ? j0

/! /!
I.
#:
N
k n E"Q Aet )X Z )X"/ /Q E)X"/ 2 Q W
E(Q Nz4 \! EQss Q%qQ A2 Ae5 I.
#: N
102
)
O \[\"ss )o
W
2[<
)= Ae5 n A\Qss

QVY E"*7 ~'2$
A+| 22/1/ NQ C /\ %
K+? )XCC 2 ) 6 2q ,l /Q A ,l /\
F
)- W\F )+ P+! A\Q E(yQ /G ,
/G ) oj X* ! !$ X- ! NQ C A/Q
N )-\ss
T
A+| C* /\
)!$ 0Q W\F + /- c \« AC=Qss

? EP4 AQ )X* ? ss
k )o
0
VF )=
0 ss FQ EP4 ÛN Y )=
N!
?
-? \ss EP4 _/bQ E= Aet I.
#: N
k n
\! EQss
/- A$W ! ) ] "Ess A$W X200 E2

)o
A ss
Q
A+| 6/2/ = A$q jf
} yG F -\ss E(yQ w

) ] AW
_ \! AXp_ë\ss C!EQ \! ) ] -A A2\ss QVY
A$W * Þ` j2?
P/! A\Qss
C Ae5 /!
'I=\ _/b
k I.
#: N a*e\ss )VVQ
A$W
A oj NQ \©
q j* C?: ? 0C
;Q 'I=\ _/b 2q I.
#: N 2q E(Q
N2* \! A ss
FQ NQ AW\

A ,jQ y /Q
Aß

q 2[< j0 2 K ,l /Q
/µ A$W 'I=\
_/b
k I.
#: 2qQ -J I.
#: N
k n E" 2q NQ \! A ss
103
X EP4 ÛN C*#: ? j0
} P/! E-j\
)\%)"\ Q%qQ ET
? )- jf )=
} F
? "\ss Y ©\ -J ET
C*#: ? )| jf A$W

/0 F n + Nnn\ EØ +\ A- Qss A$W
A+|
5 C* ET
C?: ? j-k 2[< Nnn\ UC? N*?
* 2/3 2[_ \[\ss
N8 \ EP4 A )o

Q A$W A FQ C*#:
? EP4 A )| jf )=
} 0 ss A$W )| G
A$q
} yG F
0 ss XT
jX) -J EP4
Û N ET
C*#: ? j-k )=
} Y )=
Pa=E
\ss EP4 _/bQ
XX\ AGQ A$W ÛN ET

C*#: ? Pa j\
N! A\Q /!Q 'I=\ _/b
k I.
#: N e[ Ce\ss EP4 Pnn\ j\

Qss A$W Pnn\ j\ )o
A ss FOQ C*#:
? j-k
2[< Nnn\ ÛN" %\\ #
2/3 2[_ 8\ss
I RS
I RS 'I=\
I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A WE
)/WR
7 29 + 1987 .Q 6-+ss FQ I RS E- A$W )o

A ss A$W
A+| 6 E-- EQ
A+| 9
= jX) y¤# -\ss
q U$q
ss FQ NQ
\N7: AC= E(yQ
AW\ /Q D \! V¤ XT
[ j+* XF ) oj
AO*Qss
104
T

#: 2[< C*
Aß 'I=\Q F %\\
Aß<

2[< j8*
N! AGQ /µQ I.
#:
)?Z e[ E7O=E -*[\ss
)N$Q
A oj V¤
q j+* XF 2q I.
#:
)?Z 2q E(®*0" )r m Q X E(+ -*[\ss
Aß
j/!E
} I
#: PF XjGDE y¤#< A
#
){ C*#: C?: ? j /Q j*a
} F"E ss
jF /!
I.
#: )?Z n=\ )VVQ

A oj 2 C*#: C?: ? j0 XF I.
#: "E
)? E(®*µ -*[\ss
A$W
" ?ZQ C*#: C?: ? K! y¤#< j*Q" V¤
jC 'I=\ _/b ss I RS
\! 'Ià Q%
b ss A+| (62) 'I' Q% b T
E(*7 Ty A+| U A+| 2
C*
k7R A!$ kD~ -=\ss

kD~ Ae5 {0 250/1993 C* )-=5Õ\ss kD~ \!" )D
jz*4* A+| 6 'I=\ Q F %\\
Aß AW j/µ
}

#:#E 0 KV 0á Q *n V¤ 'Ià Q% b
+D\ N -\ss FQ
4? )/WR Q% b C*#: C?: ?
j0 /Q j2?
/! Aet 'Ià Q% b I.
#:
N
k a*" )D=: E7F -[\ N ss
A oj

q ?ZQ C?: ? 0« Ö _/b 2q NQ" XT
Q )r
m E(+ E4 \! E7E
# A+| 9/2/
NQ AW\
q NX c1 A N -\ss
)N$Q 7u Kl
q E-jX?" E-jX? 8\ DGss
105
N8 \ I RS )o
A ss
qQ XyGQ
}

ss C*#: C?: ?Q T

E" )C0ÕE

e " AEss FQ ET
C*#: ? n /Q /0
Aß
N
4? )/WR Q% b
P/! A\Qss /!Q 'Ià Q% b
I.
#: )?Z n=\ E(yQ
A oj
j+*
EQ /C2 E-y¤# E4 \! AEss T
T
C*#:
C?: ? 08 -*Ee\ N s

q C?: ? 2[< Nnn\
X E7 A$W

)- jf C?: ? 2[< Nnn\

Aß /*/ 2/3 2[_ 2Q|" %\\ # 2/3 2[_ \[\ss
I'($
C*#: ?" o )-k
q QE=_ «
ss ET
?" o 2[< Nnn\ A+| /105/ E-)-
jX)G y¤#: ´ A DEss
1. yGQ %\\ Q% b +* Nnn 2Q| ?\x C,2{

2. 'I=\
4? )/WR Q% b 2/3 2Q| +* Nnn K,2+
E"
3. 'Ià Q% b 2/3 2Q| Nnn K,2+ss
T
XT
0 A EØ D´ C*#: ?" o 2[<
Nnn N2* A \Q N ss QVY A %\\ Q% b 0 X50 + 1
2Q| Nr D \" )+ Q %\Z ) 2Q| Ö EØ
Nnn N2* A \Qss )VV A- Q% b 2/3 2Q| 2[_ DÖ
Nnn A-*Q N ss «qQ 2 y¤#< A2 A2 Kf ?
C*#: C?: ?" o 2[< Nnn N2* j ss
FQ
q )-k C*#: C?: " o 2[< C?
AD Nnn\ Q E7=*§
q X )+ y¤# 08
-Ee\ss
106
YZ {00" % \ zI<
C?: ? 0C ) -* ) ] AW P ,Q \ss AW\

D \! Û W Û C? PF G 0Cq j ,l ss X
ÛN I
#: F
} /!
k )D=: A7F EI
E-j \ 2q NQ E-j \ T
Q
A!$ kD~ 'Ià
Q% b " _2 b j" )\%)"\ss
XT
)N$Q
# YZ {0" % AG ss QVY
4?
)/WR Q% b WG \!" " )D= 'I=\ U"
4? XX
-
ÛP c\ A-* /C A ss #( ET
AW =
A o,NE *2 j#] C*#: } C?: ? j© k7R KXCq
Q< E(/ -[\ss A 1997 .Q. Qx )X Z )V yX "
?0?0 k C?: ? )0è\ j\ J# * A!$ ja A®{J
y¤#< A!Õ\ss
)N$Q A+; 55/14/ E" /15/ E-)- C?: ? ja" i4? ED
D3 )®N A®{´\ss ET
)®N c1 Q E-F /-1 44
Q X) ss
C?: ? PX jG E" i KO Y ADD\ ET
C?A: ? C?Q F 2 =VE C?: ? Q ap ! DEQss

FQ ET
? ) E" )8j F N2* N 2
/Q -* DE 2 XT
? [ A -\ss ET
Q A2 D2
E\X ss
A+; 29 E-)- A WX E" UV? 4" ; ? E"

AÖÕ\ss
N A2 C jCNN A WX 4" UV ; ?
8\\ss A ªQ 8\ ;¦_ i L 0? \% /Q *
107
N* zI PF \ss XT
[ )
q Ty A+; U A+; 29/3/
ý`" YZ " ?M E(yQ L 0? = *[µ -\
2 Q= ( Censor ) )X X F" i4? 0Q j X * Nr
? *[µ -\ss
#( ET
Q ? -? Y DE A-GQss Ty A+| U A+| 6 C
E-)- /! -
C %? \WQ Q jh7 ý` m i
/0 "Ess
E(yQ j-*k ì +V< C?A: %? j© A-DD
x< i /0 F )X XG "Ess iQ )3 -[Gss A+; 3A Q
C?C? CN: C\_ N2* " Abq# N*? ? )+ ss FOQ
ET
? ) A72 -A \X \[\ss QVY XYZ [
C?C?" CN: C\_ N2* QQ ì V$ 4 A\Qss
Xb ß ?CD<" CN: C\ X)-*k CN: C\^ j+V+DE A#<

i4? E8¡ _ DEQss /Q ET
?CD<" CN: C\
(J%=K: ?" i4? J=\ y¤# ! DEQss
A2 -? KF
y ) -? -J ET
? /! -
C %?" \WQ Q W
DEQss ET
? ì +V< E(yQ C?: %? j© A-DD
x< +j F DEQss
A+; 31 NQ C NQ N N

-= ? A ss FOQ
AD? i ! /Q i #: q i /0 2 N_*
-= %\%\ ss
N8 \
# )
ss X
h yG
ss FQ
NQ
X
q [ j8* XF e[ AO*Qss T
Q \!
'Ià Q% b ss _/bQ
q NX I# A DEss YZ
D \!" Q F AW
q N%" NX c1 A DEss
FQ NQ AW\Q F D L\!
q )-k ?A:"
(J%=K: ? N%" NX I# A ss
108
C?:" (J%=K: ? j-h
2[< Nnn\ )=

A \Qss
q = +C 2 W\F )+ss *nQ C<

q

\ 08 -*E C?:" (J%=K: ? +Q jG
YZ C?:" (J%=K: ? N% ss C?:" (J%=K: ?
Q" ap ) A\Ö N )3 X \ss
FQ
#
• C?A:" (J%=K: ? NX T

q A C* E-F
• ET
Q
q QE=_ « A? A# z jf E-F
• ET
? )Dd E() 44
} )- F
• ET
? E7! XX\ )!Q NX ) ] A
O=E
) X KF XT
V A= I RS } C*#: ? EX*
" Ty E(+0\ PC= jD F *7 E ss
/ 0<
1. ) " D\)
- G\ C?A: ? A\% Q \] A ?
2. A$W
" I'2$ i- C?A: ? A\%
E A2 " \] Q2"E?
3.
4? )/WÄ Q% b I'2$
- #/{ C?: ? 2[<
j0
/! mq Q F"\?
4. C?:" (J%=K: ? NX _/b j" Q2?
5. %\y
- A!$ kD~ )D" c1 Q2?
6. C?: (J%=K: ? +Q 2j
N% \[\ss T
NNy? Q?
7. (J%$K ?U A4 ss FQ C? ? X XIJ%=K [ Q
"re\?
109
8.
q C?A:" IJ%=K: ? )-k %_\ A72 A+
QVY A+| 15 1719(6) E" YZQ ‹i )- W\F› jG U*}
AGDEss
N
Aß AW\
j- C* ?^
E-jX j % ss

)- j ADD\
Aß
E- ? A o,Q E(? /Q )zee$ ? E(_
j- AFQ /? T
Q XX A ?
9. } A)7-=: -\ -*C? )k AC= na\ N
)-[[j CN: C\_ N2* 0 +Q 7D
\ N « A\CNEQss ET
C< IJ%=K ?# A\)X*Q
N /-A| = ss IJ%=K ? )X* jD Abq# N*?
?#E KX / Abq#E )+D AÖ E
E-j \k K- ? } A\CNE K\ /-A| = XD
Y Q Qx AE?
10.
/0 F ?CD -*k C< P E() NVC C0Q ) 8-
A\FQss E(Q P« 2[ // Q=Gss P« V$
Q )VV \© *D^ 2[ /*=Gss XP« )/*/*
2[ Ak\ A# )# *D AD\ J#\ss 2[ /e$ P« C
-\ /\ PXC D\ /? jXC XF
NX )D EI
PX"/ \?
11. I'($ iL C?A:" (J%$: ? z %_\ Nnn\ yGQ
%\Z Q% b A?x 2Q| NN A DE \ss y" A) %\"
U*$ %\\ Q% b W\)NN P+ A\Qss T
y¤# A"V /
_} ? A? / _} E(/C E-* EI (J%$K: PD\
\?
5.4. L AC=" )3
I'($
X)C*)DE C*#: F< A )3 ss
)3 j X I'($
L A+| 12 E-jX) +Q!\ss
110
1. L AC= i4? \| F 2 X"/ A ss
2. NQ U1"
4? )=d U1q K2\ )3 F"\ss
3. i4? * )/W EQ D! XA# NV \ss 44
i /C"\ss
(J%=K: L \!
4 F" L L= jC
4?
/×Z F"E )/WR *!E
4? )3 "Ess N Q L=E
$ N*? * E(yQ
! j |l )D )!!f
! E(f /Q -* k7 W % \ )3 A DEss

4? * )/W )3 Y E-F
4? GA: " A+Qss
i4? GA: E PF XF -J )/WR )3 F A DEss
I RS ) (J%=K D k7
\" 0 F y¤# m#N
F )3 XY (J%=K D A \Qss (J%=K
\"
k7 F A m#N )3 E(O N2* )VV i\" 0
F"\ss
1. * Nr ?

q A+| 12 U A+| A2 E-) X) )3 $
\| ss L /X i4? A9= \| F y¤# NX"/ I#

A ss i4 * L Q E9= E-F N/ ? A ss
X\| Ao Q -* A ?
1. i4 L ¤< ?8 V)_ j ! %% " /#: *
Nr K\ ss
4 * L %%\ =q !
j … /#:" %% * KÖ ss
?*)C /#:" %% *
Nr X yG \| F ? A)7- -\" ?\ N+*
X_) A)e|O N2* \ss \|q = +0# XjX nn\

?*)C /#:" %% * Nr k2 N)WX\ Q E(/2
111
N2* \ss I RS K\ C Nnn Þ=Q L-QD U
Þ=Q 0 X) Þ% A * Nr ?
Nz[
KF Ae5 {0 590/2000 " ?U" * o Ae5 j\ /0
)D=: F Q\ss
2. E7 L$ b jC L#: A\Z ) X) Q
A\Z Q N E-jC0 44 j?== $ N! "
)8j
?*)C?
jD E( -* O#\ss K\ C
Nnn Þ=Q QD U Þ=Q 0 )z X Þ% A
} ) KF
*3
FO D/!Q A$q yGQ $ b
E)C=" ) W 4 ÞC $I5$ Ao )\[R Q
A P´G E-jD jV] 44 )z[5) )D=:
-*[E X )3 NQ! Q
\ E-)w- z?
A7 Qss
3.
A oj AW\ j/!E PK< j+DE i *3 /z)..
k7R
?*)C A+2J )/DE" A) CDE PF D\ss
)/WR Q% b j+
*3 X|-8E 1
4 A)
E(C0 j- A )z E))* E-F j#/ ss
2. )3
* Nr ? *[µ i4 /Q j X) / * AÖ = ©\
N2* j E(- j*7 FQ XTy [ m#N F )3
O 2 A ss m#N )3 Xj\|DE v WX\ e"<^
jX)G "Ess
2.1. % \" {00 L

1.
4 GA: x F Q% b Q% bq /µ ih PK<
Ev Q% bq NE W )"j< %%\ ) oj F"E
N*[0 L= C= A ss Q% b â%Ü% k7 j*eE E-e"
O() |/b G AW L " E2 A o,Q ) X)
A * j+ Q% bq U1q jD E(/! j* "Ess
112
i4? ED D3 )®QQ A oj AW\ j ,l A)7-=: -Z
E** AC= E()WX\ N2* )3 N*[0 V$
j \ ss
2. W )"j< ®j L C=)u" K\ C A8 Q% bq
)+µ C*#: A!x<" ET
N ,Q j/µ Ev -A"
$< %%\ ,NE N*[0 ODEe\ss
2.2. L-QD" 6*-l" jaO
L D L\!O" 9=)u j ,l l" /Z " %C

E(yQ l" /\ E7 ,Q XX\ o L-QD" 6*-l" jaO
'I=\ ? %\Z )®{e\ss
'I=\ L-QD" 6*-l" ja L\!" )D X1\
4. AD? WE AW [ )D l" }î
4 8)
P"
E(} ? N)N E" \WQ QD
4? A\Z E"
?*)C 0
E(pp N2* l"" ?\ AC= e[
5. AD? WE AW [ )D $ b E"
\N 25 0 l"" ?\ AC= )[ µ" P[ µ jG AC=
A N0" /Q E( N2* E(nnG NNX" NVC? AC=
A^ )nG F"E X#)\ E" A FO KÖQ ) F
EQ E(/C2 /Q V¤ E(C0 AD? AW\ NV/ áQ NVC?
l" XX\
6. $ b /Q \N 25 /Q 'I=\ q
%\Z XjC 2}N [ )z %\\ /b /\
" YZ
}
0 ) Xq l" /Z C=)u /Q D \!O /Q
YZ C< ,NE 0N K-C /Q 3 0!` KO*
" %C /Q E(*" E(XC N2*
113
7. Xl" /\ [ )z 3 0!` KO* N"EQ D% jÖ
)!$< D% .V? ja E4 E(* N2* * Nr "
A FO KÖ _2 b E4 E(X N2*
%\\ G QD" ,* l" jaO %\E )VV A \!" )D
AEss
'I=\ QD" ,* l" ja +0# = A oj X#)\" !

)®® F A oj AW\ )|EO E7- N2* )+µ 2[<
Aet 0 Gss
A+| 3(2) ja )$ jÜ ss

A+| 4. ja AC= o
T
Ae5 A+| 3(2) )- OQ ja j*Q=E /Q %
jC DE /Q % C*)DE k7R XNQ C /Q AW\ !\8
? " A= o ss
A+| 10
ja
1. jÜ A= )/WR Q% b jQ A2 ja
2. jÜ jQ A2 Q% \ ja O#\ss
A+| 14
ja" Q% \ ja = z
1. ja" Q% \ ja z 2 A F"\ss FOQ A
KF E-" PQ \ss
2. ja /Q Q% \ ja XT
# W\F )+ )l = z
XN { 1 X 8 d X= AVQ
U. AD? D QD -? ) Xq 2[< )\ KÖ
. k\
F = Z#" \0_" Y KF
.
Q Q% )D ) y¤# NX"/ N\ FO KÖ
114
2.3. o _2 b
)3 L XL* Ao o _2 b O A " 9*#:

ss A2 L c1 Dp 0p j " j+! o F _2 b
\[\ss " i A oj AW\ )3
E(C= XN2* AØ 7Ö
AWG" 7Ö AW )? j#/{ )®J X_) A)e|O P-k Gss
)72 Xi d } ? " 0Q j0 / } L _2
b XC ? " 0NE NX Gss
? *[µ = L
L= 08" i[: F AWÙ ? E(C= P2- \ss"
y" 7u /":" A2ZA: E7F $ Xi Ad" Xi A oj
)|EO o F A DEss 7u L= e "" )!!Ö %_ E(f \[\ss
Q 7u AQ D \" L= PC= D\ss E(
08<
G 7Ö AW\
4? ?" o D3 F \ss )3 Q
m#N F \© )D=: -[\ss I'($
A+| 78 U A+| 1
o 7Ö AW\ T

)®® F -[\ss
2.4. Q*0" )/W 0= ?

)3 *n !$ V$ o" _ U: Qx ss o" _ U: Qx
D i4 j \ Q -J N*2 j+Q C*#:
\! D b N*[x F NQ C )3 E-jF A ) E(C=
j- W\C= -J X\! P/2 j\ L ss

q A+| 12 U A+| 3 )- 2[ E-j %) i4?
* )/W EQ D! XA# NV E-j\ ss
C*
A2}Q )=ý =ý E A¤# Kµ j/C2 EQ j\ E Ae5
{0 88/89 /0A\ss Aet A+| 5 E- X) A2 )=d =ý A¤#
Q PD\ j s-
1. )/X Qx %\\ Xjf =ý X15
Qx A2 j/!
-? 9* *2\ 0 Qx A2 K+
115
2. )/X Qx %\\ jf 10
=ý AVV Qx A2 j/!
-? 9* /*7 Q% b A?x 2Q| )/W] )\« E(= ¤
V § E-F E-F
3. \] Qx %\\ )/W ) X) Qx A2 j/! -? 9*
=ý A¤# N!q K*[0
4. i4? )/WR Q% b )=ý jV L QD /X i4? ?8
P/%\ A\ Q ?Z y Î) 2Q| K/ F"\ss
T
A+| C* 0 )´\ K+? Qx A2 z ´q A*[ì
=
4? EQ A0A\ ?Z X/C E Q % Y C E(*0 -*[\ N
ss
2.5. YZ )3 N j* $<
1. L 9=)u" D L\!" j L-QD -? O

2. 0Q d z? 0Q NV/3" ?* N4? L z[
3. l" /\ Q%" ®j< 08" X jC0 i N!
2.6.
2.6. \WQ A)7-" )3
\WQ A)7- Q2?

