Chapter One

1.1 Introduction
The diesel engine is an intermittent combustion piston cylinder device. It operates on either two
strokes or four stroke cycle. However, unlike the spark-ignition gasoline engine, the diesel
engine induces only into the combustion chamber on its intake stroke. Diesel engines are
typically constructed with compression ratios in the range 14:1 to 22:1. They can be found
among engines with bores (cylinder diameter) less than 600mm or 24in.
Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer, conceived the idea for the engine that now bears his name
after he had sought a device to increase the efficiency of the Otto engine (the first four-stroke-
cycle engine, built by the 19th century German engineer Nikolaus Otto).
Diesel realized that the electric ignition process of the gasoline engine could be eliminated if,
during the compression stroke of a piston-cylinder device, compression could heat air to a
temperature higher than auto-ignition temperature of a given fuel and Diesel proposed such a
cycle in his patents of 1892 & 1893. Originally, either powered coal or liquid petroleum was
proposed as fuel. Diesel saw powdered coal, a byproduct of the soar coal mines, as readily
available fuel. Compressed air was to be used to introduce coal dust into the engine cylinder:
however, controlling the rate of coal injection was difficult, and, after the experimental engine
was destroyed by an explosion, Diesel turned to liquid petroleum. He continued to introduce the
fuel into the engine with compressed air.
Development of Diesel’s invention needed more time and work to become a commercial success.
Many engineers and developers joined in the work to improve the market viability of the idea
created by Rudolf Diesel. He, on the other hand, became somewhat threatened by this process
and was not always able to find common language with other engine designers developing his
invention. Diesel’s attempts of market promotion of the not-yet-ready engine eventually led into
a nervous breakdown. In 1913, deeply troubled by criticisms of his role in developing the engine,
he mysteriously vanished from a ship on a voyage to England, presumably committing suicide.
After Diesel’s patents started to expire, a number of other companies took his invention and
developed it further.
The first commercial engine built on Diesel’s patents was installed in St. Louis, Mo., by
Adolphus Busch, a brewer who had seen one on display at an exposition in Munich and had
purchased a license from Diesel for the manufacture and sale of the engine in the United States
and Canada. The engine operated successfully for years and was the forerunner of the Busch-
Sulzer engine that powered many submarines of the U.S. Navy in World War I. Another diesel
engine used for the same purpose was the Nelseco, built by the New London Ship and Engine
Company in Groton, Conn.

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The diesel engine became the primary power plant for submarines during World War I. It was
not only economical in the use of fuel but also proved reliable under wartime conditions. Diesel
fuel, less volatile than gasoline, was more safely stored and handled.

At the end of the war many men who had operated diesels were looking for peacetime jobs.
Manufacturers began to adapt diesels for the peacetime economy. One modification was the
development of the so-called semi-diesel that operated on a two-stroke cycle at a lower
compression pressure and made use of a hot bulb or tube to ignite the fuel charge. These changes
resulted in an engine less expensive to build and maintain.
An IC engine transforms a chemical energy in fuel into a mechanical energy. They are versatile
and economical. Diesel engines are sometimes called compression ignition engines because
initiation of combustion relies on air heated by compression rather than on an electric spark. The
diesel engine gains its energy by burning fuel injected or sprayed into the compressed, hot air
charge with in the cylinder. The air must be heated to a temperature greater than the temperature
at which the injected fuel can ignite. Fuel sprayed into air that has a temperature higher than the
“auto-ignition” temperature of the fuel spontaneously reacts with the oxygen in the air and burns.
Air temperature is typically in excess of 526oC(979oF). To release a chemical energy in diesel an
automized form of fuel is made to contact with high temperature and pressure air. Theoperation
of diesel engine is always producing high temperature and pressure air continuously by using
slider crank mechanism. The linear motion of piston is transformed into a rotary motion at the
crank.
Asthe piston moves downward inlet valve is opened and fresh air is sucked during return stroke
both valves are closed, suction stroke and the air will be compressed during compression the
piston does work on the air, compression stroke. Therefore the temperature and pressure of the
air rises higher than the level of the self-ignition value of the diesel and the diesel is injected to
this air. The fuel get evaporated and undergoes spontaneous explosion and the temperature and
pressure rise to high value. The high energy fluid pushes the piston downward, the hot air does
work on the piston and energy in the fluid is converted to the mechanical energy of the piston,
power stroke,the piston absorbs power from the piston, due to inertia of the system the piston
moves upward and engine work is obtained. At last the exhaust valve will be opened and the
exhaust is rejected, exhaust stroke.
In four cylinder diesel engine four different strokes can occur at a time. So the power stroke is
always present in the engine. Therefore, unlike single stroke diesel engine, four cylinder diesel
engine will have better force and power uniformity (more cylinder means more power
uniformity). Here, on four cylinder diesel engine, opening and closing of values are controlled by
a pair of cam shaft. Cam shaft drive motion comes from the engine, each cylinder has two inlet
and two outlet shaft. This is the most common diesel engine type in modern cars, specially in
automobile cars.