¾}KÁ¿ ¯KU ›kõ É`Ï„‹“ ›"Lƒ KSM"U ›e}ÇÅ` (Good Governance) ¨ÃU
K›e}ÇÅ` (Governance) ¾}KÁ¿ ƒ`ÕT@−‹” ¾cÖ< c=J” >’²=I É`Ï„‹ ¾c×D†¨<
ƒ`Ñ<V‹ ¨<eØ ƒŸ<[ƒ ŸT>cÖ<uƒ ’Øw Ò` ÃÁÁ³M:: Ÿ²=I ›”í` KnK< ¾}vu\ƒ
S”ÓWƒ ¾cÖ¨< ƒ`Ñ”ÓK=´—¨< ¾T>Ÿ}K¨<” ÃSeLM::
«
concept
Governance as a holistic conc ept is defined as the totality of the
exercise of authority in the management of the country'
country's affairs
comprising the complete mechanisms, processes, institutions through
which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal
rights and mediate their differences. It encompasses the political,
116
economic, legal judicial, social and administrative authority and, therefore,
includes the government, the private sector and the civil society.»
uSËS]Á ê”c GXx‡” e“’d S”ÓYƒ“ (Government) >“ ›e}ÇÅ`

(Governance) ÃKÁÁK<:: S”ÓYƒ (Government) ¾S”ÓYƒ ¾TeðìT>Á ›pS ’¨<'
SX]Á ’¨<:: Å”x‡”' QÑA‹”“ }sT„‡” ÚUa ¾S”ÓYƒ TeðìT>Á SX]Á ’¨<::
›e}ÇÇ` (Governance) Ó” É`Ñ>~” ¾U”ðêUuƒ G<’@ ’¨<:: ›c}ÇÅ` S”ÓYƒ
¾T>vM ’Ñ` Ÿ’u[uƒ Ñ>²? ËUa ¾’u[ c=J” u›UvÑ’” (Autocratic) S”ÓYƒ ¨<eØ
›e}ÇÅ` ›K' ÃH@U ðLß q^Ú ’¨<:: uóieƒ S”ÓYƒ ¨<eØU ÚõÝò ›e}ÇÅ`
›K Ç=V¡^c=Á© uJ’ S”ÓYƒ ¨<eØU ›e}ÇÅ` ›K p`è Ç=V¡^c=Á© ’¨<::
Ÿ²=I ›”í` ŸÇ=V¡^c=Á© Y`¯ƒ ›”í` c=Ã SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` ¾›”É ›Ñ` M¿
M¿ Ñ<ÇÄ‹ uTe}ÇÅ` [ÑÉ ›=¢•T>Á© ' þK+"© ' ›e}ÇÅ^© ' TIu^©“ ¾õƒI
Ñ<ÇÄ‹ u›Óvu< ¾T>S\uƒ“ Ÿ>’²=G< Ñ<ÇÄ‹ Ò` ¾}ÁÁ²< eM×“ƒ u›Óvu< }Óv^©
¾T>J’<uƒ” ¾›c^` H>Å„‹ ¾T>Á”çv`p ê”c Gdw ’¨<::
SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` Good Governance ¾›”É ›Ñ` M¿ M¿ Ñ<ÇÄ‹ ¾T>S\uƒ”

›"H@É ¾T>ÁSK¡ƒ >”ÅSJ’< KSM"U ›e}ÇÅ` S•` S”ÓYƒ ¾ÓK< ²`õ ( The
private sector ) >“ ¾c=y=K< T%u[cw (The civil society) ª“¨<” T>“ ÃÝ¨K<:: u²=IU
SW[ƒ >Á”Ç”Ç†¨< KSM"U ›e}ÇÅ` Seð” ¾¾^d†¨<” T>“ u›Óvu< vM}¨Ö<uƒ“
›”Æ uK?L¨< T>“ ¨<eØ ÁK›Óvw uÑvuƒ G<’@ SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` ›K KTKƒ ›Ã‰MU::
>’²=I fe~ ¾SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` ªM−‹ (Poles of Good Governance) ¨ÃU ¾SM"U
›e}ÇÅ` }ª“Ä‹ ( Actors of Good Governance) uSvM Ã¨nK<::
eK²=I SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` u›”É ›"M w‰ ¾T>Ñ’v ’Ñ` ›ÃÅKU:: uSJ’“ QÓ }`ÕT> ›"Lƒ ›c^` Ò` ¾}ÁÁ² ê”c Gdw c=J” SM"U
›e}ÇÅ` S¾ƒ ¾T>•ùƒ u>’²=G< ¾S”ÓYƒ eM×” ›"Lƒ ¨<eØ uŸõ}— Å[Í vK<ƒ (
117
Macro Level) w‰ XÃJ” u´p}— Å[Í ( Micro Level) uT>Ñ–<uƒU SÑKØ ¨ÃU S¾ƒ
ÃÑvªM::
eK²=I eK SM"U ›c}ÇÅ` e”’ÒÑ` uŸõ}— ¾S”ÓWƒ eM×” LÃ eK}kSÖ<

ÓKcx‹ ¨ÃU uŸð}— Å[Í eKT>Ñ–< ¾S”ÓYƒ SY]Á u?„‹ ›c^` w‰ XÃJ” uIÓ
T¨<×ƒ' TeðìU“ S}`ÑAU LÃ ¾}cT\“ u}KÁ¿ Å[Í−‹ ¾T>Ñ–< ›"Lƒ”U
¾T>SKŸƒ SJ’< K=¨p ÃÑvM::
u²=IU SW[ƒ SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` (Good Government) Ÿ›e}ÇÅ` (Government)

¾T>K¾¨< u}¨c’< vI]Áƒ ’¨<:: SM"U ›c}ÇÅ` u›”É Qw[}cw ¨<eØ ›K KTKƒ
ÃTEK< ¾T>vK<ƒ ’Ña‹ ¾T>Ÿ}K<ƒ “†¨<::
1. ÓMê“ ’é uJ’ U`Ý ¾}ssS S”ÓYƒ S•`

2. uG<K’²=I” vI]Áƒ ŸVL ÑAÅM }Óv^© c=J’<“ STELƒ c=‰M TIu^© }Xƒö”
›[ÒÓÖ“M TKƒ ¾T>‰K¨<:: >¨<’}— TIu^© SX]Á ¾J’¨<” SM"U ›e}ÇÅ`
KSÑ”vƒ ¾T>ÁeðMÑ¨<” SS²— }TEM…M TKƒ ’¨<::
uK?L uŸ<M uê”c Gdw ²<]Á SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` TKƒ ›”É ’Ñ` w‰ XÃJ” ¾}KÁ¿
Ñê−‹ ›K<ƒ:: Ñê−‡ ÅÓV ¾%w[}cu<” }Xƒö Ãë’<M:: Ÿ²=I ›"DÁ SM"U
›e}ÇÅ` þK+"© Ñê ›K¨<:: Ã¦¨Åƒ (Decision making process)
¾T>Ã´ ¾›e}ÇÅ` Ñê ’¨<:: TIu^© ÑêU ›K¨<' vIL‹” ¾¨<d’@ ›eÑ˜ ‹KA‹”“
›pT‹”” Ãë’ªM:: eK²=IU SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` KS”ÓYƒ w‰ ¾}}¨ XÃJ”
u>Á”Ç”Ç‹” LÃ Ÿu?}cw ËUa >eŸ TIu[cw É[e ¾T>”ìv[p ê”c Ndw ’¨<::
uSM"U ›e}ÇÅ` ê”c Gdw ¨<eØ S”ÓYƒ ¾U”K¨< ¾þK=+"¨<” ›"Lƒ“ M¿

M¿ ¾›e}ÇÅ`“ ¾õƒQ ›"Lƒ” ¾T>ÚU` c=J” ¾ÓK< ²`õ (Private sector) ¾T>vK¨<
ÅÓV uTU[‰ ¾”ÓÉ' ¾v”¡' ¨²}.. }sTƒ” uÓM uSÁ´ Kƒ`õ ¾T>”kdkc<ƒ”
¾T>SKŸƒ c=J” >’²=I ¾}hK“ ›Sˆ ¾ÑuÁ G<’@ (conducive Market Environment)
118
KTÓ–ƒ u›”É ›Ñ` ¾TIu^© ' ›=¢•T>Á©“ þK+"© þK=c=−‹ LÃ }ê>• K=ÁdÉ\
Ã‹LK<::
¾c=y=M T%u[cw ÓKcx‹”“ KM¿ M¿ ¯LT ¾}Å^Ì u<É•‹”' TIu^ƒ” KUXK?

>”ÅVÁ TIu^ƒ ¾ÃT•ƒ }sTƒ“ ¾uÑA ›É^ÑAƒ É`Ï„‹' S”ÓY© ÁMJ’<
É`Ï„‹ ¾vIM“ ¾>eþ`ƒ ¡Kx‹ ¾ë“ ¾›"vu= Øun ¡Kx‹”“ ¾SdcK<ƒ” ÃSK¡K<::
>’²=I %w[}cu< uT>ÁÅ`Ñ¨< ¾>Kƒ }°Kƒ >”penc= ¨<eØ ŸQw[}cu< ¾°Kƒ }°Kƒ
õLÑA„‹ uS’dƒ ¾T>ÁÒØS< ‹Óa‹” KSõƒ Ã”kdkdK<:: u²=IU S”ÑÉ uM¿ M¿
þK+"©' ›=¢•T>Á©' T%u^© Ñ<ÇÄ‹ LÃ uT>cÖ< ¨<d’@−‹“ uT>¨Ö< þK=c=−‹ LÃ
›−”© ÉÒõ TÉ[Ó Ã‹LK<::
eK²=IU u›”É ›Ñ` M¿ M¿ Ñ<ÇÄ‹ ›e}ÇÅ` ¨<eØ S”ÓYƒ ¾c=y=K< T%u[cw

¾ÓK< ²`õ uS”ÓWƒ ›e}ÇÅ` ¾}KÁ¿ ²`ö‹ (Dimensions of governance) ¨<eØ
TKƒU uþK+"¨<' ¾›=¢•T>¨< ¾›e}ÇÅ^©“ ¾T%u^© ²`ö‹ ¾¾^d†¨<” T>“
¾T>Ý¨~ c=J” SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` >”Ç=•Ù ŸLÃ ¾}Ökc<ƒ fe~ ¾SM"U ›e}ÇÅ`
ªM−‹ }Ñu=¨<” T>“†¨<” K=Ý¨~ ÃÑvM:: ŸT>Öupv†¨< T>“−‹ >”ÅT>Ÿ}K¨<
K›w’ƒ ÁIM T¾ƒ Ã‰LM:: þK+"© G<’@ ŸS”ÓY} ›c}ÇÅ` ²`ö‹ (Dimension of
Governance) ›”Æ c=J” S”ÓYƒ ¾Ç=V¡^c= Sw„‹” T[ÒÑØ“ }sT~” S²`Òƒ
¨²} T>“ c=¨× ¾c=y=K< TIu[cw ÅÓV Qw[}cu< Sw~” >”Ç=Á¨“ SÝ¨ƒ ÃÑ˜uM:: u›=¢•T> ²`õ c=Ã S”ÓYƒ ª“ ª“ SW[} MTƒ
¾S²`Òƒ T>“ c=Ý¨ƒ ¾ÓK< ²`õ ÅÓV ›=”yeƒ TÉ[Ó' ¾Y^ >ÉM ¾SõÖ`' ¾¨<ß
U”³] TeÑ–ƒ“ ¨²}. T>“ Ã¨×M:: Ÿ²=I vhÑ` ›e}ÇÅ^© ²`õ” u}KÃ ÅÓV
S”ÓYƒ ¾›e}ÇÅ` ›"Lƒ” ¾S²`Òƒ Y^ c=ÁŸ“¨<” ¾ÓK< ²`õ“ ¾c=y=M TIu[cw
ÅÓV SM"U“ ¾}óÖ’ ¾S”ÓYƒ ›ÑMÓKAƒ >”Ç=•` Óòƒ ¾TÉ[Ó ¨}². }Óv^ƒ”
Ã¨×K<::
uK?L [ÑÉ c=Ã ÅÓV SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` ¾Ç=V¡^c= ª’— ¡õM (Structural
component) ’¨<:: Ÿ²=IU ª’—¨< ¡õKA‹ ¨<eØ ¾T>•\ ›^ƒ ’Ña‹ ÃÑ—K<:: eK²=I u›”É
Qw[}cw ¨<eØ SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` KSÑ”vƒ“ KTÖ“Ÿ`:-
1. TIu^© eUU’ƒ (Social consensus) S•`

2. ’é ¨<ÉÉ` S•` (Free competition) S•`
3. ¾T>c\ Y^−‹ u›”É TIu^© ÓMÒKAƒ ¨<eØ SÖnKM >”Ç=G”Ç=•` Óòƒ ¾TÉ[Ó ¨²} }Óv^ƒ” Ã¨×K<:: uK?L
[ÑÉ c=Ã ÅÓV SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` Ç=V¡^c= ª’— ¡õM ( structural component )
’¨<:: Ÿ>’²=I ª’— ¡õKA‹ ¨<eØ ¾T>•\ ›^ƒ SW[© lU’Ña‹ >“Ñ—K”:: eK²=I
u›”É T%u[cw ¨<eØ SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` KSÑ”vƒ“ KTÖ”Ÿ`:-
1. uSW[© Ñ<ÇÄ‹ LÃ eUU’ƒ S•`'

2. ’í ¨<ÉÉ` S•`'
3. ¾T>ÖnKK< Y^−‹” u›”É ÓMÒKAƒ ¨<eØ SÖpKM >”Ç=G<U'
4. ¾IÓ ¾uLÃ’ƒ ÁeðMÒM&
\WQ A)7- D
$
\WQ A)7- jX)G D
$ AG ss
1. AV#1

4A QQ \] V-*DE )V E(O=E N2* \WQ A)7-
C* ss )V +0# /Q %\" PF \ss y" %\"
(J%= X
4 A"V F " A-[ )[ µ yG ) ©* AC!EQss
FQ AV#1 N yGQ m#N )V j-k y¤# N E N
ss m#N )V N2* )V#1< * Nr " UV? ;
E(yQ -= ? P*[0 E-jDQ b P/C2 D\ss
2.

\WQ A)7- \/
A 6Q E(O \[\ss XT
[ )z )´
C?A: ? 08 ) Q A"V 2O 08 E(f 2 \ss \/

A oj E(OQ _2 b " Xl" F
A j U\ E(O 2
\ss
3. \;
\; NQ V¤" A 6Q \; )+µ
A" -A )X Z
6Q N ss XT
)N$ V¤ A<#: F AG#: \© j©
120

?*)C %_Z * Nr ? N E * +G Nr jG
AC= N ss
4.
4? 0 Qa
\WQ A)7- ) A\Z jCµ -? N+0" Ty
0
4? 0 Qa N ss
5. [= DD _

A2 A 0 ) A WX " A)VC? E C< E-jO #/8\ss
\WQ A)7- ET
) A WX " A)VC? DE /O WX\ /VÖ"
[= F k7R [= DD _ N ss
6. yG A+_
A2 A yGQ
?*)C? %_Z \WQ" Q^ y¤# j * yGQ /
A? E¤ KCN" \ VCN K+ ss
)
XyGQ k7 )[ µ / QVY ¡/NV)_" E¤ E(O N2*
8\ss
7. m#N" !
\WQ A)7- A$q G
4? N\ )®N A2 ©\
?*)C
_} NW jG E" Y ©\ ! E(F 8\ss {D k7
) 0 U? AD +Q AWD X?% =\ss
8. )3
)3 \WQ A)7- C*#: x ss $ b ?
VF \ ¡%) 0 G A-*Q
4" D 2n< E )3 F
A DEss y" )3 \; "
)D=: PF j\
A- Qss
\WQ A)7-" (J%=K f
121
\WQ A)7- O (J%=K C*#: 2 y¤# ss QVY AV#1

[= DD _)3 (J%=K PO A\Qss (J%=K
Y \WQ A)7- AOQss (J%=K Y
4 - l"
[: 2
#\" N[ 0 A\Qss
(J%=K Y \; " )3 AC= C*#: F< F 0?

)D=: PF AGQss FQ (J%=K \WQ A)7- 2 y¤# ss
y" (J%= A \WQ A)7-Q *[!\ N A- Qss (J%=K OQ

\WQ A)7- O \ss \WQ A)7- Y l" \! \ 0Q
Ne\ pp\ss l" lG lG p A DOQ \WQ A)7-
Xz {00 ? 4) -* jXC PF \ss
y" \WQ A)7- A O l" pp ? j/C A- Qss l" /Q
\! \ 0Q Ne\ Ed W\)# (J%=K: AqQ A-[ 0 e\ss
l" W\)# \!
4? \ F + 03 C< +j
F"\ss
4 \! )8j F + )}î F"\ss T
y¤#
4
\! )8j F + )}î F"\ss T
y¤#
4 4Q ?Z
N+0 \! \ 0NE j G 2O 0NE
N" X)3 7
4 (J%=K: ?"
4 /VÖ )3
Aq -* -* =*pE" N =*VE A+Qss
“ A y¤# l" IOj E8¡ /- Q#N \N XN) \ /-

Nd" A D 2 E(z?\ N2* \N# %§ P}7 \ss
AC= A2\<" kA )N\ \N )D } A)e;O
N2* )O \N = _ w AW F + e PF \ss

4D: A\Z j*X VF 41 jX"/ 2*% F"
\! 4 j-* J a* \ E(F FQ (J%=K X*
C*q E("2 PX_ \ss ET
Q% yG l" \N# A-"
(J%=K A# Xµ E(C? A2} \N " IJ%=K A D#
122
)p P\Q \ss FQ l" e[ \WQ A)7- N
(J%=K A D#" \N =E E E(F N2* k7Q dQ ss
A\Zq +\!p F AØÙ E(C0 N2*k /Q A N2*k D A Q

IOj )/72 N_ /Q _ Q% XjF e k7R A ss
E-E D A + \N#: j" x/ A ss E-T
Aq
j" x/ j XyGQ 1 " XyGQ +\!p A\Z
K\ ss A- DG A
4 (J%=K jÖ A C*#: Q%
_ M:" +\!p A\Z Nr ss E-T
A A\Z Wr
IJ%=K: A EQ X_) _0 " -* P* E-j\ W#
A \Q2 *[ ss FQ _ M:" +\!p #: A\Z N*?
\WQ A)7- N \N " (J%=K A D# =E E N2*
) k7 ss
/I RS (J%=K A D# k7R/

FQ A= y¤# \WQ A)7-" (J%=K )Í" P!G NG "Ess

q
4A +0) )V)
)3 \; )-e\ss
FQ
q \WQ A)7- F<Q W)) ss FQ ET

q 2[< ) \WQ A)7- N N ss Y ©\ \WQ
A)7- Eì /Q A O A2 /Q Y \©
q = A Ne\
N ss
/ 0<
1. )/WR Q% b N®®j Ae5 )/WR Q% b A oj
E-j! )\%A\ss XT
+\Q EQ E-j/2 )\%A\ss
)/WR Q% b Q A EQ P/2 \? jÜ X\! *2
?Z P/ \ /?
2. 6* l" jaO A oj ! )? )®®l F V
A oj )$ F"E ) /?
123
3. )=d EQ N! j X X15
C X * PV E-j\
)\%A\ss Qx N E(
A 0 ) )=d /O
) J +? Q -*[\?
5.5. MNO " L

I RS z" MNO " )!0 A\Qss
Q d" -Q
pC« Q% F #/8\ss Y ©\ I RS W# UNO jOD
F XT
Ao UNO " ) ] F"E A*ì N _ \[\ss
FQ
q C*#: F W+!E A UNO " ) ]
F"E j\, ss

q A+| 11 jX) )-}A\ss
1. " UNO ) ] "E
2. #: UNO AOQ
3. UNO k7 !\8 ADQss MNO Q k7 !\8
ADQss
} C*#: C?A:" (J%=K: ? E" C A) C*q

A2 UNO A=N5 PF A\Qss FQ (J%=K: F A)
" UNO ) ] "Ess #$% E-j#/+ C?A: ? X
)-* \ A" 9*#: ? EQ o X ss
UNO " EQ o UV? o X | ? [ )z ss EQ " =
UV? | ? )X* y¤# UNO o XQ 2 ss
UNO L= 0 jD XF A2 UNO F"\ss
L A2 UNO )X# F EQ o PX A\Qss /Q Y
A[ A- EQ Np1 $ KF } E©\ PX A\Qss
L Xz EQ ) EQ L L=" c1 PV)_ A\Qss
T
Q% Y UNO )X# F } E©\ j/XG AFQss )/C

?*)C? %_\ UNO j/%\ yGQ
4? NF "
124
UNO D\) ] y¤#
4? GA: PX A\Q (J%=K: A Q
PO A\Qss FQ L XUNO o F O#\ss
N
L c1< =VE UNO AO=EQ N A- Qss y"
UNO#E L L= Q= Q N ss
I RS ) ] UNO E

4A jOD A E-F± "
MNO q
4 GA: XN*[0 Ao C*#: k7 ss
A+û X) X) V *7 j j" } UNO o

E(X" E(*[0 XN2* UNO k7 0 !\8 E-ND ss

N UNO X A2 j A| E8¡< MNO
k7 !\8 ADQ N Et A!0 j+0 N A- Qss A|"
k\ = A _} Y x F
N Q A UNO
EQ Y x j-* E8¡ $ -* UNO " EQ
o jo* jF UNO o NX I# A E(
A MNO X j A| 2 !" NQ #: I#

ss
*5Q UNO E©\ D\* A 0 UNO WX\ E©\

j jC* d"" 2\< K-DE UNO
)r o +Q j-k E8¡ A72 =E A+Qss
E(
A K MNO k7 !\8 VD 08" CN:
2 j q 2 n O#\ss
/ 0<
1. UNO Q
$U ETA?w NV- } X\5#E Q* \WQ
QD E( j- ss Q UNO K= $U ETA?w
E ? j*µ \WQ A)7- C* ss
125
XUNO E( -*k QD l"" A\? D
pp Q% ? jX=X AGss T
A) Q
\ NNG?
\WQ QD N Q N2* \?
2. MNO 25 A72 CQ NQ! W cZ WX\
aQ\" L= KC #\ss
L k7 !\8 E-D P
\ /? MNO L k7 !\8 ADQ N Q N ?
3. MNO = !\8 ADQ D\ Eî MNO)
D \! MNOq
[ )D=: E7- Q X % e\?
4. UNO k7 ADQ KD\ Q N ? =Vy k7
E- [y y ?Z Et C?C? ? ? A2 / )§" )}
UNO" UNOq )X#R EQ#E ) j \k y¤# ( QVY
AQ\ ,j A#<) E(f N2* UNO k7 !\8 D ?
5. o Xj!G -A A
4? J=\ )8=Ü \F j\ ss i4?
J=\ ? QVY I'($
A+| 27(5) MNO " EQ
| ? P-? j ‹...
4? J=\ y¤#...› N*[0 \ss
I RS
4? J=\ y¤# KD\
4? J=\ ?
N8
T
%_\ 0
q )C*)DE C*#: QC«< /Q F<
)\%)"\ss
EQ
• ?w ?w*C? E"
4A GA:
•

• C?A:" (J%=K: ? )X
• AC= )3
• " UNO ) ]
F N*0 )C*) ss
q K)*}QQ F )D=: K-* ET

F< y\ N#/" XET
F< [ j!!Q \© ) )}Q
O#\ss
126
ET
I RS CQ NQ! \N E2 NQ! C*#: QC«< "Ess
ET
QC«< = O?"\ss FQ
"/!
" |Q
)*kQ ET
C*#: F< j"% Eî j-"_ )D X ,Q
\? D\ss E(
"-
q EC-- Pw2 j ss
6. 'I=P4Q I RS
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
'I=P4Q #$W: A!0" |CUV? *7Gss
'I=P4Q XYZ L [ \] " )VV ?==Gss
I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<" <^ Q E-F z*4=Gss
I RS 'I=P4Q L\! %__\" AW z*4=Gss
I'($ d A # e z " Q ?==Gss
'I=\ %\\ k7R !\8 jD
AD? z*4=Gss
'I=\" %\\ )72 AW WX\ f *7Gss
6.1. 'I=PTQ
'I=PTQ ;C UV?" #$W: A!0
'I=P4Q 8\ A!0" kQ
'I=P4Q j 8\ /- EPz ! X *V ®® ©\ FO *-C*q

X )r 8\ ss I=) (Foederatus) N “QQ (bound by
treaty) KF - (Foedus) N QQ KF '-` (Fidere) N -J )N
N ss 8G K8 \ )N" QQ A? O N E-F X_³
*7 \ss
EPz
8\ 0Q Z )z 17/ %_ z R$# jDG
UNO )X#R “'I=\ L ” N Xj" )r KF klQ
ETA? E" A$W jf Cp$< WX\ )-* 8\ ×7 E-F 0"
) "Gss 17 %_ z *n" 18 %_ z $ 8G A8+Q
127
A WX\ j-*k QQ NW) .- ) ì E.~.A. 1721 'Ià
j 8\ E- “)D P” j\ kQ )C0 ss
#$W: A!0
=VE G ) ] W N
*C? %_Z [= N< NVW KD\ A2
W N
*C? _ = A( VF #$% j#/ ss 19 %_ z
P+ XjG
- WX\ K:z2 $e A F ¤z2 +0
Q + A F E #/8\ss
A
- W= \*
AD \)-= E" -WN NEX: A/8+ E-* =\ss
X? A# E" 0* c E X)+C ) )n W=

- C*q A
? N ë\ss QVYs- W=
- XC*q A WX\ ].~. A$W T
*2 D +-Q +V ss ^ (States) $ -WN F NEX:

('Ià) CqQ
-WN L E.~.A. 1789 .Q A( 'I=\
i N+ )W ë\ss T
Q Ay Q #/+e z": ]" 2
â * Õ\ss
A$W A.~.A. 1789 .Q Ay 'I=P4Q ;- z

*; ) ss
Ay 'I=\ i K62 ) ]
%% + E- #/8\ss Ay A$W
E(62 E"
'I=P4Q ;C UV? ( ) C* !G" E(yQ Ty 2[pE KE
X )X=W$ /O WX\ QVYs- UQP) j(C E" & 0+ \ss
'I=\
#$% A!0
X Ad E-)+C X0 Q ) ] A

- _ ) ]
lX=< )- ss 'I=\ A A!0 E.~.A. X*Q 1787 1-\1
6-+ 'Ià ®®Q [ !N\ss 1-\1 6-+ )D A$W
(United states of America)
L $ #$W: 'I=\

U# /%\ss 1787q
+2J<^ 13 A$W Ö WX\ A2
F * j \k E" Õ G: 0 0 D Q
128
jG 'Ià ®®Q j \k WX\ E (Compromise) ) *
ss
1-\1 'a )f \UW 2 [= E 44 k7

NlQ #\ )D _ A\)NlQ ss kD~
X)f WX\ A7v^ 2[pE KV] A7v^ -J $Ú?PW )
“" (J%=K: A” F j a A F \ A 0 XF
2 d" V\ j\ A WX =E C< ss T
Q Q% A$W
Q;#: (Ironically) ADD\ y N!!l 2O WX\ \

O QQ (Compromise) ) * 'I=P4Q N \ss
A- ea) j\) E" N(C VCG C< ? {0 E A2

W= F NEX: 0 NW) K \k YZ E- Û $% $ VCG
-J ^ ? XX\ 0* N2*[E #/8\ss
20 %_ z -J 'I=P4Q A )X# F E" [= ?\;" AD\ A

WX\ E- A =P W"7 E"
2 X2 Q ì c -J
?=T\ XA_$W "$ E(yQ 'I=:
)+? 1987 .Q 6-+
A I RS +VGss
6.2. 'I=P4Q XYZ L [ \] " )VV
A2 U L L\! %__\ j X y ) ] AC=

E7G N)e\ \ss L\! %__G ) ] AW (Organs of
government) DE L=" L\! %__\ )* XF
Ad& A j"
)j AWZ WX\ jO %__\ ss

q ANW ET
) ]
AW PC= jD L=" WXE PO jD f D
-[\ss
%__G \%" -? XU U ) FQ ) - A[ (Separation of powers)
j ;C- V? jC ¬ L\! %__\ A ss AW
L= f " A Y j! %__\ A " AW L=
f " A Y j! A (Check and balance) j X ss
129
T
*2 U jX)ëE AN=ý n N2* U A)7-
L Û#:" r`T7#: /z) )?Z *\ss
A L\! %__G NEX: " ) ] U %_Z WX\

c1 2n" f D
$ j X XF ) ] U jX)G AN=d
L 9* N2* Lq '-=:" 'I=: /Q AU7:
D\ss 'Ià" AU7: lG lG ) ] L "Ess 'Ià
%\Z (State, regions, etc) NEX: L\! %\" jCµ " 87E
EXF ? PO j\ L ss
A\ A\ #$% E-# +2J =VE G: =E U Ù /- A2

?*
- (Aggregation)8 \ K \k A( ) * (Political
Union)'Ià -* ? )C*) A2 / ss QVY :z2"
+2Je ].~.A$W 0+ \ss
[= ®®l 'Ià )/C "

-q Q% F _h QVY
)n W -
" IOj 0Q /z) .- E)"X Xw Lq 'I=\
L D
$ P4 \ss T
2 '-à E- z3 f
VF /- )"X*
?* j[ 2\2 FO K\\ #$% 0 )-[J
#Õ\ss
AU7: L " %\Z /Q %_)-U L\!"E jf XNEX:

ss L\!"EQ j/C NEX\ EXF 2* %\Z^ /Q %_)U L\!
A2 X_ Y 4 \ \] A!Qss e" {Q L\!"E
E-A q j 0" j+ XF ss A72 AU7: U 9p1
L\!" c1 )Xl Local government )"7Gss
'I=P4Q A2 ;# X_ ? )+ y )=$ L (N Q

'Ià" AU7:) WX\ jÖ F Xy qQ P/C jG W= }O “
)e” j": L N \ss E- '-àO yG XQ jD
W=" NC
#: L\! E %\Z \ss E- AU7: L
130
yG %\Z )+0 \F =
#: L\! W= NEX:
Q p\ss
) ] U 'I=\ L A XY j ]DE \ D

$ POeE
Gss yGQ 'I=\ L [= F" XYZ L ) )
j#]DE )VV D
$ AëEss XET
Q WX\ e" e"<^ jX)G "Ess
• 'I=\ L ”
#: \E\"”
)+ ss y qQ
EXO (Levels of government)
q )Ô< "Ess y qQ
L\!"E jf X= X
q ss A/ QVY NEX:
/Q %\\ )72/ Y )+0 A- Qss N Q Q F
L\! %\" r AW\ A- Qss X'-à ) y¤# NEX:
X%\Z F 2
q = )C L\!" c1
ss
• XAU7: L ) y¤# %\Z XNEX: +0# {00 F
2 =
q )C L\!" c1 AEss
E-)+ FO
E-A y¤# A7I NEX: Y %\Z L\! Cp /Q
PF \ss y Eî ET
\] Lq 9*#: D
$
j µ PF AGQss
• Y '-=P4Q D
$ U

q NEX:
F %\Z )"\ P+ NG F ss T
Q )V 'I=\

Nnn\ L(Amendment Procedures)+G ) j PF
NG" I# U=: [= V¤ National Consensus j{ "Ess
F FO ¬" X_ ?Z )+C
'I=\ Lq #+§
4A )
e " F j G E¡ "Ess
y¤#< ) e/µ {0 Q 'I=\ L .- ) ] D

$ P#]
G F"\ss Lq "
\" 9* F
#: \E\"
X)!C Lq +\ /Q +\ L +\ E-Q# O*e\ss T
C\ + d=a )#) APQ /- AU7: )+ U )J% N#/

\ss QVY +2 J
2 Û×#Ü Sub-continent y )X## <
)NC .- " Y ©\ /# W .- N)e\ E ss
131

Nnn Lq
q X9 * AWw2 ß )0« z +- L=
X)* Lq +G /Q D +G E-Ty L +\ E-Q# O*e\ss
QVY 196A<^ N?3 "&$ AX1 ì * y¤#
N#/ \ss
X_ ? X)+ 9*#: 'I=\ L [= D

$ Q/- A)Q

'I=P4Q"
;J P!G NG k7R F"E ss

\E\" )C*) L I# W=
)j AW\ -_
#\ss _
Lq ) A# jO* XT
9*#: D
$ V ss
6.3. I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<" <^

Is` 3P-,- 2~P`º (S -1 A:i 1 (P2 ' -1
I
1 ²ZL/ s7L1/ `Æ N7 $!! 3 -1 L] -2 I
1
²ZLN4# ,i 1-G!! ,- ^0# 2²ZL 27 ,-
(Mqeä!!
Is` 3P ,- (: ²ZLN4# 6/ '$ 3, A´ (¨8

I
1 3 D$ M,oY -; 1-P (21 3, #å (legal pluralism)
E 0@ I
1 ²ZLN4# AIp(7>p) A ( CO)
C16 D/ (WP4 ²ZLN4# (Co-operative Federalism) $!! b3
7e I
1 ²ZLN4# S/ D' 21p 4D4D #
'!!
D m 34m .h/$+ E 3 ±L/$
I
1 3P ,- A+| 8 GA: I RS ?w ?w*CA"
4A
E-F +Q!\ss E9H> ~P 3P ,- ".h/$ 34X $" > b3
7 A:i 8 A28-:k m 34m .h/ -0 2Y
@ > 8-:k ~P`º #M(2 ²ZLN4# 21 3 ` EsO
132
19DP!! (2 ~PL ²ZLN4# ²ZL/ ,- Di A:i 45-48
(9$PP 2:k A:i 8 .h/$ ^0 } $ 82 ?!!
A:i 39 ^D (9$PP D m # b[ .h/$ } '*
8< 1-W!!
²ZL 9r A. [2 D8 #7D YI A '$ ²Z³® #7D Y

A D m (<A
'@ (A:i 6A) Es[# 2b3 #7D
Y 3P-,-T (D# ^0 ST $w #71 D m
34m .h/ ^0 2Y ' 82 ?!! A5 ~P`T .h/$
^0 2YIp D m 3 4m '@ I
1 ²ZLN4#
S/ D3 $w 21 '* 8< 1-W!!
I
1 ²ZLN4# S/ D3 Å L/ ²ZL ^Dh 8- $
82 ?!! 8w# ²ZLN4# $w h8 A6 ~PD -; 1. (21
~> Å/ 7e> $@ A?> WL EsO) 86, $!! -Ø
M8A C'* (21 D m 1J I
1 Å L/ ²ZLN4#
A8L 2#!! I
1 ²ZLN4# I
1 D m Å4m
(S( ²ZLN4# '* Å L/ ²ZLN4# $ 82 ?!!
I
1 ²ZLN4# Å L/$ 3 P ,- M,V1 A-I
(fD¨!! 3P-,-T ,V1 C{ Es3 > $!!
"Ew I
1 D m 34m … I
1 ~PL LE
A` 3 12 LE 7h #6D AqD $ 12…" !!
-2b3 3P ,-T ,V1 I
1 ²ZLN4# 3 L/$ 0# ,i
1-:#0!! 3P-,-T A:i 8 (9$PP .h/$ -0 2Y$# b[
3 L/$ ²ZLN4# P2 $!! Mb3 (y8` MA:i 46-47 (9$PP
6W I
1 ²ZLN4# 3 L/$ g 2 A-:#Ø!! A:i
5A U- A:i 1 "I
1 ²ZL/ s7L1/ `Æ N7 ²ZL ,-
7> (: $"!! > 1-: ' A:i 46(2) 7> C:) Å4
AqD+ ¨¨+ 8$ E 56 - '* 9$,W!! 3 (M>
133
A:i 47 (9$PP I
1 ²ZL/ s7L1/ `Æ N7 A A1#
L] I
1 ²ZLN4# 3 L/$ ,i 1-: $!! ²ZLN4_
A CM(2 3P-,-T (!!
1. ,L 7
2. AqD 7
3. A8L 7
4. OC1 7
5. ]8H 7
6. Yz°/ _4 7
7. 9X D m 34m 7
8. W#Y 34m 7
9. ¼` Å4 7
E,s3 3 AI A1# D m E 34m AqD ¨¨ E 8$
(M(2 '* ,i I
1 ²ZLN4# 3 L/$ 1E1!!
<11 $;m!-
♦ .h/$ -0 Is` 3P-,- MI
1 ²ZL/ D WD
12 --D #6$ ?
♦ .h/$ ^0 M²Z³® #/Y A<5:D ^0 WD 12 ,Q$
(<1!!
²ZLN4# L- E6 L- < +
I
1 ²ZLN4# 3 L/ ²ZLN4# ? ' I
1 D
m L- E6 L- < '* $w 21 $!!
ED,; L- E6 L- < A ow 3P-,- (J`
N1-:#k .!! $PD , I
1 ²ZLN4# "L- E6 L- <
" ¿- A $P MH> ²ZLN4# 21!!E$]#!-
1. T 2Y D m 34m '@ !
134
2. L- E6 L- < 0# ,i 81°8 3P
,-T 6W A(T E!
3. 3 J A6 D/ (P;> 2 ? L] ,-
2- e: !
I
1 ²ZLN4# $w 21 @!!
3 C17( I
1 ²ZLN4# E9H> ~P ²ZLN4# AT
g;D <-O C1-:D A2'* $!! I
1 ²ZLN4# A '* 7>
N:]# Ny#)# C. ²ZLN4# $!! A:i 39 M(: H
7> g; D 2:$- <# 2yD C. [\ A : i 47 (2)
(fD¨!!
A:i 47(2) !
b3 A:i U- A:i 1 (2MT 7> -; (A(T D m
34m 8w# v LE@ 7 8¨¨# A@!!
H A:i 39(1) CM(. 9$,W!

"8w# I
1 D Å4 L] E6 L] < E-M
P 12 T 8@# 12P9 (: $!!"
A5 A:i 39(1) E A:i 47 (2) (9$P I

1 ²ZLN4#
²ZLN4_ A g;D 1(<$ A[ A2 N:-# Ny#D# E9C
C1fDg ²ZLN4_ 3` $!! 3# '* I
1 ²ZLN4#
C 9 5:6 (S( A6$ ? $!! Mb3 $ ,Z
/A-PG A6$ Asº I
1 m H2 '* 1WP ²ZLN4# $!!
3 ²ZLN4# AG6 #[L E9 B ²ZLN4# A6DP 1!! ED,;
I
1 ²ZLN4# B $ ? Eb3 < 12 I
1
²ZLN4# 34m A WL ( (W,J CO) ~PD E6'
22 ²ZLN4# '* $!! 3 C:;2 E2!!
135
(WP4 (D ²ZLN4#
M E9(JJ ## E£ I

1 ²ZLN4# D m L-
E6 L- < 12## P9 1WP ²ZLN4# V'# A8
5:6 (( A6$ ~P`T 28#0 '* #D
1-W!! I
1 ²ZLN4# A>p C|) C. ' A
5G@ C16 ²ZLN4# $!! AG¶ 3 ²ZLN4# "
²ZLN4#"+ "P" e:6 A MH [H E(Wy COD ##
h$ WL A8 H@ A (X ²ZLN4# $ 82 )"!!
$PD , M : A-(1 M3P,-T 6W WD 28 28EMD

E7D!! I
1 ²ZLN4# (WP4 ²ZLN4# (Co-operative Federalism)
'* C1fDg A1H 6W IZ` 3P ,- EPw2+ Es[#
H> (WP4 [\ 8 G E2!! Mb3 AjD jX)G P+
Gss
• 3 P P-T ,V1 CM(2 EPw2!! "Ew I

1 D
m 34m ~PL I
1 -; Jµ # - 12 s7L
Ese+ I OC1/ 83L/ E6P Esq …$% e …
LE e56 (S( A6 2A 83 WL 2P |D
$E … 1L$ WL ; # A2AM A2… ´ WL E6
- 12 … WL ; 8 8E9, '*… ; 8
$%$ WL E (9WW 28E9, A6 I OC 83
PT A-v$ 8…" !! 3P-,-T ,V1 (JJ) E
(:] g# $P I
1 ²ZLN4# Å L/ ? E'
(WP4 ²ZLN4# '* ,i C1E $!! 3 ²ZLN4# D3
²ZL 7> AM OD CP ,Q$ ? E' 7>
AM OD CP ,Q$ (D (WP4 ,Q$ ' EG2
C1E $!!I
1 ²ZLN4# (WP4 ²ZLN4# A'$ 3P-,-T
136
,V1 -; (:k WL '$ A6 2A I OC 83
P E, 0# 1-@,L!!
• I
1 (WP4 ²ZLN4# b3 ? A15#!! 3P-,-T I OC
$7 h8 AM ! ",- E6P <9c 2:) D m Å4m
6We 86, EG2" A:i 89(4) ,i 9$,W!! b3# S
²ZL ,- 89, . 7> C19DP 6We b3
(WP4 ²ZLN4# P2 E9'$ C1E $!!
• 3 ? A92#!! 7 M7 C19D # (WP4 ²ZLN4#
P2 @!! 2#H! AqD ,L 7> + Es[# AqD A8L
7>+ Y° _4 A8L 7>+ Es[# OC1 ]8H
7> AM (9 E(9 1. (WP4 ^L I
1
(WP4 ²ZLN4# C1fDg '@ PJ ?!!
YZ I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<" <^
EWy 2* D-* N?=$ I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: ;#<" <^

AØ AØ N J%*"\ss
N E )+µ ? "E I RS
'I=P4Q < N E7\F N/ A ?ss
• I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: ;#<" <^ %%\ *7 I'2$

- A+; 1 0 )- I RS 6- "
\[\ss A+; 1 jX) -\ss ‹

- 'I=:"
IJ%=K: A/8+ -[\ss› T
9* I RS
I RS 'I=: IJ%=K: $Ú?P% j\ Q =\ss
2[ µ
? \© P)) jG I R S 'I=P4Q 9*#: F<"
< z N \ss
A+; I RS 'I=:
A/8+ ? X)\ E7 D -[\ss T
L\! e"
'I=\ " %\Z Xp \ E7 jV ss XT
)N$
'I=\ A/8+" A9= (J%=K: F E7 +Q!\ss A+; 1
L )- XA+; 45 [ A"4 " -J I RS 'I=P4Q
137
(J%=K: Û#: IJ%=K F E7 \; +Q!\ss A+; 45
I'2$
- “I RS 'I=: IJ%=K: $Ú?P% L)
Û#:” F E7 -\ss
• y ) -*
-q X)+ I RS Q*7 Y
k7 I RS 'I=P4Q $Ú?PW: 'I=P4Q F ss #:
/8+ kV:" z * / Q - Q )C*) F
-J%=K: Qx )C* F jV ss
Q ) G:
L\! A+; 8 E-) ?/?*CA 9q $Ú?PW: j\;
'I=P4Q F V\ss A+; 9/3/ )-"
-q X)+
ß N"EQ AØc L\! 4 jX %

(J%=K: " $Ú?PW: j"% ss
• Y e I RS 'I=P4Q 9*#: Legal pluralism E"
9" +- 'I=P4Q F ss § L NQ
?*)
k7 j
)-
? F E7 j+Qµ ss
196A I RS _ ?
D
:
h A\% + 2[
T
A) QVY ss I RS 'I=P4Q Y ) ]

L ) j E" 9 'I=P4Q F ss T
Q [? \"
b)C? ? - A+; 35(4) (5) A) QVY< "Ess Y[\
ãG=P4Q (Legal pluralism) I RS 'I=P4Q T
? A- Q j 6ss
D 'I=: L Q%
N! L\! )C!E AW
-* O=E h ? " ? P jG
h -*
O=E h ? " ? P jG
h ) ] -*< P/µ
E-jG jV ss T
) _
AW X
h [ WE
AØ

-q “Y[\ rZ=\4Q“ 9 E" Xb A? \]
©* 9 A ss
6.4. I RS 'I=P4Q L\! %__\" AW
'I=\ A/8+ L\!" )D
138
NQ 'I=P4Q 9*#: D
$ L\! 'I=\ " %\Z
Xp_Z NXp \ ss I RS 'I=P4Q T
*2 ) Qss T
9* I'2$
- 'I=\ E" %\\ # A/8+ L\!"
)D \; A+Qe\ss A+; 1 X E-) X A/8+
'I=: (J%=K: E(yQ A+; 45 Û#: L E(F
-[Gss
'I=G " %\Z # « AW E-jO=E A+;

50/2/ )-\ss ET
Q
Aß!
A j"
)j "Ess E77E
=VE L\!" )D
-q )9êEe\ss
'I=\ ÛN y Q% b )e+* KF ET