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Chapter Two
2.1 Literature Review
[1] Worked on preheating of CPO to increase the engine performance. CPO is a non-
conventional fuel and safe. At 30 C, density of CPO is 10times higher than the diesel fuel, so to
reduce its viscosity preheating technique was used. To lower the viscosity to normal fuel,
preheating of fuel up to 92 C is required. Best efficiency was achieved by preheating the CPO to
60C which produce higher peak pressure of 6% and short delay of ignition. Emissions were
higher than the diesel fuel.
[2] Worked on performance enhancement of diesel engine by p reheating technique while using
jatropha oil as a fuel. The aim is to decrease the viscosity of fuel using EGR system. Shell and
tube type heat exchanger was used to preheat the fuel before entering to the engine which reduce
the viscosity of blend. From results it was conclude that preheated blend having high BTE and
low BSEC. 80 C was found to be optimum for the jatropha oil use.
[3] Working on preheating of cottonseed blend on ability of a CI engine. COME was the
combination of potassium hydroxide, cottonseed oil and methyl alcohol. Engine used was single
cylinder, 4 strokes DI compression ignition engine. Four temps (30, 60, 90, 120) C used for
preheating. From the test data, BTE, BSFC were found. From the results it can be concluded that
when we heated the blend up to 90 C it gives better results than normal conditions.
[4] Investigate the effect of preheated vegetable oil keeping speed constant. Indirect injection
system was used. The main target was the fuel droplet size which leads to poor combustion.
Objective was to increase viscosity and performance in under load condition. High temperature
and high speed affect the efficiency at higher level.
[5] Investigate the CR effect on preheated blend. Palm oil diesel blend is used as a fuel. 5%,
10%, 15%, 20% blend is used with diesel. Preheating up to 90 C giving efficiency near to diesel
fuel. Various CR of 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1 and 20:1 is used for experimentation. From result it is
found that O20 is found to give maximum efficiency, BSFC, brake power. The emission is
reduced by increasing blending ratio. It has higher CO2 emission. CR 20:1 gives optimum result
during high load.
[6] Analyzed the VCR effect on engine which runs using palm oil methyl ester. The effect of CR
and IT was analyzed and energy change of engine is observed. A single cylinder, DI, water
cooled vcr engine used for experimentation at rpm and BMEP which includes 4 CRs
(16,17,17.5,18) and 3 IT(20,23,28) BTDC. Energy analysis is carried out to find the available
work, net available cooling water, destruction and entropy generation. As the CR increases, it
will increase the availability and decrease the energy destruction.
[7] Analyzed the performance characteristics of preheated jatropha oil blend in DI compression
ignition engine. Vegetable oil and animal fats gives promising alternative of conventional fuel.
They are able to reduce CO2 emission because of their higher viscosity and low volatility