Q i4? )/WR Q% b "
'Ià Q% b "Ess y q Q% b ) ] A/8+! L\!" )D AEss
i4? )/WR Q% b AD +0# " (J%=K: Qx i4? j*0 KF
Qx FQ (A2 C A2 2Q;) j ss
i4? )/WR Q% b 'I=\ X_) \! AW\ ss

h
/!\& U$q PK< /!\& 'I=\ q A j AW\ EC )72
F jÜâ CN\& jÜ )e+* A j AW\
628\& X_) D \!" 628\ A j AWG !=\ss
Y ©\ y ) Q% b F 'Ià Q% b I RS
'I=P4Q {\ F j"< x/#\ss 'Ià Q% b AD j*µ
y AN=d F 2 ss A %\\ Q% b © \ AD
?&?*CA" i4A )/WR "Ess E-j#/{ ?/?*CA U$q
G: L\! D b F"E A+; 8 -[\ss T
'Ià Q/b
G: /×\ ss T
Q A? Q/bq L\!" )D X?/?*CA
? [ )z jD ss 'Ià Q% b Y \!
-q
)hQ L\! ss
-q -J G :#E x ss Y Q%
bq L\! E" )D i4A E©\ "
4A 8+2 )C*) A2 L
139
E(C2" E(7? N2* ss
L\! -J Q/bq E©\ " 8+2
)C*) U$q A2 D3 -e\ss
N"X KD\ %\Z WX\
j A DD _ 5Ee\ss A+; 39 )+ ? +Q
0 / W
-q 9* 0 /"\ss XT
Y i4? )/WR
Q% b i P/!E j _ i ? k7R \ ! E(yQ 'I=G

-q %\\ K! !\8 E(D E4 \ss )
'Ià Q/b {\_ )D F A+; 62/7/ ss 'Ià Q/b %\Z"
'I=G [= )? )- < y q WX\ jXp G E(yQ
'I=G %\Z 2hN jC0 + /C L\! A ss
I'2$
- QE=_ Q 9* 'I=\ A j AW\
jÜ " jÜ) Q/b O#\ss jÜ U$q EC )72 KF
r`T7q -J U$q EC ? ss Û#: L 0
jÜ {\_ A# A ss A? A?x +x r Ô Ûq P+
jÜ FO 9N\ss jÜ A j AW\ =\ss Y
j Ü Q% b ss jÜ Q% b jÜ " Q % \
/jÜ E" jÜ 8\\ss YZ D L\!" Q T
Q/b AD PF
Gss jÜ Q% b A+; 77 I'2$
- L )z*z
L\!" )D O#\ss
'I=\ «) AW\ 7Ö AW\ ss I'2$

- 'I=GQ F
%\\ 7Ö AW\ A/8+ L\!" )D 44 QE=_ zÖ -\ss
%\\ A/8+ L\!" )D
I'2$
- I RS 'I=P4Q AD 9 %\Z E-F -[\ss
ET
Q 'Ià AD E©\ ? " L\! )C0ÕEe\ss %\\ A/8+
I'2$
A+; 50/4-7/ \; )-\s
A+; %\\
«qQ AW E-jO \; A+Qê\ss T
Q 9* A2 %\\
%\\ Q/b & %\\ )7- E" %\\ 7Ö AW\ O*e\ N ss
E7 %\\Q I'2$
C* -* =
- O*e\ss
140
%\\ Q% b %\G L\! L F I'2$
) ) )+µ
k7R %\G
Aß AW\ ss %\G
- Nz[ N;-" Nnn\
L\!Q )C Ty Q% b ss QQ EØ E7 %\\ Q% b )D=
E- %\G D=: y¤# P j\ FQ %\G
h&PK<" r=J
N! " A 6NEQ X#)\ {\_ )D T
Q% b X"/"\ss
%\G )72 %\G X_)

A j AW\ E-F I'2$
- A+;
5A/6/ -[\ss QQ EØ %\\ A j AW\ A/8+ E7 %\\ ))/
FQ yGQ %\\
- %\G )72 %\G Q% b j9Q
r`T7 E-jO* +Q!\ss AD^Q r`47q& Q% \ r`T7q
c1<" YZ
j/C AD )72 'I=\ -* DG
jÜâ" jÜ Q% b )VV D
$ AEss )$#E %\G Q%
b ss
% \\ 7Ö AW\ A/8+ L\! QQ EØ y G Q % \Z

-
2[<^ W)) FQ +- Q ? E7 I'2$
- 44
A+Qê\ss A+; 50/7/ I'2$
- %\\ 7Ö L\! _/b ?
E-F -[\ss E(yQ A+; 78/3/ %\Z! %\\ _/b& %\\ X_)
_/b" %\\ $ _/b E-jO=E -[\ss %\\ _/b 'I=G
X_) _/b " $ -* _/b L\! %\" P/C E-jG A+; 78/2/
E" A+; 80/4//5/ I'2$
- )-\ss
%\Z A/8+ L\!" )D [ 9 k7 I RS 'Ià

AD F %\Z A/8+ P E-j\ ss A/8+=E e" %\\
-
j/C F ss T
*2 A+; 50/4/ I'2$
- %\Z
A F jfAE A)7- EXO E-je+ -k
%#\ss
I RS 'I=P4Q
j 2 %\Z E-D=: y¤#E ) ;
e E7E )D #\ss QVY -? ? ?*CA"
4A %\\
141
%\\& & /*7& +Y -* E e E(yQ -* G AW E
L\!" )D XYZ %\Z \ss %\\ -* y Q% b ?E
%\\ F 0+ \ss
'I=\" %\\ [= L\! I RS 'I=P4Q
I'2$
- 'I=\ " 9 %\Z W)) A/8+ -h
W8 Ù L\!"EQ 90ÕEe\ss
-q E77E
? E PO=E j L\! ? F& y q [= PO=E j Q
L\! 44 +Q!\ss 'I=G" %\\ [= L\! I'2$
-
)- ) #%" ? L\! [ )z ss ET
[= L\!O
A+; 98 I'2$
- \; )z4*e\ss T
9* [= L\!
E-jX) ss
1. 'I=\ " %\Z [= j®{NE \N 25 2 _

?& L= ? ad" ~%V #% [= 0G& CCDGss
2. 25 2 _ " D A%KRO _ 2n ?" ad #%
[= 0G CDGss
3. X_) NE2 L=<" N"EQ à PQ" [4 L=< ?"
P %_< [= 0G CDGss
E(
ET
[= 'I=G " %\Z )C L\! KF
q
'I=G ) /Q 'I=G " %\Z [= \; \)C
L\! %\\ L\! E-jF A+; 52/1/-[\ss A+; 99 9* T

-
) ) \)Cµ #%" ? !\ L\!O j X 'Ià Q%
b "
4? )/WR Q/b [= ?CD y «C) 2Q; /C"Gss
6.5. 'Ià Q% b L\!" c1
142
'I=\ L A? j# NEX\ j®®
Aß AW\ A-*
y b(House) W)) ss ) Qv Lower House and Upper House )?
j
4? )/WR Q% b " ¡¤q + F N\X ss
) ] U “Senate” ) ] < P4 \ss y Eî L\!" c1q"

A/!0 Lq c1q XJ h-\ )VV ss
A/!0 Lq V)p\!
) {0=E A"V F %\Z" j": %\" Nr N\ss T
Q
ANW NEX\ jX"/ L=< U
4A yG D b
E(2DE *7\ss
A/!0 LqQ ? )J " yGQ
?*)C
%_Z A¤# 'I=\
N! N\ss
Y ©\ ¡¤ )/WR A=*0 ) ] A9= X)\ss \]^Q y

k7R j X ss XyG 1 'Ià #+§ %_) U /Q %\Z
(States, Provinces etc) )/WR E N Q*0 j\ 0 XV¤ 2*
JX=\ss +-Q ?Z KC= # % \Z QVY A$W â ¡¤
j/%ëE +0# E(/%G N2* ss AC= 'I=G ¡¤
%\Z +0# );EO L 0\ j\ L[
4 +0# j!E )/WR
â^ ¡¤ E(/%G )-\ss ].~. A$W
AC= X 1913/E.~.A/A!
) j F±\ss
y ) 0 ¡¤ jO* %\Z %\" Q

\ )!!Ö y j\ ss
T
y ) ] AC= N)e\ \ss A2 ©\ ¡¤ %\Z
E©\ {0 DE )/WR j/XG L O=\ Y ©\ %\Z ) ] {0
DE )/WR j/%G L #\ss T
*2 ].~.A$W" W"7
)J% Nm \ss
I RS * A9= X_) -* A!x )X ë\ ¬Q «

v )6D®\ss
1. U$q ?w ?*CA"
4A y ) 'I=\ Q% b j/%G
%\Z E ANW VF +0# E)/XG F
143
2. ? ?*CA"
4A {0=E #V N2* j/XG )/WR E
) F
3. I .'Ià Q% b XYZ U ) y¤# X
Ad \ YZ
c1 )Cl F
"Ess
'Ià Q% b L\!" )D

I.'.I.$ i A+; 62
1. Q% bq i Lq )}Q L\! O*e\ss
2. i k7R A!$ kD -=\ss
3. ? ?*CA i4A = E2\ = /C EX \ ?
) X) j 0< i q C* /"\ss
4. i q )- i4A E©\ " i4A 8+2 )C*)
A2 E(C2" E(7? -[\ss
5. Xi4? )/WR Q% b [ !Q= )Cµ L\!O X""\ss
6. %\Z WX\ j A DD _ \[\ss
7. %\Z" 'I=G [= )? )- < y q WX\
jXp G E(yQ 'I=G %\Z 2}N jC0 +
/"\ss
8. i4? )/WR Q% b i P/!E j _ ? k7R \ss
9. NQ %\\

! i L#: Lq A-[ !
E-F 'I=G !\8 E(D \ss
10. Q% bq ) ] ®j" : jâ< ®{N\ss
11. Q% bq = A kD" Q% \ A kD !\ = L= A o,Q"
0 A)7- -? /!\ss
XT
c1 44 X_
)®N [ Q F jVG y k7R
AGss
%% N " d A8 CN: 2 _#
c1 ss
144
6.6. d A # e E" !\8 ? I RS 'I=P4Q L
'I=P4Q \] N \ j\ Aed e=: L j+Q0"

)CD* N
*C? 0 j =¤< CN: 2 _# ? _
ss I RS A_$W 0 ?*CA \] = E2\ = /C ? EX
\ E" E" e=: z N 1 1 +0# [ 0
- * ?E A " ss 'I=: Lq i )9*) E" z3 CQ
IJ%=K E" \N N*[0 j\ A2 [= W: E" IOj: Ni*C?
D # ss I RS 'I=: Lq +\ -* A8 lX=
E" Q X)E d A # v )9*q = = N)7- E"
yGQ I RS i4A =C E2\ = /C ? )D j\
E" -* ss
6.6.1. 'I=P4Q E" d A)7-
'I=P4Q ? X_) -* E )Xp G i?*)CA 0 jf

d d A)7- $ F )=d F±\ss EQ h ®®
MNO E" X#$W: )J%< j YZ AQV d N? 0Q
P\ \ss h ®® E" cNO ) ] Ni*CA WX\ E©\ =
4 E" /\ A)7- N*[0 E7 Ni*C? = : N
E" N- j\ e " E" = 4 E E [= =ER N
*CD:
?? P"% \ss y" '-=P4Q ) ] N
*CA 0 E- d
A)7- PC= j [= F IJ%=K: F 2 E- I#
j+Q0 e=: E" W: \ E-F ? ss
E2` A )D ly E-j/V XAD\ AW \] i\" ] F y¤#

A2 U AW\ F L PO D\ ¬Q A8] A2 AL 4
145
j ?E 2 F ?=: L PO D\ss XTU Dn '-=\
q E" AD\ AW E77E Y 0Q A%? PO=E 2 ss
6.6.2. 'I=P4Q I RS N< E" d A)7- e
I RS '-=: IJ%=K: $Ú?P%

I RS ? ?*CA E"
i4A “=E E2\ = /C ? E" A7 -? +Q”
=E 82 E" LQQ E(yQ i )C*) W
N
*C? E(yQ ? E E E" 0J E E E -[_
E" N*[0 jE A2 IOj N
*C? _
jE '-=\ 8\ ×7 D#E \ss

'-=: W Ni*C? )®® N U$q z3 CQ E" IJ%=K
N E" i4A ~Oj: E" N
*CD: E2 N*[0 ss 'I=\ 8\
×7"E E77E =E F ) Di\ E" E FQ *ÍQ
A?* O=E EC VE ) ] -*< E" i/ u E
j)L [= f _=E \ 0J E" A WX _
e\ss )N$Q '-=\ A-*#E PVW j CA E" 2O
9*#: ? N*[0 ? F DiZ E" MNO A7 \]
N- K \ dQ F \| A+Qe\ss
I RS 'I=: L j E" )C*) ? ?*CA E"

i4A = E2\ = /C ? ) ss = E2\ = /C
A\X A+| 39 jX) -[\ss
? ?*CA i4A ?
1. NQ I RS ? ?*C? i4? = E2\ = /C EX
\ ? N"EQ \© -? )+ ss
2. NQ I RS ? ?*C? i4? ®® " o_ ®®
NV- E" DiG ; N7 E" pp E(yQ #$© XDX?
? A ss
146
3. NQ I RS ? ?*C? i4? = = N)7- lG ?
A ss
? ? ?*C i4 C * \% Q2 =
j)72 #: )®N N®®Q E(yQ % \ \ E" 'I=\
A)7- 0 j": %\" Nr ? 8\\ss
= E2\ = /C |C ? jX E2Q# XN# 1 I RS

i 9* = E2\ = /C ? D b A\% y
0A N+0 2 F"\ss
$ 0? “? ?*CA i4A j 8\ } \X

k7 F"\ss T
8\ kQ “T
i 0 ? ?*C? i4? N s-
XT
+0Z ) , D
jV N
*C? ss Cp [= D j6D
D
\ /Q )VV \Qv E PD jG [= ®® E [= /Q
)- i\" A ? jQ \A" A2 E" A? )z
\% Q2 jO "Ess”
D=: E" VD: (Subjective) %_
0Q ss D=: % ^ [= Di\ /Q )Í \Nv [= ®® E"
©#Q KF D: %_ ^ -J /\ N E" [= L\A":
)[? "Ess FQ y q %_ j´ Ni*C? “? ?*C? E"
i4?” F"\ N Q = E2\ = /C ? D b F"\ N ss [=
XF D=: Di (E- ®® Di\ \Nv /z) VCG ) E" E
)9*) /\ N jV F A2 Ni*C? E- A2 ?=:
N
*C? P /Q i4A ;C ? '-=\ = /C ? A"V
Ni*9?Q y A?x Ni*C? E7 ?=: Ni*9? )*[ ?
ss XT
)+ 2[< ?=: N
*9A WX\ ? Q F
-* )9*) \] A-kQss
I RS i 0 = E2\ = /C ? Î e" e" |#<

AG ss $ ®® E" Di\ L?0=: \] E" NV- |#
y ) E7 ?=: Ni*C? W: = 4 A)7- E" 'I=\ V¤
A9!0 .- )_ ? |# E" Î) \ ? |# "Ess
147
= E2\ = /C ? ®® E" Di\ L?0 |# FO E7 ?=:
Ni*C? = ®® +Q E" N- = Di\ | E" Npp =
#$% XDX? ?q W #\ss I RS 0 )XL) d e
X WX\ ?c ? ?*9A i4A Q%
) #
)xDE ®® E" Di\ d"< ss ET
# W )Ô
F Ni*9A X®f ? Di\ NE+_ [ Ne2 )X)ëE PK<
\] N0p W EQ Dn \{Q 0 d P 0 e\ss
ET
)J%< z3 9Q E" Ni=: e " _ E" A$q
Ni*9A 82 )9*) W: N
=: E" ~Oj: Ni*9?
D ? \] E" E" N"X 2 E(F A2#\ss
= E2\ = /9 ? = 4 A)7- E" ) ;# E7 ?

?*C?" i4? = = N)7- E" %\: E" '-=\ # 0
_ : E" )!!Ö %\" E(O* j- ? j®{Q ss
=
E2\ = /C ? ;# L\! /- %\\ Ni*9A N*2
yGQ L\! A2 NEX\ 0 E7# E" E7NX\ -[\ss i4
L\! /- # * y¤# AN=d ? WX\ jO* §%% E" a©
+ ? F j X#E Ni*9A A)7- .- )_ E"
_h E NW) jE E2\ dQ ss = E2\ =
/9 ?
4A WX\ [= N E" A2 |# !* ss #$%
E-j*[ \\ F I RS i4A WX\ ? \] W2
E" WXE A2 [= F N _ =âî 2 KF !!
W: c E( A2\ss FQ I RS ? ?*CA" i4A
= E2\ = /C ? E" z3 9Q IJX=K E" \N
NQ! E" ) ] i4A WX\ 82 E" LQQ )9*) A2
_ 2 A F±\ss FQ = E2\ = /C ? |#<
"X ) ] Ni*9A X=E O$ AWD A AX %\: A" '-=\
# -* 2* D W .- )#1 jF 9Q IJ%=K E"
\N L _ A 2 y¤# F )*[ k7 ss
148
I RS i 0 = E2\ = /9 ? 0 \ ?
E5 AX=W$ F AW\ ss A7v
? Ö A4 + L jN{
i4A ? )9 F T
? E" A$q #) A-[
[\!#\ N A|O 8/l#\ss XT
)N$ “\ ? ?)Ö
E(pp j[\ E" '-=: A)7- e PC_ XjD 22 W
[ Nw2 XF )N$ \ (Compromise) W: 0? X) \
)/9 /Q A?u<^ )8ej < +G Lq 0 !
P = jG E2\ 0=\” j\ Q% 8/NGss YZ -J \
? i q 0 +*ª E" i L#: E" Nrq ?
?*9A E" i4A = E2\ = /C ? X e " XFQ Dn
'-=\ q _82 )9*) F N*[x N X=X=Gss
)N$Q = E2\ = /C ? EX \ ? E" Cq ?
=¤< _# *7\ N ´#Gss
I RS W #$% E-j*[ i4A° A2 P*[0 j /- c\

NQ= A- Q
PD E" z3 P j E [= O [=
0J E N*[0 [= LQQ K9* ? ss = E2\ =
/9 ? ! )9*) A2 *ÍQ c\ )? P
A\Q \{Q E) E" i A2 XNQ! \ ?=: =¤< E"
\ = N F E E ì F"\ss FQ I RS
i4A° A2 N*[0 W L\! /- L= i4 N*2 82
)9*) A2 NQ! E-* lX= M$Õ 0 + ® !!
cZ }Q jl /¤: lX=< "Ess FQ \ 0 K+?
I RS
T
0 )D=: 9N: E" IJ%$K: 2 N+0
T
0 Q% P jG c\ d N+* J%=\ss
= E2\ = /9 ? E" Nrq i4A WXE E
)N" i?* D / Ö j" x/#\ss Q%qQ E©\#E
%\Z E =E N)7- E ? E(yQ %\\ E" 'I=\
# -* )!!Ö %\" Nr ?#E j*[0 ss
y¤#
149
L\! E" L\! %__\ $ j d N)"2 j\
A)NNÖ e " ss
I RS i 0 'Ià NE+_ 0 = E2\ = /9

? ) jG Î zI< AGss
• $ h7" # i?*)9? %_\ N Q A2 Ni*9? jO
%\\ -* jÖ KF YZ^ -J AD\ # -* E" '-=\
-* jf "Ess # i?*)9? %_\ -* = E2\ =
/9 ? A)D j 6 =E = 4 A)7-
N®®Q E" D -* -J %\\ # E" 'I=\
A)7- EXO 0 j": %\" Nr#E \ss A?
\ i
q E7 Ni*9? 'I=\ -* j": %\" Nr E7
Ni*9? '-` Q% b A2 jPR i4? A2 AD\ E(/X\
- E" ? 2Q| A9= j*µ )/WR 550 +x
jO* i4? )/WR Q% b 20 jF +x< A"V
Ni*9A )? E( - ss I RS ? ?*CA" i4A
'I=\ q E j": %\" y q 'I=\ N Q% b ?
)/9 F YZ^Q x z2 ) j O*e\ss AD\
# Q (%\\) z2 ) y¤# A ss
• E7 Ni*9? W = E2\ = N)7- E" /\ A)7- ?
)N$ i Lq E7 Ni*9? 'Ià NE+_ 0 =
L N®®Q j+ 0 N)"2 JX=\ss QQ EØ i
q 'Ià zÖ AD\ # E7G 5Q %\\ #
C0 jÖ E7 N
*C? N"EQ = N®®Q
? E" T
? A)D A F L L
C+Q!\ss
• i q 9* d A)7- A\% e E" ) i
#: AW\ 'I` Q% b KF ¬Q Q% b I RS ?
?*9A E" i4A )/WR AD\ jf ss Q% bq ) *
I RS i4A WX\ ?? A[ E" 87: f E©\ E"
150
=E \] N% L* N7 E" i q
N% E |" )D j\ \© NX"/ ss TU A
Q% bq ) \! 2*n<ss
U.
q )hQ
.
q 9* ? ?*CA E" i4A = E2\ =
/9 ? EX \ AN\X j k7R /9
.
q )- I RS i4A E©\ ? N*[0 E"
[= 87E L* A2#E N"X N- E"
. %\\ # WX\ P¥ jG A DD E" 4A _
"Ess
#: 7Ö i #:

XjX E e A2Q#<
A ss i #: 4A *n ¤ L\! A-
? )C F A- )7- EX Y 0 E(F
N2* 'I=\ Lq i\" A F L\! %__\ a* ss
FQ '-=G E" AD\ # : N N*[0 \) E" F i
A!$ kD~ N®®Q 2 \ss A!$ kD~ 'I=G i
)hQ E" ) '-=\ qQ F AD\ # j/µ
[ "
jX"/ )D= i #: F"E ¤ \p\ss FQ
)®Q
'-=\ e ? N j\ *n A)NNr _ )-h
=\ss
'Ià Q/b ) ] I RS i4A WX\ E©\ N E" A2#E

N"X )C L\! +0# jz ?=: \] N% E" NV-
A2#E N"X i q W N [ ss XT
E-)+C
I RS i4A D-*k i #: 8\ ×7 =VE N E2 N*[0
A XN*!EQ [= 0J E NX jE A2
W E" IOj N
*C? D I# ?)e\ss 0 [= i\"E
151
XyGQ )n 2 )E PF j I_ : #$W: f N/2
F \; ss
i q yGQ E©\ XN"X )N$ 'Ià Q/b ET

?
08 jf E" j) 2*% A2h#\ss XT
A Q/bq "ACp
y¤#&®® E" j X#E i4A N E" 82 9* )®®l = A4
AW F %\G # WX\ j 4A /Q A DD _
Nr L\! )C0#\ss " ET
b P/C2 jD 'Ià
Q/b Xi #: k7R ß 'I=\ q E" AD\ # WX\
)VV \! \; \)C F ss 'Ià Q/b i\" XF n
Q% A Q/bq 'I=\ q E" %\\ # WX\ j i
#: \F k7R Q L\! E-jO* N \ss ) Q )/WR
Q/b %\\ # /C 0< j X#E %\Z QQ
W\-* )+ ACp y¤# E" jX#E i4A 82 L*
*n V¤ L\! )C0#\ss
Y Q/bq {\_ \! X? ?*CA E" i4A = E2\ = /C
? EX\ [ )z j k7R i q 9* /C
L\! ss ET
k7R 91 A2N )! G E" = E2\ = /C
? $ jX*X 0< W #\ss ®® E" D
: N E"
Npp 0<& = 4 A)7-=: )®N N®®Q E" 'I=\ E" %\\
# V)_ 0< E" \ 0< 'Ià Q/b \! %\\
0 /28\ss Q/bqQ ET
0< i q 9* N)"2 I#
A ss QVY N"EQ ? ?*C? /Q i4? jV \ 0 X=
i Aß Q/b AD y «) 2[_ Nr A ss i q
0 'I=\ q AW\ P+? E-jD \; D-Q 'Ià

Q/b F A ! Q%qQ
Q/b = E2\ = X/C ? EX
\ [ )z j k7R /C L\! F ss
)N$Q )VV Q% 0 X)+ A « # 0
i4-V¤ 0= E" N-= c1 Q ¬ 'Ià Q/b ss
152
)VV \© \ 0 V¤ i4 A?x 2Q; )+D Wr
j X) Q/b \! N) _ E" M? %__\ j-* y¤# /C
c1 Q 'Ià Q/b ss
XT
XC * V 'Ià Q% b ) ] I RS i4A WX\
?? A[ E" A2 _ E(yQ i #: %% N7r
.- /VÖ j" E-jx/ N \ss 'Ià Q/b d XX\
E" A)7- $ j" A\% jX)G 0< P Gss
1. Q/bq ) ] I RS ? ?*CA E" i4A WX\ 82
)C*) A2 E" CQ A? O N"X )C L\! A\%
jX) =âî Q2 ?
2. Q/bq d A)7- E" XX\ =âî A ? - ?=: ?? E"
A[ N"X jG L)-.- E" e=: 2* AG ?
3. d $ *< NCDC? E" )) jG e E" ??
*A AG ?
4. %\\ # 0 Xj d A j" Q2 ?
5. d EI K)"2 E" K # Õ\?
6. d XXX\ E" X_# A XAD\ # [ f Q
\?
'Ià Q/b i q )j ? F i #: 8\ ×7 *n
D3 E" )X WQ ss T
N KD\ A2 AD\ i q
j* y¤# i #: Lq A-[ j0\ / 'I=\ q
!\8 E(D Nz4 L\! )C0#\ss j+0 %_\ 'I=\ !\8 ? k7
7V\ss
6.6.3. 'I=\ !\8 ? I RS i
? ? ?*CA" i4A D A 0 j d U\ P q AGQss

'I=\ !\8 ? A2 L= IJ%=K: i #: L
P§ jG d ! E" 'I=\ 8\ ×7 )ANÜ F #NÖ
153
N*[0 *n AN=d 2 ss i #: Lq A-[ j0G
y¤#< E7DD XX\ /C2 DE YZ EQ< lG )/-
*#N A F"E *[0 z +- E" +0# j/C2 EQ A- Qss
+- %_\ E-)?== ) ] N

*CA = E2\ = /C ?
)C*) I RS 'I=: L jX)G N< AG ss
1. "U= I RS 0 z3 CQ e " IJ%=K E(C_ IOj:"
N
=: E2# E(p =V E2\ =V /C ?# )
_}# i E" =V 82 )C*) A2 W
Ni*C? [= D !
2. "0N ?# E" # [= E" )-[[1 NV- A2 IOj
Ni*C? D ……"
A2 W Ni*C? D N PVW j CA E" i4A ?
KX E" i4A CQ A? O E" A2 E©\ E" QQ # D
\
/Q MNO \] K*[0 ? ss
* i4A *ÍQ A? O
#$WE E" )[? E 7E [= A WX E" [= 0J NV- E"
2 \ss )N$Q XN
=: A-*#E A X#$% )/*
) I_ : f E" C*#: E©\ Eì y¤#< N/2 2
\ss
i q E7 = 4 ? E" yGQ /\ A)7- ? j*[0

W L z[ I RS
4A Ô 'I=\ 8\ ×7 E- F
E7 EX jf # N"EQ AW E" D \! i
q )Ô F E" YZQ i q )Ô F"E N*[0 c1
d"\ss i #: Ad 'I=\ W 0 $< E" )$<
i q )+µ y¤#< AD O E7 DE 27\ss
'Ià Q/b i #: 7Ö .- I RS i4A WX\ ??

A[ " CN: A? O N"X E" # WX\ j A DD
CN: 2 _#q .- j" X_) XFQ )N$ i q
154
j*[0DE 9N: AC= ) .- j"Q X_) ss
ET
AC= v AC$ j/C )X=W$ /O i q DE
)Ô E" A DD E i #: L 9* _# JX
DE 4DY /C"\ss i #: 7Ö & aQ\" /Q Y N"EQ
9N: d A # zI )X=W$ /O 8- VF +) A DD^
/- M\ EQ W e[ AO=EQss E-T
y¤#< i #:
9Q E" L PX D\ss I RS i 'I=\ i q
XX\ E" I# 'I=\ E" %\\ # 0ë\ss
'Ià AD F %\Z # i #: Lq { .-

QD +-Q j" x/#Gss
Q F =VE /C 9Q E" L
N E +7j c1 F ss '-=\ q %\\
# 0 !\8 Dq 2 jCf E" 3 Q% jF ) ] y¤#<
i q 0 )+Qe\ss I RS i « 'I=\ !\8
? #V -[\ss
1. AD\ # 0 9* j-* !\8 ?

2. i4? )/WR Q/b E" 'Ià Q/b [= V¤ 9* j-* !\8
? E"
3. 'Ià Q/b E4 9* j-* !\8 ? "Ess
A2 AD\ 0 9* j-* !\8 ? A\X i q

A+; 51/14/ jX) -[\ss ‹X%\\ AQ F 60# -_* K[0Q
%\G )72 0 9* U$q XX M\ CN=\ss› XT
2[
*7 j $ !\8 ? )D=: F jQ* A2 AD\
q 0 XAl F 60# -_* O K4? E" E7#
0 K+? ss
'I=\ q y Q/b [= V¤ 9* j-* !\8 ? A\%

A+; 55/16/ jX) -[\ss ‹NQ %\\ C?A: ? K!" %\G
2q NQ V\ K+ = AVa " %\G 82 ) EQ E(/C2
155
'Ià Q% b [= ?CD 0 +D\ss )-*C V¤ C* %\G Q%
b $ C!\ss› XT
2[ *7 j y q 'I=\ Q/b
AD\ L\! %\\ 0 j 6 C?A: ? 0C NQ V¤
E(V\§ n jF %\\ #q D \!" Q ET
0C NQ
E y¤# ss )/WR Q% b Q ) [= V¤ 9*
j X#E %\: D \!" ) E4 C!\ss
'Ià Q/b ) E4 9* j-* !\8 ? A\% i q

A+; 62 jX) -[\ss ‹NQ %\\
i ! i
#: Lq A-[ ! E-F 'I=G !\8 E(D \ss›
XT
)+ 'I=\ !\8 ? j{ y¤#< j-k i
#: 2[< i q )Ô XN*[0 E" i #: Lq
X N< VW [ )=f E" T
Q # l "Ess ET
2[<
N"EQ y¤# AD\ # G: + P AGQss
$ !\8 ? j X N Q AD\ 0 ANW

j-* !\8 ? i q E7 %\\ q 0 i4? 60# E" CQ
NX I# E7 j- F E7 %\\ 0 60# -_* KXC
+7j
y¤# = c\ ! c1 A ss A2 %\\ 60#
2_* y¤# XAQ FO Kr 'I=\ i q E(
q %\\
'I=\ q !\8 E(D I# E7 X-k Dn 'I=\
qQ XX MG NCN= 3 %\\ 0 60# -_*
NQ I# E7 -[\ss
q 60# -_* * A# W\
PDD E" i #: Lq E" CQ A-[ P0\ \ss FQ
'I=\ q !\8 ? 2 ss
y ) !\8 ? N Q i4? )/WR Q% b E" 'Ià Q%

b [= V¤ j-* !\8 ? XYZ ) ss $ -* T
q
!\8 ? Q% jF A2 %\\ L\! %\\ 0 C?A: ? !
O E" %\G ET
0C NQ A G ss y ) !\8 ?q A 6Q
156
.- j X) %\\ 0 'I=\ XX C=: NCN= AW Qss
jW)) j X#E %\\ D \!" $ N) _ ss X$
!\8 ? [ K6 C?A: ? 0C Q% j-* !\8 ?
XD2 ss
Q F EQ<^ z y q 'I=\ Q/b [= kD~
j/C F ? VF ET
!« A2 AD\ +0)Q F )zee$
)V O j % E" i #: Lq A-[ P 0 j\ !Q
A- y¤# O jV FQ dQ ss
i q C?A: ? X X_) ©* C0Õ\ss XA2 «)

jF i q 2[< C< E" i4A ? E" X=E
N*[0 # l "Ess )N$Q ) E" \; yGQ 'I=\ E" %\\
D \!" 9*#: ? E" N% E" NX I# 0ZDEe\ss
FQ y ) !\8 ? jCµ E j X) %\\ C?A:
? !« E(Q )Cµ Ô E "Ess $<^ C* )
EQ W\)/C- i q E5 X_5 ! ? VF i #: q
%% AC= E-"+ ss FQ i #: q A-[ _
)3 jF j X#E %\\ D \!" "Ess
«) !\8 ? N 'Ià Q/b E4 j-* !\8 ? ss

N"EQ %\\ i q ! i #: Lq A-[ K0\ PV
\ss i q A+; 93/1//U/ C* AEØ Ae5 P#/5DE
Xj\DE y¤#< A “ i #: Lq A-[ j0\ E" ) -
i NX L ®®Q N \ y¤#” O ss FQ «) !\8
? ) j E(F y\ AEØ Ae5 #/5 O#\? /
'I=\ q i #: q A2 %\\ A-[ /2®\ ?Z KQ
AEØ Ae5 N/5 V \ = cZ NCN= \? jG
0< NV ´ \ss
157
6.7. )72 AW f I RS
b3 DE- -D [2 / G

E2M2!!
1w. w ²ZL/ ^Dh (jC '* ,- -(G6D D' E
6 ~Em !
2w. E$b3 D' 6 ~Em I
1 ²ZL/ ^Dh (M(2
,- -(G6 ,Q$ ^Dh!
5.7.1. ,- -(G6D AA ,Q$ A5 3`1
µ ²ZLN4# #[L 2#H K.C. Wheare E9C1-P$4X A6 APD

²ZL/ ,- 7> (states or provinces) ,Q$ [2 S/
D' M( OD!! E$b3# E$ $%$ D' @!!
3 # 82 $? EZ- AP`T -0 12 ²ZL ,- A6

(<$ ~P`T 7e ? -0 A2 7 WD EZ E N' ?
EZ- A6 .A/ ~PD C) ²ZL 7 -(G6 A MH #
h$ $%$ NO ? [2T# G
(?2 13 ,d$ °.!!
²ZL. ,- 7> E @ C17( -(G6) -D 12

,o 34 o C17 A92#!! E$ [2T# -0@ C1PQ
M3P ,-T '* ÅP ,-T ek '@ E @ 82 $!!
²ZL. ,- -0 (P9 ÅP ,-T $!! 7># E9b[!! -2b3
E ²ZL. ,- 7> ÅP,-/ -0 :$- <# ÈLe
V, 6DvT I-ÅP-,-/ '!! E9b[# 7> ÅP ,-T M0@
-0 A ²ZL. ,- E q V;) 6DvT I-ÅP,-/
'!! [2T# -(G6 ^0 (<$ ÅP ,-T ? '* b3
- E (Co-ordinate to each other) @ E2!!
E9b[# ,@ ^0 ( ÅP-,-T E-M'$ 6- A H ;Pw
<# (:; A92#!! -2'$# 7> 3@ C:;2 ²ZL. ,-T
-22P <# -2P A92#!!
158
²ZL. ,- ÅP-,-T $ < -0* ~P`T (jC
286, ,Z 7> 56 8, 2#!! H A$WPD [2T# 3P
,-T }I @!! 3P ,-T ~P`º 3, $ 82 A D_ 3
$!! b3# - $ ²ZL E 7 -(G6 A H ;Pw
8' $e- <Me ÅP ,-/ $%$ (Independent Constitutional Entity)
A@ C2!!
5.7.2. I
1 ²ZL/ ^Dh -(G6D AA ,Q$ (IGR under Ethiopia
Federalism)
Is` 3P ,- ²ZL. 7 ,- AM 12 ,Q$ E$

E $j$ D' M E9'$ E-MA[ (2M@ 3P,-T
6W ,i $!!
y" J$ ,>® A6 .A/ ~PD -; 3 (X 28PP (9L"
²ZL E 7 -(G6 Me ( > (: A$ | 28|
C?2 E-M# 6- $ C '!! <9 AGs¿p ²ZL ~PD (7
2#H!-I
1 M82q :9#Ip ²ZL ~P 2#H AÀ >
A6 E 0 ,- -(G6 3` 8} OD !! {`1
#ELe [2T# -(G6 $ -A@ (P6 2| [\
6@ $D!! 2#H 6 AòN4# AÀ 7e( ~PD 34m (G9)
$ ED° -L $D!! ,-# AP,> 34X f; # M8-MD 12
A$#!! -2b3 M²ZL. ,- C: AP,> [.# 7e( ~PD
M´ <L` $D!! E$b3 AP,>I - E-M(?2 6- 2#H
7e( ~P) AÀ ²ZL ,- ,6 N C2M E# o#
C1E-ó@ , A$)#!! 2# V ~P`º A I OC E -5n
C1( ;* ED° E. 6 I-`1® (,L
$D!! (EE 7e( ~P) 2²ZL. ,- A4 PV Es'* 3P ,-T
9@ 7- 7e1 E-AM<* 6- 7. -; A-(G9D s7L1/
159
' <# 12' E# o# C1-y: G A$#!! [ El Mv
c AP`º I OC AV (,D <9 I-`1® 1(D J/
P¶ (-qe( 7e( ~P) 34m ,Q$ MD+ P1+ E(-q
±+ M( o E -q E19 k AÀ 34 ,- M´
h2# WD 12 ,Q$ °PD 34mp :; C2MT - 82# ,6+
3+ #3D E E. - E ± ,- (E C
E(2< 0!! 2#H Å (X M²ZL. ,- C : My <L
MM ? ' 7. ED- D- ,Q$ 8MD ~P`º M´ h2#
WD 1 ,Q$ 8-qq 34X M:6 , D -L <;I J/ #3D
CG D+ ,6+ ,- AP,>+ J/ I OC I-` -
C8L [\ 8?@ $D!!
Mb3 As- [\ AjD ²ZL 7 -(G6 ,Q$ 3` N2<;
(P99!! D3 9r A[# [2T# -(G6D AA -0@ C1PQ MÅP
,- ? $!! -2'$# 3P ,- ; -D 3W/ E$ 1@ -(G6D
AA '$ :;2!! E9(2# A[# [2T# -(G6D AA ÅP
,-T ; -D A H ;Pw <# (:; E' C|# 3W/ $%$
A@!! D3 9r (2< 2# 82 $!! (,D-?
(,D 9r E9:6 [2T -(G6 E$A CO) [\ 2#!! -2b3
JD '$ ,Q$@ (:{ (9WW 86, @ 82 $!!
J ²ZLN4# #[L (Co-operative Federalism) 82 C) 3
-(G6D AA As- 3D (The New thrend Intergovernmental relation )
28M $!! b3# ($E $ J 2#H AÀ ²ZL ,-
-0 (,D Eq ;º C2!!
I
1 2#EH ,6 C2M ²ZL. ,- ~PL M´ h2#WD
1 ,6 ,Q$ E9b[# [2 <# Mb1 '$ 7> AM ,6
,Q$ 9r #L 8-(G9D ÅP-,-/ -0 A2!! E1G
7 L] 7. Å4 ? CA± ,6 ,Q$ #L 8E9, E
160
8-(G9D ÅP ,-/ -0 $ A2!! [ El E96 J
A6# A6 7 Å4 ? C2M ,6 E -5n AOD#:: ##
A2 2# v - 'O | A#!! -2b3 ,Z ²ZL ,-T 6We
<# ALD °T A:D# !! E9b3 2 [\ ²ZL. ,- 7>
-0 $ (,D P2i ,Z [2T -(G6D AM (9WW$ 12
,Q$ OD A2 82 $!!
Me 2 M:-$ #H E<0 ²ZL 7 E <G 9r 1. e3

AA ,Q$ D3 9r (,D P2i N<-9 C2 (21 7
EM!! E A6 7 CPB P1 ($E ,6 ( D fÇ <9
A LV1 e/Y G1@ <-G.!! G
AAV 82 12 '!! [
El GÇp 27D7) $° N' ?2 ,6 $7 , A-7( C9D]
E\ <# (EE [\ AL 7 CO 34 ,Q$
L] '$ (dEO NO !! -2'$# GÇp G -$ EJ 7.
Å4 E H> 7> 34m AM NOD CP ,6 I OC --D
28q C # E\1@ <# @ :- OD@!!
E9b[# 2v A6 7 ? (<-O C:D -> C A6 ,6 G
($E 7D7D 7. <G <# Mb1 12 e3 AA C<-$ E\ >
A6 ²ZL. ,- -D C(G9) ,6 I OC ,Q$I A./
(dEO EG1E6D L] ?2 ;5¡ 86, @ 82 $!!
<9 H #EH E2e 9r 1. e3 AA A/ I C2M

COL@ , -0 $ Aj# # N' E9C E-(!! A6
C1-M-- G 8C1 Y Es| (9P W 7. <G <# Mb1#
2 e3 AA :Dm C1P E\ A6# 7. (jC C'$ 7
ÅP ,- D3 E9b[# (M G C2M (jC$ 12 7
Å, (legislation) S E9C< 5!! [ El ²ZL. ÅP ,-
(A(T A/ D' <# 2b[ h8 ~PD A:e 3, 8E:e 2-
²ZL. ,- 9$PP Å, (Legislative frame work) -D A 7. <#
<G e3 AA E\ (t ÅP ,-/$ AO#!! -2b3 (21
,- -(G6D AA eD6 YI Ck E\ V1- D3 Aj#
161
9r C00_ ' OD@!! 3 E 286, ,- -(G6
,Q$ ,Z (9WW (co-operative Federalism) ' !! 12b1 J$
,>® :DI Mb3# V' Å (X 5 E <;$ 2 P6
28PP C? A$#!!
²ZL. ,-+ 7> <G ,Q$ (2 e3 -7 ,Z

(9WP (:{ Es' |8 M²ZLN4# 6-~E WD 1Wy '?
G 2 E. M Pi ? 2C2MT E$# ²ZLN4# (0
-@ '!! [ El J/ h2# w# AAV <# 7
Å ( (P;> 2OD V,# 8? '* -(G6) AA ,Q$
,Z (9WW '* A:³ $!! 3# (2 A6 ²ZL -Dh {`1
A-D( h A [\ EM* k Po E" E C±6 ù9 $!!
b3 P6 APL ,- -(G6D AA AM 12 ,Q$ (9WW
286, e3 AA ,D :9# C < A2@ 82 $!! K# N'
?2 (; 3, (D·C$ $ C: (E $!! GÇ E
h5V1$ Å, ÅP-,-T 5 5 5 M(D# A ]+ h8+
(E e2 N1<k -2C @ $!! 3 86, A?2 ÅP
,-T 5 5 A m A _ 13 G MC2 A6 (L
A(°.# 82 $!!
H A$WPD Å (X ME$] M_1@ C : (2 AP,> -

A?2# 82 $!!
7.
)hQ
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1.
)}Q $ AG A9= \Gss
2.
A)}Q zI<" *7Gss
3. I'2$
A)*}Q" L " ?==Gss
162
4.
A!$ kD~" 'Ià Q% b
}
#:
N*[0 ©\ DE c1 " \! \Gss
5.
kQ jnE k7R /-
A!$ kD~
Q= Gss

q
} yG
ss
N NQ
-? $ E"
V¤ C* N ss -* j/µ
} -A $<" V¤<
X
q [ j8* F DEQ N ss FQ " X$
ET
V¤< j/ AW
}^ -A^ /z) X
q [ N8* \©
N! I# A DE N ss FQ
q E)*}l j/
V¤Q X
q [ j!!Q \© F E*[µ E-j/ 8\ N
ss y" ET
V¤< X
q [ )!! \© E(/C Q
A72 j/C V¤< X
q " AN [ )[ /Q )8*
"E j\ %% PV \ss FQ V¤ X
q [ 8*"\ /
A8*Q j\ A DD )V N ss E(
D
kQ 0
jV k7] \! " j/ AW\ +D\ss
i- Q NQ
)hQ = F )hQ zI
/Q F< E7G #/8\ss
)D A7v A KG YZ V
jG AGss NQ
2[ kQ j \ \| VF K+ N Q
2[ AnjXYZ
} /Q 2[< [ d K /Q !!Q VO
K+ ss
N"EQ )hQ )D ? E70 /Q X#C hQ )8=Ü F

hQ E7C0 X_) 08 j ss ) Q
- )= C 2
D F!
C2 ? VF W C2 /Q
4A 8\ ×7 C2 F
j)*kQ / W# k7R XQ ND 8\ss
? Q VF
-
A8 A[ *5Q z" E(C= )-h j- F

163
)}Q \! PO* jD AW\ N PF E-jD E(yQ

)}Q PO* jD .- \| " /C \[\ss T
%_\
)}Q \! E AW ) X) E(yQ X

kQ
[ )z P jG 0A NV JX=\ss
/ 0
• E7 )N$ %\G /Q Y %\\

- N0" A/!0!
Nnn\ !A)*hQ
XYZ [ N6 W= E" -WN h
%_\ )N$< +DGss
7.1.
Q )*hN\ ?
N"EQ "
/Q "
- )}Q L=" A2 9*#: N E7 X
)\\ss XT
A
kQ jC
U. \; N2* (Clarity)

) 0 44 i VF 0\
E" 9*#:
j-

h yG i ss N Q
0\
E-F E-YZ
h !Q \; F \ss \; F 8 A | /Q ik

\| j X PF \ss
44 E" )= XF F< \ ??" A8 F |C cVA

)J ss
®® A8 XFQ Dn 8^ ) 0 E" A+N0
XYZ
h E5k e\ss E(yQ ®® ? E-j"
8 Q F ®® X /- 2[\ nn\ +=\ss FQ ET
E" ET

VCG \; N2* i- )hQ \! )C A W\

)hQ zI< /Q
+Q \; N2*

)*kNGss
. d / !!Q/ /Inconsitency/
164
A72 ) ]
A+ /Q QE= A7E XA7E
!!l /Q XWE d P \ss
!!Q /Q d
E(!!Q j-* i q )hQ F"\ss
? Q VF

A? A N AQ F Q A
h yG
E-F A+2
)\%)"\ss
j*[ X
[ j8*
\N7: AC=
V¤ /z) VO K+ ss W Q e[ NO* KF ss T

d O /Q O N*[0 k7] i )hQ
\! I'2$
A+| 84(2) 9* 'Ià Q/b )C0Õ#\ss
EX Ay G V¤< X ih i#: F E" A F

j** A+| 83 (1) E-)- i k7 %% KV (Concrete
review) N Q k7R /Q )X$W$ /O k7E 1Ià Q% b K+ ss
A8 ih" i q WX\ d O
k7 %%
K+? 'Ià Q% b I12$
A+| 83(1) 9*

)hQ V¤ C0#\ss
FQ X
q
[ j8* V¤
/z) KO
q A+|
83 (1) E(yQ A+| 9(1) E" (2) E" Ae5 {0 251/93 9* e[ NO*
F V¤ \! 'I` Q% b ss
. %_) 4[

C2 !Q 0\ A+N0 X+µ )V
)/C k7R
? Pz*4 \ss A? k7R
? P+Q0 \ss y Eî
44 k7R D4Q A8 zq /Q Xi q *7

q )hQ \ss A?
\ A8 IOj N
$: D
:
PK<
# XA+| 85 +0Z QE=_ A ) ) Ad
)+Qe\ss y Eî ET
2[< !Q " 0\ F A8 A+N0
)+µ "Ess FQ XT

V 44 \)+µ" \)
k7R A8 C z )hQ \! AW\ P)*kQ \ss
165
E0 i nn\ E-j\ yG +G" N"EQ jnn\ D F
7 A= D=: E2 .- i ) k7R kQ E)
7Gss QVYs- A$W
0 “Judicial Review” j" \;
2[ DOQ .- U
_2 b 7" N- E- A2 )+D r

A$q N\\ \ss
7.2. i-
i )hQ
- )hQ -- \F E" I-- N E--Q

)X)E “Formal ”, "Informal" E" Non-formal )? #/8Gss
- N %% )

kQ j \ kQ
\! )C AW\ jC kQ ss - \F jD i
6Q E )E )D AW
q 6Q jX"
)D ss Y _2 b QVY e " j Xq V¤< 4 E4 "
?* ? N /z) j/ _2 b V¤< I-- V¤ ss
7.3.
j)*kl AW
I'($
- )hQ \! 'Ià Q% b q XYZ
A [ K6 j-_ ? Q?

- )hQ /Q N 6Q .- 0 _/b j" Q2 ?
X_/b k7R EI
- A!$ kD~ =\?/Q W\?
D § y A) A#
)hQ 0 X_) ©* Er !
k7 F±\ss
N )k? )j EI e+=\? Q
X)\? jG 0< A =VE #$% D
\ W E"
_\_" y¤#< Q 0 E /"Gss
N i L )hQ L y (/Q « ) e" e"

L X Gss ¬Q )NX i L )hQ (Centralized)
166
E" \)NX (diffused)/Q (Decentralized) L E(yQ á JI\ jD\
XA- A [ )+== F A "Ess A7v^ : JI\ X)NX
A [ A8 j+ y jX T
Q% ss
U. \)NX
- )hQ /Decentralized system/
\)NX )hQ L A$W L (American Model) )?Z #/8\ss

D\)NX i L )hQ L i L )hQ L\!
- _2 b ss N Q - _2 b NQ i /Q D \!
V¤ X
Lq [ N!!Q FO Kr ) j E7O* j-
\! Ce\ss \)NX L jX)G A= A$W
2 Û E" W"7
j+ "Ess ET
A=
AßQ F A j AW\ V¤

#: A- Q N 2 N2* Gss A j"
Aß
)D 7Ö {00 (Subordination) N2* \[\ j ) - A)VC?
C* ! JI\ ss
yGQ
0 - _2 b j+? FQ zq A^
WX\ \] A ss A7v
\! yGQ -* jf _2 b jCµ
KF (A$W) A7v -J X_) /Q _2 b jCµ "E (QVY
2)ss Y ©\ k7] _2 b ? V¤ E(C0 j-kQ AG

(QVY A2)ss
. : JI\

JI\ X$ A [ j+=*? ss _2 b AW\ F 'I=\
X_) _2 b WO /: 'Ià AD F = 4 / j/µ
i[ i #: \! A ss N Q X
q [ j[ /Q
j8* "E N Pa=E \ss y" _2 bq 'I=\ i[
q L\! Qss XT

)N$ 'I=\ X_) _/b 'I=\ E" %\\
# WX\ /Q %\\ # WX\ j L\! %\\ d
7Ö L\! KF! h i #: ? )) j
167
Abq#< Q 7Ö L\! O*e\ss ET
yG y¤#< _/bq j+
'I=\ Q% bq /µ i[ E" Ô 2[< E(yQ Q/bq 6-{ Q
+_ LQQ ss _2 bq 'I=\
}
C#: \X \!
E7O* )-* Q% Q : i4A 'I=\ i N! L\! E"
'I=\ i[ V¤ i4? /N Q A75 /Q AN=d i4 V¤ E"
i4D: )Va ANWÖ +0) W {00 N2* jG ss FQ
:z2 'I=\ i[ i #: A\% )}Q L\! E
_2 b F i4 ss
. )NX
- )hQ /Centralized System/
)NX i L )hQ L Xy ) A Q ì c

A =P: Qy C *\C A =P E7* ! L +\Q
XEP4 E" X *V )+ YZ A A )+D r L ss
i L _2 b j+Q L ss A? i

L _2 b E-A? +V\ss )NX L A =P
Q= E" ¡ =\ A A= E" -? A_$W f#\ss
T
A) QVY " ss
_2 b X- _2 b ) \© X_)
e[ E
#: k7R d?0 j*Q \] _2 b ss E-
$ _2 A b VF \] jX)\ ss -
/Q YZ _2 b
0 ( kQ) K0É $ E(C0
k7] j\© Q Ty _2 b ss 7u )/C ) ] AW K*µ
T
_2 b 12 # j G 16 7u y Q% b (Bundsrat) E"
(Bondstag) jÉ "Ess \] _2 bq C*qQ I-_ : A4
z (‘unjust regime) )\« E7!
q ( Basic Law) N
ss
I RS A®Q
168
X_ K\ X) X "E 0\ JIZ I RS A®Q ) ss T
k7
\] j XA \ )Dd y¤# V F E7 A =
) E-F I RS JI\Q XA$q )Dd y¤# V )+*, ss
¬Q
q A+| 62(1) E-) X) E(yQ A+| 83(1) E-)-
iq )}Q \! - _2 b /Q i #: _/b
F X'I=\ Q/b A F 'Ià Q/b ss
y" i #: kQ L= 'Ià Q/b ? jC= A- Qss

XE )N$ i #: %% N!= E" V¤ VA 'Ià Q/b
N*? L\! )C i #: k7R A!$ kD~Q
q A+|
82(1) C* )®{´\ss yGQ i #: %% /C L\!
'Ià Q/b FQ! i #: %% 2j N!=q = i q
)®® i k7R A!$ kD~ C=\ss
i k7R A!$ kD~ AL= A2 AD G ss C?V" Q% \

C?V 'I=\ _2 b Þ`T7 " Q% \ Þ`T7 KF XT
)N$ )/WR Q% b ) $Ú?P© Þ`T7 jl 6

D l< E" X'Ià Q% b j!µ « AD G ss (A+| 82(2))

q I RS ? ?*CA E"
4A )NQ) K/µ

k7R ) Xq XF"E )N$ ) #$% D
\ W N
=:
f A( \% N- NN#E Y ;y_ )\%)"\ss FQ

q k7
k7 ? VF X
F k7R z ss XT
Ao

q )hQ \ =VE Pj/%G #e3
D l<
j#4 'I` Q% b E()*hQ N2* ) j\ )* A ss
I RS
)}Q k7 X- _2 b Q /!\? j\ A72
Qy= 0 E-j #/8\ss y" T
C2 E-) X )NX
A jX)G E- G A - _2 b
)}Q \!
EQss
)}Q )? )®®l
_2 b ? ss
169
N Q
)hQ \! _2 b VF
L _2 b
? ss FQ
kQ _2 b ) XI RS 1 W#
7* (J%=K DE A z2 )+D r F E-\] y¤# P
jD A- Qss \{Q 9*#: XY A K*0 Q%^ A=
#$% E2
L kQ #$W: A!0 E"
q ) ] D
$
XQ ND 8\ss
q A+; 8 61 X \! D b
)* AD Q%#: F \© F E*7 ss
7.4. I12$
A)*hQ .- E" 'Ià Q% b j"

kQ 0 jV $ j+
A!$ kD~
E-F
qQ F 44
} K j* ss y" Q A k7
‹
kQ› j\ NE+_ 0 0 P+? j k7 j
j X \| b P4 D\ss
A+; 83(1) E
)hQ j 0 kQ 0 PV
j
#: %% KV E-jF %#\ss %% D\)V

q )hQ ‘Abstract Review’ PD\ j\ FO A2 k7 (%%) 0+
j 6Q AFQss %% ) jC0 kQ Objective Review )?Z
!=\ss y" %% A$W E7 _2 b jV %% n ? E7\F
+! X/µ 44
} *7 E ss
q )X Z
A!$ kD~ N®®Q Ae5 {0 250/93 E(yQ
'Ià Q% b N"X /! Ae5 {0 251/93 zz G 2[<
E" ss

qQ F 44
}^ 8\ 8\ E-)+ A!$ kD~
#:
k7R A! Q% bq E-j+? +Q!\ss y"
#: k7R
N!= = jQ* Q y¤# E-F \| A+Q0Qss E0 T
U A+| 2 X
q [ 8*"G j\ 0 K+? Q
170
'Ià Q% bq E-j+? +Q!\ss FQ XT
V
%%
0 FQ
kQ 0 jV" j# YZ
} X
q
[ j8* F /-j\ 2Q7 =\ss Ty Ae5 A!$ kD~
Abq# j+ 2 j X +* 44 2[< X Q XT
X)+ ) 2Q7 A-Qss

A!$ kD~
kQ 0 P+? j « v
E-F XAe5 {0 250 *7 E ss
1. _2 b %% E-F _2 bq /Q X)X=W$< A P+?
E-j\
qQ F 44
k )+Qì E" ss (A+| 21)
_2 b
%% k7 PV j EI j
j X A- AN=d k7] _2 b P # jD 44
} C*
A2} ss FQ A 0 P V j\ y ¤# 44
}

q X)+ ? [ [xG j\ %% )V E-F s
XT
d _2 b /-A!$ kD~ k7R j\% y¤# A#Qss A2

2[ j X )« j-* %% W
j X _2
bq = kQ C0 V¤ X j- A- Qss y" _2 bq

q )}Q jC V¤ j X )X=W$ / `# W "

q DD A\))*}Q ?Z jQ XF k7] A!$ kD~ P+?
\ss
2. y ) AN=d _2 b %% D+?Q NQ AW\ )C
V¤ ?â )!C ?Z j+? N\X A+| 23 X_2 b dQ F
0 ?â )!C j\ / A!$ jâ E-j+? %#\ss
3. 'I=\ / Q %\\ Q% b XA2 «) AD F / Q
A oj AW\
q kQ j X 0 K+? ssA+| 23 (4)
_2 P/C N\
kQ 0 A2 «) F 'I=\
/Q %\\ Q% b AD /Q A oj AW\ P+? \ss
171
T
2[ A2
X
q [ )8=Ü jF N*? E-j \

q +?Q T
44
0
k )8=Ü jF
#: 0 PV E-j\ A % Qss y" XT

X+* A8
%% V
kQ 0 44
Q X
q [ K[d PV
E-j\ #V D-* \© +* F
N Q2 j N A
ss
XT
Ao
Q2 j 44
}^ kQ )J%\ss ET

'Ià Q% b N"X$ Ae5 E" A!$ kD~ N®®j Ae5 WX\

X)}Q Ao \] E7G *7 \ss 'Ià Q% b N"X$ Ae5
N Ae5 -? $ jW )-} K)*}Q A!$ kD~ N®®j

Ae5 $ AW Qss y" Ae5 {0 251 'Ià N"+$ Ae5
X250 +0Z /! F Ô jF

PD\ \ss
T
Ae5 A+| 17(2) 0 -J A!$ kD~ X
q [ 8*"\ )?Z
j+?
/Q D \! V¤ j\ A ss D \!
V¤
kQ 0 \D ss XT
Ao E(
A k7R _2 b -*
#G / Ay D \% V¤ +DG j /-1 )D t$Þ7
E- Kw2 j# ss
'I=\ i q 'Ià Q/b E" i k7R A!$ kD~ WX\

\! %\\ \; + FQ! i q )hQ L\!
PO* j -* E" z A\% 4Q# A\#\ss A+; 62/1/ "i
#: %% k7 KV 'Ià Q% b V¤ \" )?Z XC * [
)!Q K? i q )hQ L\! A2N i #:
%% ? /C ) \ss )N$Q "kD~ 'I=G Q F
%\\ i Aß AW j/µ i} XT
i [ 8*"G j\ 0
KV" k7RQ j X) _2 b /Q D k7] K+? Q *n V¤
'Ià Q% b +D\ "?Z j- A+; 84/2/ 9* i #:
172
%% jDG ih i #: A\% j _2 b %% ?
j Xq P#] Gss
Y ©\ i q )hQ L\! A2N 'Ià Q/b E" i

k7R A!$ kD~ A9= .- )f )J%< E" i[: F A Cp
Er \ss QVY \m k7 ET
y i #: 7Ö
AW CA N
*CDE N E" E(Ö j+ Abq# )+?
Abq# 7Ö L\! AX"e\ss )N$Q /j/|/b i4? )/WR
Q/b yGQ 'Ià %\: # /0 F b)C? i N! \ /
A\Q N V 0 A)"ð\ss FQ i )hQ
L\! A2N Cp kQ j?C i #: A!$ AW E-T

k7R )+? 7Ö L\!"E ET
k7R )=E E# ss
A!$ kD~ T
\© j+? 0< C* A2}
q )}Q
/Q
k /Q - Nnn\ j \ FO X)r 'Ià Q% b +D\
N ss
A!$ kD~
q )}Q A FO Wr k7] T \Ce\ss
y" NQ / A!$ kD~ jC V¤ X)Cr DÖ 'Ià Q%
b AA E(# N2* \ss
k7] _2 b j# k7 XF" Abq# +* = _2 bq XF
)z k7 V/C E0\0\ E( -[\ss Y ©\ 0 +* _2
b VF )X=W$ / A\W XF E-y¤# A!$ kD~ _2 b
%% E0\0\ E( E4 \ss
*nQ
q A+| 84(2) E-)- 1I$a Q% b i L
)hQ 1I=GQ F %\\ ih X
Lq [ N8* F"E E"
A F"E *n V¤ C!\ss
173
7.5.
A)*hQ F<
- )hQ )D jG F< A? ) - A8

kQ 2 UVA X)\ ss
Ae5 {0 251 A+| 7 U A+| 1 'Ià Q% b

A)*}Q
F< = Ne\ E-j\ +Q!\ss XT
)N$ U A+| 2
) C?A: ? " j X kQ KO I RS )+ E A Q
A+_ C?A: ? jDE F< [ )!! 2 )}Q E7
-[\ss
U=
- kQ 0 N)"2 * X? /(
F"
)DQ )D \7* F T
0? ) U=
N
j \
Nr E=\ss y" )´ DFQ
A)*}Q z2 )D=:
P-*k jG F< A# )« E" ss XET
WX\ Ae5 {0 251/93
A+| 9 44
k
#: Xj\ Q V
#: A- Q
j E(*7 j F E(yQ A+| 12 2[
#: A- Q
X)D ) oj jO* 2[ ? j X Eî E7
C
E7\F A+| 16 (2) Q% bq
#: A- Q ?Z X/C
k /!
%_\
k E(C4 /Q E(na\ $ PC0 j\ F E" ss
XYZ A
)}Q G \Qv N A)*}l 8j PF
Gss XT
Ao jX)G ) ] A \Q2 jV] "Ess
•
#: d?0 AD? ! )V
-#: 0 Qa
p E" 0 XD d?µ ?
j)© ss (Reference of constitutional issue)
•
#: Q s- /!

-#: j\ n 4" %%
//Q 0/ j+ / )8=Ü I-
-#: j
E(*7 N2* (Presumption of constitutionality)
174
• !0Z \X s- A2 Ae5 )/C 2[ ? I-
#: XF Ae5
A8 Vn )8=Ü F 2[ ? n (Doctrine of Severability)
• ? kJs- Aet&
k W# kQ z XF Aet P6"" X
-q
[ j!! kQ E(*0 N2* (Principle of conformity)
• )!!Ös-
- kQ KC0 C?A: ? -? jX \ XF k7]
P?+ EXjD E¡ C?A: ? 2* ? )/v )kQ A
(Principle of portionationality)
•
- A2 s-
2[ A2 =E E¡ E" m
A ?Z NC? \[\ss yGQ A [? ? )VV m E"
? AE ?Z E-NC? ss (unit of the constitution)

)j AW\ ) C?A: E" ?" 2[ j)*kQ X
)z*z 2 UVA E" F< )"\ /Q !Q=/)=d/P+QDE"

-q" U= =E jVW \©
/ PC \ss
7.6. kQ m
A$W U 'I=\ /_/bq )C

- kQ yGQ AW
A75 ss ) X E-FQ
- _2 b C V¤

%_\ ss
/- U= 'Ià Q% b )C

kQ mq Q
E-jF A.{. 251/93 A+; 11 )-\ss Ty C* )C V¤ Ty
)D jz[ \] | ! KF V¤ j )VV k7]
A75 D
$ A ss FQ 'Ià Q% b jCµ
kQ
V¤< )VV k7 yGQ J/AW / ) j "Ess
Aß
X/µ
h F X
- F
m V¤
N Q \ss FQ
#: A- Q )D
Aß 2[ /Q
h ) j AFQ N ss 'Ià Q% b

V¤ /- Ù
175
(Retroactively) )\« E( \ W\/C )+Q V¤ m jO* X)C
+ A /-1 ss
Y ©\ +$ _
AW ) 7Ö AWG X ) X) AD? jC
-
kQ 0 m jO* +* )X=W$ /O E" )z k7
? ss yQ Eî 'I=\ _/b C \! C?A: ?
)VV \© jCµ V¤< D k-R yGQ _2 b z2 A75 F
z[ A \Qss
7.7.
)hQ .- _2 b j"
'Ià Q% b
kQ \! KF YZ
_
AW \! Q2 ? kl m Q2 ? jG NV )
ss

q E-) X)
kQ 0 y /CO AG
1.
q = )hQ K \
2.
Aß /µ
}
#: N*[0 j+ 0<
kQ /C KC \k "Ess
$ A+; 61 ) X) KF y ) A+; 84 ) X) ss
$ 0? A\%

q 2[ X A+=*ª T
0?
?E V¤ Cd 'Ià Q% b N A\Qss C*#: C?A:
?" N 6Q I# YZ _
AW Q (_2 b ) A DEss

q N 6Q -J )hQ ODEe\ss QVY NQ C I-C?A: XF
A4 /Q 08 A j 2[ 6Q \ "p " I-C?A:
! / A- Q? j _2 b
k /8G/ )hQ
ODEe\ss dW¤ Q N ? j 0 0 D _2 b k7
)k V¤ DE \ss NQ _
AW\ jC V¤
176
X
q [ N!!Q XF ) j NO* jCêE V¤< yG

q " )hQ F A (A+; 9)ss A2 C +* /\
% XT
1 )+! F 2[j PXCC ADQ N A/
P /Q
_2 b E4 C0
q A+; 23 ) X) “*n V¤”
“0p) ” “ +” /z) jG Q 0 ND E" )hQ ””
)/WR Q% b 6-+

q *3 Ad N?=$Q 7Ö AWG

q QE=_ 3 ) Xq C?A: ?" 2[ )hQ
E-jG \ss 7Ö AWG T
k7 kQ E7C0 \;
D X\XGQ \ Ae5 {0 25/88 A+; 3
q j X j
k7R 'I=G _2 b 7Ö \! O*e\ )?Z )-ss U N

0 _2 b +* yG _2 b k7]
A!$ kD
V V¤ C!G N Q A- Qss
7Ö AWG
C\ 0< A!$ kD % jD XjFDE
Q% 0 A “'I=\ Q F %\\
A AW
j/µ
h” X
q [ [xG j\ 0 /Q %% K+? ss

q A+; 84(1) )- KF T
Q F 7Ö AWG

kQ P ;Q j\DE 0A {"\ss $ -* !

yG X
[ [x\ j\ %% KV _2 b - " k7] A!$
\WG N E=\ss )N$ E¡ #% Ae5 I RS C- AN A*[I
x" + Xj [ [x\ j\ %% V 0 E0 9*
F _2 b != \ss
0 V!= A!$ %

q )X) _2 b c1 Q "z A\Qss FQ ;
QVY A j+ 0< _2 b +7j
#: kQ = C=\
N ss
Y ©\ 'I=a Q% b )C \! 'I=\ E" %\\

Aß AW
/µ
h X
q [ [xG j\ 0 )V ss A=
)e*2
177

QE
AßQ F A j /Q Y
N! \ !
)C AW\ [$ [! (%\: [!) # /µ
h yG ss (

N A j /µ
h/ E -A $< N#/3< /z) dQ
)ss
q A+; 9 \; E- )- X
Aß ß G
NQ _
AW NQ
/Q AW\ (D \!) V¤ X

q [ N[d EXF 2* N 6Q I# A ss ET
yG
h
V¤< X
q [ j[ F"E ) j PF ADQ j\ %%
jV _
AWG kQ \! O*e\ss E0 X
q
Q*7
\! 7Ö AWG F KF Ae5 {0 250/93 A+; 17(2)

A!$ kD “NQ
AW /Q D \! V¤
-q [ [x\ j\ 0 K+? Q *n V¤ 'Ià Q%
b E-j+? -[\ss
\!
q A!$ kD~ / 'Ià Q% b /
X)C \! Cp j\ A+ª X
-q A+; 34/2/[ [x\ /
!!N\ ? j 0 = Q% bq j/C ss y Eî )z k7
AyQ ?E (Sole and Exclusive) \! A!$ kD~ j\ -Q-j
j- A\Qss E0 C\ k7R A!$ kD~ C!E V¤<

N-§ "Ess
_2 b A+| 9(1) )+C

L N*[0 I# E" i
q A+| 9(2) E-)+C N%" NX I# )0ZDEe\ss
-J E(y A!Qss _2 b jCµ V¤

N*[0 DEe\ss
QVY s- _2 b j+E NQ k7
Lq j8* V¤
ADEQss
N2* -J A8
q E" _h
/Q ? N/ 8\ss
Y ©\ X E-+ i4? )/WR Q% b /!

X
q [
j8* XF 'I$a Q% b ) j E7O* Nz4 E-j\ )\%)"\ss

X-*k 1 N Q Xn 1

_2 b E( 6Q +? _2 b
178
Xi Lq [ j8* F XA*[µ X 6Q ? E7 DE AX=W$
A\Qss
A+; 13(1) 9* N"EQ -* jf 'I=\ %\\ i Aß

i A j E" 7Ö AWZ 9*#: C \ ?" (C?A: ?)
N%" NX c1 " I# A DEss T
2[ 9* _/b C?A:
? E )E )D! Z A= !V¤ (_
) AC!0 .- N%"
NX I# A DEss
XT
Dn _/b ÛN /µ
h
#: N*[0 \! AEss

? Q VF AW V¤ ! A)7- V¤< 7r \!
AGAEss QVY A2 /b A2 C L= _82 C4 E" V¤
-q j8* FO X)r _/b A\% k7R P7Ö /Q V¤ P#

(review) P-* \ss
i- k7R 'Ià Q% b jC V¤ *n ? VF

Ae5 {0 251/93 A+; 11(1) 9* YZ )VV k7R ) j
E-jO* V\ss XT
A E- N)N$" $ V¤< Xj#] 0
E 2\Ö k7! bnk\ jO YZ ?*CA k7! \m
4A
k7! D% C=)u e " 0 k7 E" YZ k7R T
Jt\
j \% %e¤ U %_\ +ú\ss

)j AW\ ) C?A: E" ?" 2[ j)*kQ
X )z*z 2 U VA E" F< )"\ /
!Q=/)=d/P+QDE"
-q" U= =E jVW \©
/
PC \ss
/ 0<
179
%e¤ A2s- X2 a k7 )C V¤ N? V¤ z !
.- ! *n V¤"
A) %_G )N$< A*7ss
%e¤ y s-
- )hQ .- _/b j" XYZ A [ ")
E AQ \ss
%e¤ « s- Ae5 {0 250/93 9*
- A!$ kD~ j= L
Q \?
%e¤ A= s-
- )hQ Q A ?
1. A2 N
*C? N 0 /C N ?
2. A2 N
*C? N 0 Q LL /C"\?
3. Qx ik j/7- ?=: /Q AXD L= ÌÌ N/ E
j8 z )-\ss
Aet 2[ i Oq A+| 38 NQ
I RS: ÌÌ \] V-* *0 ? E7 )+
i 2[ 8*"\ j\ Abq# +/\ss CCI F A) Cß
Aet iq A8*Q N C Q% AD? ? Q"G?
8.
-

Nnn\
44 AN<
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
•
Nnn .-" ?==G
• I'2$
jnn\ L \Gss

- Nnn\ N Ad A[

- N)WX j-* .-
N \ss
- Nnn\ .- % V(Revision) /Q A?R (revolution)N
A- Qss \{Q nn\ N 0 .- N \ss
.- A2
-
C2 0 0 EQ /Q E2 j# .- ss
A? Nnn
-q 8 ! *!/ /Q A+ P8\\
\ss T
jnnG # X1\ !X1\ + /Q lG lG
180
/0 PF \ss y Eî ET
yG ì X
-q A8 N!?"
[ j!!Q \© F A ss
Nnn\ .-
-q
/ O *5Q E(O -e\ss
Q%qQ w-" )+ {0 E2 -*Q A? +=\ss FQ

Q
F
- A?* X
?*)C? E2 [ N- 2 \ss FQ
-
z3 O Ô FO O nn\ /Q /0 2 F"\ss
8.1.
-

Nnn\ .-
- KC= E= .- E7 yG NnnGQ / X)\ jDE

.- AG ss EQ s-
1. Nnn cV? N /Initiation/
2. / /Deliberation/
3. +\/Adoption/
4. N;- /Ratification/"Ess
ET
.- X
- A/!0 .- [ XJ h-\ )VV "Ess N Q
9*#: \] j# $ .- ss ¬Q
- A/!0
.- $ E" A7( cVA jW)q .- N+/Drafting/ .- jX"/
KF Nnn\ / A+2J
- jnn\ F T
-* $
-* Nnn cV? N -* (Intiation)F"\ss
eÖ A2
- Xj* e D
$ 0 A Nnn
.-q /Q Lq ss QVYs- A2
- 0? /Q \\ jD
Nnn .-q N j#/ N Q
-q +G jnn\ XF \\
N j \ KF +G Nnn\ XF 0?
- D\ss
8.2. I.'
I '.2
2.$
$
jnn\ L
I'I$
- Nnn cV? N .- Q E-j\
-q
A+; 104 \; C_ \ss ¬Q Nnn cV? 'Ià Q% b E"

4? )/WR Q% b y «) 2Q; X)- /Q X'Ià AD\ %\Z
181
0 A2 «) %\\ Q% b 2Q; ?\x Nnn UV? -§ XF
" V¤ i4" k7R j X#E %_Z E-j+? )-\ss
XC?A: ? 2[< d YZ

-q 2[< PnnG jG
)/WR Q% b " 'Ià Q% b [= ?CD y «) 2Q; +*
Nnn K62{ E" X'Ià AD\ %\Z Q% b 0 y «) %\Z
Q% b 2Q; ?\x K62{ ? ss C?: ? j Xq 2[< E"

-q Nnn j Xq 2[< jnnG yGQ %\\ Q% b
Nnn 2Q; ?\x K62{ 'I=G i4? )/WR Q% b y
«) 2Q; Nnn K62+ E" 'Ià Q% b y «) 2Q;
Nnn K62{ ss
FQ I'2$
- Nnn\ .- 0? KF ) C?: ?
j Xq 2[< NnnG -J \0 0? E(F )-\ss E(
q
2[ YZQ A
- 2[ ) - ss
N -J
-
Ann\Q N E7\F \; ss
- I RS ?!?*CA"
4A 8\ ×7 C2 F +G j+ /Q jnn\ VF Nnn\ 3"

AVNÖ F Q% KO ? Nnn\ j ss
XT
V I'2$
- 0?
- F +G XNnn
*7 \ss
/ 0<
4. I'2$
Nnn UV? N A+; 104 )- L
0? F ) ? Q"G? Q?
5. %\G
jnn\ / )+D E
Nnn
.- )X) 2 ) 6 F ª
6. %\GQ
jnn\ L 44 ?=ss
182
9.
"
#:
4D4D A8+
T
QE=_ L )W)) ";y_ A? ";¦§ X)-*E" E
A2 K C\!u^
1.
"
#: WX\ \] \G
2.
#: ;C UV? Q \Gss
3. I'2$
#: N*;" {Ö C pGss
9.1.
#:
J [2 I C'* .h/ AP EG. M$b3# 0# (% 3P

,- EG@ 0 C|) 9, 1(% 3P ,- EG@ b3 `1
(X r 11.!! 'O# h28 -; . A P [. 3P
,-/$ eÙ <? C2 ;1¡ $ ] : A92#!! 2b3# #71T
3P ,-/$ As APD $ '* 2G AP`T M3P ,- M8<
O) M8WP; H> $P 8oJ DD -2C $!!
3P ,-/$ (Constitutionalism) C2 d ~E (21 e D· (21

d¼F -; (;I EPw2!! M^$ 5 e 2{D O7-FD6 E,NJw
4P 5 “Constitutionalism is a belief in the constitution” C e !!
Mb3 ^$ 5 e #G 3P ,-/$ 2As APD 3P ,- 12
8B$ E E#$ CPd d ~E $!! '*# 3P ,-/$ A6
,- AA E ,- 2^0 3P ,-T (9$P S/
D' E EnI _. : E$b3 3P ,-/ D' EnI
6W ME2 E2 ^L@ `1@ A6DP P2P. (,L/
19D E9b[# 3P ,-T 28-MD 128# :-5®$ E#$
gDB$ CS) '@ CPd d ~E $!!
183
H 3P ,-/$ E1G W 83D+ 2A 6D 3P ,-T
D' EnI 6W _. 3P ,-T 87D :E:] 3P ,-T
C;- 8@# ,- AA <# H ,2 " 83D <# 6D EsP
E Es|# 286, E#$ gDB$ M8::] 9r 9] '*
2P2d #:# d ~E $!! A5 3P ,-/$ 82 3P
,- $ As APD (t [\ (,D A ow 34 3P
,-T (MA µ 2' _. e¦ ~E 4, CPB '* 2,2d
#:# d$ ~E $!!
3P ,-/$ C2 ~E (a` E A ~#) (. f¼ @ ‘The

Phenomenon of government conforming to the dictates of a settled constitution is
known as constitutionalism’ 82 P¯ !! E9$b3 f¼ AP2d ,-
3P ,-T 6W E D' 87D 3P ,-T (:2 <
^0* P9 (,D C::- AW0C (U9) $!! 3P ,-/$
C2! 3P ,-/$ As APD 34 C(G9@ 3P ,-/ 3,W
? C2M A92#!! A%) 34 ,- E 5n 3P ,-T S
C|0D C1W,; ^Dh ) C2M $!! M3, A%D 3P
,-/$ A6 ,- 23P ,-T 1@ 8B$ (Pu$
H2 34X 3P ,-T 28-MD E ,- 3P ,-T S
EsL 28-P96 12 E#$ C19DP E 5n 127!!
H f¼ 9, “Constitutionalism emphasizes obedience to constitutional principles

and respect the authority of the fundamental law” 82 (!! K#
(D· M A@ [2 S/ D· JT (2 A92#!! #71T#
3P ,-T AP`T -; ,- -0 # S '* ,- ¦
H> (¨8 2#H 83L 2A 6DI Pu '$ AP`T 3,
'* : 23P ,-T (Pu 'O P 3P ,-T# EsMD
@ $ <0 $!! ,- AA 2^0O?@ 83
83L ` " 2A 6DI 2A 6D ` AI?@ 23P
184
,-T “obedience” 1@ <# 3P ,-T (Pu '@ 8B
'@ C1W,k 3P ,-T EsA( <# E9<0 C ~E
E£ VOD 23P ,-T (Pu ' ~E@ 28A(( 3P ,-T C 9
^Dh A7 ::- $!! '*# 3P ,-/$ - (21 ~E
e 1@ 3 ( 7e> 6DI 1ä@ $I 3P ,-T ; ^D
(- 3P ,-T 6W S A6DP 2e 1@ E#$
gDB$ [. C2M d ~E $!!
3P ,-/$ As APD 3P ,-$ <{ $6 MO) °PD ,-
(21 83 2A 6DI 3 (X 3P ,-T 6W 287D
23P ,-T (Pu '$ P@ 2M!! 3P ,-/$ 3P ,-T
d[e ? ' AP`T (,D E '* [\ 127!! K M'$ 3P
,- 2 APD [. 3P ,-/$ A2 <? C2 ;1¡ 22- H>
AP Ew APD (7 8 2G ?!!
9.2. )o
)op
"
#:
M M(P2f ~E A%D As APD 3P ,-/$ 28- (% 3P

,- O) ,6 A-v $ <? C2 ;1¡ $!! h28 (%
3P ,- 1@ AP 3P ,-/$ EG* - ; 19
_[L Pj.!! 2#^H A#P$/$ $P@ p AP 3P ,-
VOD# 3P ,-/$ E98e :6 ¿þ 3 3P ,- -;
(A(T h/ I $%$I (9WWC , AA C0] E
8MD [\ E9$D A oÇp AeÀ AP 3P ,- 1@ '*
2H h2# 28 MCP2P. -(:D 23P ,-T 6W (Pu
E98'* b3 -7 ; 19 _[L P%.!!
-2 3P ,-/$ $ Ew# APD #3D <-6@ CP@ Mµ

'* PO OL.!! 2#H DL ²Z³® D¿ MI
½1 WD E6~6
DL 3P A #7D Y <$ < T () ,- 6D f9:
185
DL/1 (:. 3P ,- #7D YT 3 \ 2< C1-2
^0 O $ C MLM`1 C1:DX A.!! K EG2 'O (2 9D,
J 1980 h.# 3P ,- Af9: 3P ,-T 2-_ f9: $6
2^0T A981#* C1W,k DA 7-(I (!! 'O# [.#
2JDJD -28? A6 A5Y 3, PB A D!!
1980h.# As- A

þD- (D| 1981 A5Y 3, '$ (9 A6 <0
3, 2_1 * 8C1 Y ¦B 60 12 eD6 Y Eo4 - M¿-
<D E9| 1W,¤!! '*# < T A5Y 3, 8¨¨C1 A g;D
11/80 E 9D, 3P ,- ;:- ) A-@£ E9T d
Eo4 0!! A5Y 3, Eo4 d[e 9 881 Y 27e2 ~PD IS
A9w f¼ ` 19DW!! D 2^0 A5Y 3 A-DI :
3P ,-T 6W S 12eD6 Y (Eo4 D -2H@ E\ 9, A
g;D 11/80 3P <; E-D 8-|# -0 -2B $ Eo4 [ 82
-G!! 7e2 ~PD IS A9w f¼# 3 A g;D 11/80 #2
: 23 !! 3P ,-T Ew 1<0$ 3P ,- 12 '* 2h2# 34
28 E -k (% [. 28(PD EG2'$ 8< A2 3!! [2(w
EG63 > -( [\ EG2 MA5Y 3 JP 2G ?!!
K PB As APD 67I`1 '$ ,- A2 3P ,- El 3P

,-/$ E98OD 11!! '*# Ad% 3P ,-T M) L]
y° , A92#!! 3P ,-T M) ^L . ,- y#
H> AA 23P ,-T (Pu E 8B '@ G Z7` ^Dh
, -; E, 0# ge G $!!
2#H !- K $ > d[e (5> (: 3P ,- H E,NJ

; 3P ,-/$ -* I8- (2 f¼ ‘acknowledging th e
constitution’s authority and obeying its commands do not require that a constitution be
in written form, nor is a written constitution a guarantee that constitutionalism is
186
present’ 82 Pà!! Mb3 A%D E,N M8, AD {# < T
GÂ@ 9·@ D' ,- (¨8 #E( 34X (Pu '@
8 $ 3P ,-/$ 28- ,6 (% 3P ,- OD A-v
A92# C2!! (% 3P ,- O) 9P 3P ,-/$ 28- -
N' A# C \ - ; 19 #[L Pj.!! 3 A
#[L “Staying within constitutional bounds and obeying th e principle of
constitutionalism do not require a written constitution and other legal term since
constitutionalism is the consequence of attitudes and convictions, its presence is
assured in one instance by certain national tradition and in another by still other
traditions” 82 P!!
A5 -2M( 3P ,-/$ 3P ,-T (,D 28 12 -0/

E#$ gDB$ 23P ,-T (Pu 8B ' G $!! 3P ,-T E12
3P ,-T 6W C;] (,L Eb3#" Eb1# ,- 2^0
<# H > 6DI 2^0 (M
Nf_ .!! E$b3 3P
,-T C;] (,L 2M2M E 3, A, 2|0D ,- AA
3 (X 12 gDB$ E 4,$ $ As APD 23P ,-/$ E6P
S C'$!!
9.3. I12$
#: N*;
A= $ ?0?0 E * ì Q% F {\_ W
N
=:" IOj: 0< j\ /-1Õ I R \; =E z"

#: A + I RS ? ?*CA"
4A 8\ ×7 N)DE"
[= $E" )7-$E E-TyQ G:#E x A2 6-{

O jX=% A- Qss
E0 %\\ i[)# nn\ A2 ? Q% * N A \Qss
%\G ) ] Q% PO E-jG #/Q Xzz # EV AD?
A2 %\\ ? N EJ%= ss
187
1987 -? %\\ iL X_) _2b 7u ) X) 7u
A)7- kD~ A= Q%b #E E-j62 - ss
Q
I'($ i A+| 81(4)%\G X_) _2b 7u %\G 7u
A)7- kD~ A= %\G Q%b E-jl )- j8* ss E
0 }7" /{--- F K7N X_) _2b 7u Cµ 0p)" ! V¤
DÖ %\G _2b K+? X+* `# 0A A 7u
i#: A- Q j\ ss
%\G i nn\ A Q%
E-* )nn 1994.Q A+|126 \X z? \ss +-Q K\ )9
L=< e[ KD\ -? ? ?*C" i4A %\\ i Ae5
{0 1/1987 .Q 9* )l 7u T
i E-)l =\ N
: A\Z 2[ iq 0 E(W) )-\ss
Y Nnn Q% * i Aß" i A j WX\ L\!

%__\ N ss X_ ?Z Q
# %_\ E-) X Û#: L)
DE A= L\! %__G _ªN: DFQ i N! " N 6Q
\! ) ] AW )D ss 'I=\
qQ F
q ®®NE i
Ad E" i A j AW 'I=\ -* \| =VE l "Ess
-? %\\ ET
y q )D= A2 Q% b jD\ AW\ K 6l ss
)-* Nnn EC )7- %\G EC ?w" A j
AÍA'kD~ i Aß Q% b C?V N2* X'I=\ i [
N!!Q Nnn )-\ss
YZQ %\\ i[)# )VV C i#E Nnn K-k
Q%q Eî X I=\ i [ N!!l k7 e A7 ss
iq ? VF YZ 'I=\ i} F"E YZ A

# \| -[Gss A$W i 'I=\
} (supremacy
clause) 4 QVY j+ ss I'($ i '-=\ i}
F"E j/V i #: 2[ AW))Qss y Eî %\\ #
Ae I'($ i 8* E-Y DE %\Z -* # k7 ss %\Z
j/êE N"EQ i} X'I=\ i} [ !!NE N*[0 $
188
)D=E ss %\Z j/!E
} X'I=\ i} [ 8* X#Q %\\
} e[ E-jµ 'Ià Q% b )/±\ss

T
0 QVY jF 'Ià Q% b E 2\Ö XAN= ?=:
%\: WX\ D %% AN= ?=: %\: /! `
Ae5 X'I=\ ` Ae5 [ EW\)8* ? ) j E-jÖ
9 V¤ 'I=\
} N i#: E¡ A" e
F 'I=\ Lq 6" 9* E(Q N2* A2 IOj N
*C?
_ /VÖ F V\ss
9.4. iq kQ E7* rqs
) ] i#: 0< 'Ià Q%b E)/C i#:q "X

\ss A? jX)G N \ss
U. bnk\ kl4 %\\ Q*0" *0 ? $ +* i#:

0 'Ià Q/b C V¤s
AN=OJ =" YZ ? )/ } 1992 .Q. A$q

)-* Qx bnk\ %\\ Q/b /7- A«V" DDK Qx %\\
V)_ E )/77$< K+ %\G Xjf AQq ?*CA N Q
#kl4a"nJ" NO ?*CA W 25 WX\ # ?
W 25 A= )+ YZ 4q )- ss T
Q C* E
)/77$< XAQq ? A F # ?*C? ÌÌ " NG
X)/77$ E(C* # W 25 I RS ?=: Qx A2 Abq#
A+*ss Qx A2Q E )/77$< # ?*C? ÌÌ " AGQ N
XQx E(C* /Css
AN=OJ =" YZ jG Ab DR I'($ i N"Q
I RS: + QzUNO ? ?*C?# ÌÌ W /Q Y
A WX " A®Q )C*) \] V-* +0#" *!E )/WR
189
ANX i4? k7 A)7- V)_ E(yQ ÌÌ "_ ÌÌ
NV-D
G ; N7" Npp E(yQ C * \WQ2 =
j)72 #: )0N NÌÌQ E(yQ -* jf A)7-
0 j": %\" Nr ? E7 ) X)
#: ?# !C
Qx A2 V¤ I'($
A+| 9 C* n\ N 27/6/92
Abq# 'I*a Q/b Ae\ss
k7] V¤ UV? E(+? )=

k7R A!$ kD~ A?
2Q; iq A+| 38 } QQ A \] V-*DE +0#
*ÈE )/WR E ©\ i4? A)7- k7] V)_ ? E F
K- A -J Qx ik Ae5 {0 111/87 A+| 38/1/ / NQ
E j+? )/77$ j/7- ?w=: %\\ ÌÌ N/ A j\
)- A2 %\\ ÌÌ N{ e$< ? j2? F Qx i
Ae5 Xiq [ j8* F i kQ n\ j\ ss
1993 .Q.1 L= z 1 - kD~ V¤ UV? ? V/C 'Ià
Q/b N"X \!" )D zz /! Ae5 {0 251/1993 A+| 8
9* )N$ D l< A) E(+ A2\ss
q }" ? ?*CA E"

4A C*#: ?
)-k A/8+ X\!" c1#E E(yQ AC= #E
C * A$q Q = C*#: F W:IOj:" N
=: PK<
)+ KF i4A /-1 =E 8\ ×7 NC$ F iq A+| 9
E-)- A$q
E-F N"EQ
\N7: AC= E(yQ
AW\ /Q D \! V¤ XU q [ !!Q E7 " X

q [ j8* XFQ 'Ià Q/b
q A+| 9 C*
q )}Q
k ) oj E7O N2* I# )0Z#\ss
I RS 'I=: (J%=V: $Ú?P% %\Z )e+* KF i4? ACp
ÌÌN E" 82 C* D-* A/8+ 9 %\Z AG ss
N
E7 %\\ jO*
4? yG A2 A ÌÌ j"" A2 A D
\ A
N A- Qss
A A/8+ )* A= I RS -Q pCC"
190
2 7* ?" ?*CA E= = N)7-ÌÌ
+QN" D
\" #$% N7-" XDX? ? 0 Qa
ss
Y ©\ -J IJ%=K: \ eÖ X EX# G '-=GQ F
%\\ AW yG A+__ U:E©\ )C* " 2Q; j
jC0 jWw2 Qx i4? j*µ E" CA" 2O
C?A:" IJ%=K: ? lG lG jX A ss ? ?*CA E"
4A I RS GA: \! D b F"E iq A+| 8 C_…\ss

FQ N"EQ \! j Xi4? ss i4? GA: \! D b
F (J%=K: -J } Q*0" *0 ? lG lG
)+ ss Q*0" *0 ? A) } $< E"
A)77$< E =VE E(µ" E(a N \ ss } Q*0" *0
?#E KX i4? A)7- N Q W k7 lG" +0) )V
O=Ee\ssT
? *[0 AN=d Y e " C!\ss FQ
i# A+| 38 C* NQ I RS: [
+ Q??*C?# ÌÌUNO W /Q Y \ A WXq"
EQq )C*) \] V-* N"EQ -* )C*) \]
V-* N"EQ -* jWw2 Qx Q*0" *0
? A ss

q A+| 25 9* yGQ C<
1 E©\ "Ess yGQ -* jÖ
AW\ NQ
j/! C< WX\ N"EQ \]
V- yGQ E©\ A j E" yGQ E©\ e "" A Ö# F
NX" N*[0 O#\s
)VV y¤# i # A+| 39 U A+| 2 E" 3 yGQ ?
?*CA" i4A ÌÌE +Q" ÌÌ N7D
E ;" N7
Npp #$WE XDX? =VE N)7- E" [= )ÌJ j": F
\© E©\ /X\ ? E7E -[\ss XT
2[< *7
Q CA" ? ?*CA E" i4A 9*#: ?" )VC
191
N!G" E©\ E-F A XY N\0 /Q N E-F E(yQ
A Y KD\ ?q" q A-N=*§" -? E-N!\ ss
i# yGQ ??*CA E" i4A ÌÌE +Q ? AE
K\ A Y ÌÌ N/" N DEQ N E7\F PC jD k7
ss QQ F D -* E)"X* w2 W IOj:N
=:" W:
f " ) A A QQ F A= i4A o _}#E ) -* E
VE j"E [= D ÌÌ /Q ÌÌ< .- 7=E A+*
k7 ss
??*CA E" i4A =VE L= ÌÌ K/ }WX\ \]
A2Z" \ _ A- Qss yGQ E©\ E( \ NC? ss A2
ÌÌ A?
4? DD\ j\ L= ÌÌ FO K*0 YZ ÌÌ< N7
/Q ) -* +Q A \Q N A- Qss %\G L= ÌÌ AN ss
Qx i Ae5 111/87 A+| 38/1/ / ÌÌ *0 Xj{ z< A
A2} -k = i A+| 38 8*"\ j\ 2Q7 2*
A \Qss FOQ 'I=\ ÛN *0 j+? E )=d %\G ÌÌ
N/ E-z N+0 ) A- Qss E )/77$< %\G D ?*CA
ÌÌ XF A # ÌÌ A \Q N XQx E(# C V¤
I'($ i j8* F Qx A V¤
j8* F
V¤ X)C + Q /-1 j-*k Qx< ) j AO*Q K\
/±\ss
. A\W // X2 a i #: ? X Abq# 'Ià Q%
b )C V¤
Abq# n F

q A+| 34/5/0+
" _*2b 7r
E-N \k \6 EG
?Z $ _2 b A /C" $
_2 b Q DÖ +A V¤ 6-+ i q A+| 13/1/ C* _
AW iq 9*#: F< NX KDE iq j* \N7:

A9= jO
q A+| 9/1/ …N"Q \N7: AC= E(yQ
192
L AW\ V¤ Xiq [ j8* XF ) j AO*Q …j\
2 )X Z
q +E 87E \6 7r jG
y¤# N E KD A2v V¤ E(+G N2* iq j* F
2 )-\ss
. K\m
4? N 0 'Ià Q%b C V¤
K\m ?*C? ? D\ j k ý F E" CÖ

E(yQ XT
[ ) ? X\Ö j\ 0 'Ià Q%b +D\ss
0 +* 'Ià Q% b A2 N
*C? N 0 /C N
? Q LL /C"\? j d?0 4 A) ACDú\ Q
A2\ss 0 +0#" \| j\ i#: 2[ Y F b
)/ð\ss XT
[ )z i 2[< A2 A2 Q%bq **
KF iq 2[ A+| 39/4/ ? ?*CA j \ 0
j X Eî A2 N
*C? jV N 0 \ j\ FO
Af Qss +\Q iq A+| 47 ) Xq KF ? ?*C?
N#E # %\G 0 ] F =V %\\ E"Ì{N j\
0 %\\ Q%b +A T j 6Q F j- Q%bq )z d?0
Qa jC0 FO ArQss
iq 2[ A+| 52/2/U/ N k7 /C L\! N E-F \;
D+Q0Q %\Z L\! )? X)z*z 0 )WÕ\ss C T
%\Z = =
N)7- AN -* %\: )7- je 2j N 0
/C jDE F"\ss )N$Q iq )X) '-=: A/8+
%\Z !: k7R /C \! jC0 F N 0
%\G 0 jV k7 E-F %\G V¤ Nr 2 F"\ss
Nâ #/\Ö N A2 N
*C? j+? 0 2j +A )"2
jD 0 )V %\\ Q% b FO %\G * A o6Q .- k2
A /Q
q C* A2} A\) 6Q j\ `# KV" T
E"
)VV Q% 0 A+* N
*C? E" %\G Q% b WX\ \]
193
KO i q 2[ A+| 62/3/ C* k7] 'Ià Q% b +A *n
E\D Nr E7 )\%Õ\ss
Q%bq j" 0 +A _ E×Ö 2* .-
q )X Z
E( 6Q N2* FO Nâ #/\Ö N j+? 0 V¤ Cß 0
A= N
*C? = ss N 0 A\% jV 0 A\% jV
k7 V¤ KC0 V¤
q )+*6 E"
#:
F<^ X)\ 6Q z2 j+ 0 N
*C %% 0 F
NV E( \ A+| 39/5/ ) Xq )´G F NV 0
;¦_ *? KF 0 +* %\\ Q%b k7] )+?Z A+| 39/5/
"z 0" C* N2*
4? V¤ E(+? #\ss
4?
V¤ (J%=K: E" _ M: E(F 0 +* N
*C? AD +0#
jV)§ F" 2Q; j0 jC0 E(yQ \) #<
)f AD? PX"/ D\ss
Nâ #/ 0 0 +* N
*C? AD j-k +0) )V

4? V¤ /C D\ )D e Q%s-
N 0 ? ?*CA /Q
4A ? 9* " Qd F X_)
Q jC 0 FC\ X_) Q jC!E \" %\\
* 0< j/C
4 j- +0) )V
4? V¤ E-F

q A+| 39/4/ E" 47/4/ j- ss
N 0 E7 N
*C? AD\ N jW" j X F A?
N
*C? _} %%\" A)NNÖ \© N/ j ss FQ
\m N
*C? N N
*C? AD +0# jV)§ F" 2Q; j0
jC0 E(yQ \) #< )f
4? V¤ /C A j\
A?x 2Q; )/±\ss UV? \]q %\Z 0 k7E =VE _#
A DE E)D Y ©\ -J N 0 KV # T
2
N %\Z N) _ %\Z L\! [p E-jF
q
4?
V¤ 2 j )/C ) ) )+µ k7] ? j\ +ú\ss
(A+| 47 E" 39 X#\)ss XT
ß j 0< # jODE i
q = ss i q -J i4? ?q +0# /Q )/W]^ ANW
194
)D=: N2* E-j \ -[\ss XT
*7 j N 0 +0)
D\F 2 Qa A(Ö N2*
q
)X) F ss X
4?
V¤ A 6Q iq j0 N j \ A Qss T
N 0 i4? V¤ E\D PÖ D\ j A? 2Q; A) YZ

IJ%=K: AWwv Q 0 D F 2Q; ) )"\ j\ ss
I12$
#: N*;
'I=\Q F %\\ -* )®® AW
q E XE
L=E A2 9* A2} N E)++¥" ¤< E/C F
D L\!"
q 2[< F" E¡ N% j9
F"E"
q NX
q =E 9*#: A"
E¡ AD )4 E)++¥ F
N"EQ N
W 25 /Q )®Q
q F E¡"
2[< N%"
q )Í F \]#E
q 0
F
q z*[ 9* ?#E NX"
Ú=NE )D=: N2* E)++ Fs
QE)
4 AW
q A%*"
q )Í F
E(9 N"EQ C N
W 25 /Q D L\!
q
)Í #NÖ FO E(++ ) 2 1 j- F"

q j* K 6Q j8/Q F
A8
q =E" A F" 2[< yGQ AW
YZ )®N QE)
4? EQ E" ) j#EQ { F
N*[0 Q\ -* W\-*C
#: )´ y¤# A*6"\ N
A\Qss
e ;_ " YZ Cv
1. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in plural societies, A Comparative Exploration, Yele

University Press, 1977
195
2. Carry and Abraham, Elements of Democratic Government, Oxford University
press, 1964
3. Ethiopian Law Review, Vol. 1. No.1, 2002
4. Fasil Nahum, Constitution For a Nation of Nations The Ethiopian Prospect, The
Redsea Press, Inc, 1997
5. Goldfrey Phillips, Constitutional Law, Long mans, Green and Co. 5th ed., 1958
6. Hadad International Publication, the Eye on Ethiopia, and Horn of Africa, August
1993
7. Human Rights wach, The Evil Days, Thirty years of War and Famin in Ethiopia
1993
8. Manferd Nowak, UN Covenant on Civil & Political Rights, CCPR Commentary,
1994
9. The universal Declaration of Human Rights, A common Standard of Achievement,
Kluwer Law International, 1999
10. Paul and Clapham, Ethiopian Constitutional Development, Haliesllasie University,
Volume 1, 1972
11. Paul and Clapham, Ethiopian Constitutional Development, Halilesllasie University,
Volume, 2, 1972
12. P. Allan Dionisopoulos, Tue Government of the United States, Charies Scribner's
Sons, 1970
13. E- A A! 1215 EP4 k ) * N" W# QQ
2[< X1\
14. E- A A! 1689 EP4 N #/ EP4 ? Ae5
2[< X1\
15. E- A: A! QY 4 + 1779 /! A$W N*[x Ae5
( x)
16. E- A: A! ¡ 27 + 1789 6-+ * C< ?
x 2[<
17. k: E4 6-+ 1923 I RS
196
18. 1945 .Q ~ = Q% b 6-+ ~ =

19. 1948 .Q )nn I RS

20. Ae5 {0 2/1980 I RS
4D: IJ%=% $Ú?P%

21. QY 15 + 1983 6-+ I RS a / )
22. Ae5 {0 6/1984 ?=: %\: a )72 N®®Q /! Ae5
23. Ae5 {0 24/1984
ja N®®Q /! Ae5
24. A/5 {0 64/1985 I RS Qx

25.
7 24 + 1987 .Q 6-+ I RS 'I=: (J%=% $Ú?P%

26. Ae5 {0 251/1993 I RS 'I=: (J%=K: $ÚP% 'Ià Q%
b N"X" L\!" )D Xzz /! Ae5
27. Ae5 {0 250/1993 'I=G
A!$ kD~ \!" )D /C
/! Ae5
197

Constitution Part 1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Constitution Part 1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

 

"# $ A&' ()*+   ,E. 

 AN< "

1993 .Q I RS ® ®< 0" " QQ NEX\ V) 4  8 “

jF"E yGQ  F

FOQ X DV AN 4  8

 jX)G AØÙ Xp_Z N+0" ;  \ss

 Xjnn\ A A o 0? /Q \\ )?  Xp Gss 0?

# jnnG Nnn Þ\ 

} jnnG L nn\ss XT

   A/8+ $Ú?PW: /Q AU7:

qQ Þ`T7 q ÛN )$ jF  VF

9. L)  (z7: /Q i4D: i  )

1.3.1 eK IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ uÖpLL¨<:-

ŸLÃ >”Ç¾’¨< ¾IÑ S”Óeƒ SW[© }Óv` S”Óeƒ“ ›Ñ` ¾T>}ÇÅ\uƒ“

uv]Á ›XÇ]¨< Y`¯ƒ TIu`   K<¯L© eM×” U”ß“ SW[ƒ uGÃM

u›ÖnLÃ e”SKŸƒ ¾>”ÓK=´ I´w ke uke vÅ[Ò†¨< ¾[»U ²S“ƒ ƒÓM

¾ð[”dÃ I´v© ›wÄƒ ¾›g“ò’ƒ ÉM vÑ– TÓeƒ >”Å ›¨<aû©Á” ›q×Ö`

M A $  :-@ `A/ 7-(I -a8$@ Mb1 c d[e

M  #H$ 1$E@ [\ #8 AV g# $PD 34  /

(5Lz 34m .h/$@ 28WP; ,- -0 E$D] 59B$

1.3.2. 3P ,- `A/ E6P I

1.3.2.1. 3P ,- `A/ E6P JG/ -Dh +

1923 h.# 3P ,- A5  AG9 U9 -2M A ~2-n

1923 3P ,- M0T   <0 AP`T -; 9# 1] AP WV

3P ,-T 2[2 ?D '$ #7D Y 82 # ] L$ C#

3P ,-T  Cz-D Cz-  #7D Y C1¨g_ 6W

1923 3P ,-  $P-T f6| ^L  M2 MA#- h c

2. 1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,-

  ¤D MAPL M( c 1923 3P ,- 8°° A-v$

< T $ 3, #DL E 3, 8 #7D Y #77D E9(9P

1948 (°°2 3P ,- C °° < 34 X 1M 

K Eb3 [\  EG2 () ,- 6D E9 A

1. 3P ,- ,- -0 2P9  ,- M3, (Pu 286,

1.3.2.2. 3P ,- E6P 9D, -0 J

34X S/ '* ;1¡ 2@ g0 Pe> A ^Dh 

K# 3P ,- <9L/ ,- -0 + 3W/ 286, É

I RS a / )

X | E -)JX* Aç U ¡ z  Q F - z 6-{

 DF Q A $q /- CN:" (J%=K: .-  [  )7-*

I RS a / ) I RS ? ?*CA A D ": L N/ 2

a / ) a  )D # 25 C?A: ?

) AQ %_Z G KF a /  P=DE j  ß

a / ) ? ?*CA"

a  ? ?*CA "

A8 I RS a / ) A $q *  W: 0*

a / ) /q Qa PC!E j  9*#: F C?: ?

-* C Í C2   C2 FO X|-{ 1 C D b C +\"

A8 Ay A " )+D D  A Q )J% A 2

I RS 'I=: IJ%=K: $ã?P%

A83 ja e" )\E s-

ja $ *3 Az[5 a )/WR Q% b QQ W r Ù

%\Z" /*7 Q% b E" Q\)

A8  X) I1($

q NX" )D=: N2*  [ =  D"\ss

X ) , 9* I1($

F E -N+ z?  \ss

4 ¤ jC E 7 ð 

««) -* )+D   

$ 0" -*k Qy=  \Gss F ¬ A67- .- )  ? 

 A ( A  /-1 =E" 9*#: F A NW Q#- 

 XT 1 X6-{

)N$ YQ )D O*e\ss ¬Q A $q L)  /C ss

2 [< I RS Qx k7 F 

"# $ A&' ()*+ ,E.

AN< "

1993 .Q I RS ®®< 0" " QQ NEX\ V) 4 8 “

jF"E yGQ F

FOQ X DV AN 4 8

jX)G AØÙ Xp_Z N+0" ; \ss

Xjnn\ A Ao 0? /Q \\ )? Xp Gss 0?

# jnnG Nnn Þ\

} jnnG L nn\ss XT

A/8+ $Ú?PW: /Q AU7:

qQ Þ`T7q ÛN )$ jF VF

9. L) (z7: /Q i4D: i )

1.3.1 eK IÑ S”Óeƒ ]"© >ÉÑƒ uÖpLL¨<:-

ŸLÃ >”Ç¾’¨< ¾IÑ S”Óeƒ SW[© }Óv` S”Óeƒ“ ›Ñ` ¾T>}ÇÅ\uƒ“

uv]Á ›XÇ]¨< Y`¯ƒ TIu` K<¯L© eM×” U”ß“ SW[ƒ uGÃM

M A $ :-@ `A/ 7-(I -a8$@ Mb1 c d[e

M #H$ 1$E@ [\ #8 AV g# $PD 34 /

(5Lz 34m .h/$@ 28WP; ,- -0 E$D] 59B$

1.3.2. 3P ,- `A/ E6P I

1.3.2.1. 3P ,- `A/ E6P JG/ -Dh+

1923 h.# 3P ,- A5 AG9 U9 -2M A ~2-n

1923 3P ,- M0T <0 AP`T -; 9# 1] AP WV

3P ,-T 2[2 ?D '$ #7D Y 82# ] L$ C#

3P ,-T Cz-D Cz- #7D Y C1¨g_ 6W

1923 3P ,- $P-T f6| ^L M2 MA#- h c

2. 1948 h.# (°°2 3P ,-

¤D MAPL M( c 1923 3P ,- 8°° A-v$

< T $ 3, #DL E 3, 8 #7D Y #77D E9(9P

1948 (°°2 3P ,- C °° < 34 X 1M

K Eb3 [\ EG2 () ,- 6D E9 A

1. 3P ,- ,- -0 2P9 ,- M3, (Pu 286,

1.3.2.2. 3P ,- E6P 9D, -0 J

34X S/ '* ;1¡ 2@ g0 Pe> A ^Dh

K# 3P ,- <9L/ ,- -0 + 3W/ 286, É

I RS a / )

X | E-)JX* Aç U ¡ z Q F - z 6-{

DFQ A$q /- CN:" (J%=K: .- [ )7-*

I RS a / ) I RS ? ?*CA AD": L N/2

a / ) a )D # 25 C?A: ?

) AQ %_Z G KF a / P=DE j ß

a / ) ? ?*CA"

a ? ?*CA"

A8 I RS a / ) A$q W: 0

a / ) /q Qa PC!E j 9*#: F C?: ?

-* C Í C2 C2 FO X|-{ 1 C D b C +\"

A8 Ay A " )+D D A Q )J% A2

I RS 'I=: IJ%=K: $ã?P%

A83 ja e" )\E s-

ja $ *3 Az[5 a )/WR Q% b QQ Wr Ù

%\Z" /*7 Q% b E" Q\)

A8 X) I1($

q NX" )D=: N2* [ = D"\ss

X ) , 9* I1($

F E-N+ z? \ss

4 ¤ jC E7ð

««) -* )+D

$ 0" -*k Qy= \Gss F ¬ A67- .- ) ?

A( A /-1 =E" 9*#: F A NW Q#-

XT 1 X6-{

)N$ YQ )D O*e\ss ¬Q A$q L) /C ss

2[< I RS Qx k7 F

A( A *ÍQ C0 E \#- Q \ =E A=:

I RS ? ?*CA"

D § z" ? ?*CA"

1983 .Q - I

?* Q PR v E7 E-D < VGss T XA2

- n z A$q 0 P#" Q PC0 Xj Q ` AD

I RS ? ?*CA"

• N"EQ %\\ C?: ? K!" %\G NQ N\ /Q

• C?: ? ! C?E"" C: _µ /\ 6 N"EQ

3. «) -* [= jú A(Õ I RS C? ? ? F ?

A=) -* [=" 8+2 jú A(KÕ I RS 6" (J%=K L

I RS ? ?*CA"

I RS ? ?*CA E"

I RS ? ?*CA"

A8 E7 'I=\Q F %\\ U1 )*%A jC= C=)

I RS ? ?*CA"

) ] A= G (J%=K: A) # XA=E \] y¤# Ao A

2j GA: Q N ?

GA: \! N *n" X] jz Y \! Y \! FO