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compare to conventional fuels. In this experiment preheating technique is used to reduce the
viscosity of the jatropha oil.
[8]When worked on 4 stroke single cylinder, naturally aspirated DI engine using ethanoldiesel
blend as fuel, he observed the effect of CR on the ability of an engine, its emission
characteristics and combustion phenomenon. Compression ratio is changed by changing the
dimension of piston and keep the constant stroke volume. Various CR like 17.5:1, 18.5:1 &
19.5:1 are considered for experimentation. E0, E10, E20, E30 and E40 blends are used in
performance .it is found that the BTE is higher at higherload and max CR. The improvement in
CR improves the capability of the engine and reduce the emission like HC, CO.
[9] In this research comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils which are the tire pyrolysis oil, plastic
pyrolysis oil and diesel oil in the assessment of diesel performance and feasibility analysis.
Pyrolysis oils’ from waste tire and plastic are studied to apply with one cylinder multipurpose
agriculture diesel engine. It was found that without engine modification, the tire pyrolysis offers
better engine performance whereas the heating valve of the plastic pyrolysis oil is higher. The
plastic pyrolysis oil could improve performance by modifying engine. The economic analysis
shows that the pyrolysis oil is able to replace diesel in terms of engine performance and energy
output if the price of pyrolysis oil is not greater than 85% of diesel oil.
[10] An experimental has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used. In this
study, the effects of parameters like load, blend proportion and injection pressure are taken as
variable for optimization method. Taguchi method of optimization was used in this experiment.
The results of the Taguchi experiment identifies that 5% blend ratio, 180 bar injection pressure
and 20Kg engine load are optimum parameter setting for highest mechanical efficiency. Engine
performance is mostly influenced by engine load and is least influenced by injection pressure.
[11] A tire pyrolysis liquid (TPL) fuel produced in a continuous auger reactor on pilot scale was
blended at 5 vol% (5TPL) with commercial diesel fuel (100D) and tested in a four cylinder, four
stroke, turbocharged, intercooled, 2.0 L Nissan diesel automotive engine (model M1D) with
common rail injection system. The engine performance and exhaust emission were obtained for
both the 5TPL blend and the commercial diesel fuel. The fuel did not show significant difference
on the combustion pattern. Just slightly longer duration with the TPL blend. The low-volatile
fraction of this blend deteriorate the engine performance (in terms of thermal efficiency and fuel
economy).

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2.2 Problem statement
Since the late 19th century diesel engine has been used for many purpose. After the first world
war was broke out, diesel engine has been used in different war vehicles and also ships. Due to
its fuel efficiency and power, diesel engine become main constituent for war ships. More over in
St. Louis, Mo., by Adolphus Busch, diesel engine was introduced for market and because of this,
many factories begun to use diesel to manufacture automobiles, large vehicles and tractors. Since
then diesel engine become most common engine to be used in small locomotives like
automobiles to large transportation ships. One of the most common and widely used diesel
engine is four cylinder diesel engine commonly known by “V4” vehicles. Even though it is
widely used, four cylinder diesel engine has a problem of loss of power. Loss of power in four
cylinder diesel engine may occur by different cause but one of the most common causes are due
to unwanted heat generation and friction between components of the engine. On some diesel
engine this heat loss may reach up to 3000oc which is half of the external heat of sun. This heat
will be cooled by radiator. If we reduce the amount of heat generated as much as possible, we
can increase the power of the engine.

2.3 Research Objective

2.3.1 Main objective
The main objectives of this research is to create an engine that has more power efficiency than
those other four cylinder diesel engine.
2.3.2 Specific objective
To increase power of diesel engine
To increase service life of engine components
To decrease heat loss in the car
To decrease friction between components of engine

2.4 Scope
The scope of this research is on reducing power loss in four cylinder diesel engine of light trucks
, automobile, small passenger cars(minibus), and some agricultural and construction application
operated by diesel fuel. These diesel engine vehicles belong to small diesel engine that has the
capability to produce 188kw or 252 horse power. These kind of vehicles are typically direct-
injection, inline four cylinder diesel engine.

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Chapter Three
3.1 Research Methodology
In this research standard four cylinder diesel engine for light trucks operating system and piston
to cylinder arrangement was assessed in order to know the stroke where the power loss is
happening. It is also assessed the standard compression ratio of these engines. These methods are
useful to investigate the problem of power loss and find the solution for it. In this research early
literatures that are done on diesel engine by different engineers are usedas a guide and source of
information. These literatures include effect of compression ratio, engine components and also
effect of additives of the fuel on the power loss of the engine.
3.1.2 Methods in gathering information
1. Primary resource: these kind of data is taken directly from experiments. These
experiments are done on the standard values of diesel engine by the researcher by
changing the variables or constants of the experiment. In this research, experiments will
be done in order to distinguish the effect of one parameter on the other.
2. Secondary resource: this information is gathered by providing review on researches that
are done on a diesel engine before this research by other researchers or engineers. This
data is gathered not only from researches but also from books, published journals and
experimental results. These information are valid by the standard diesel engine rules and
regulation.
3.1.3 Principle of four cylinder diesel engine
To release chemical energy in diesel engine an automized form of fuel is made to contact with
high temperature and pressure air by using slider crank mechanism. The linear motion of the
piston is transformed into a rotary motion at the crank.
Step 1(suction stroke) - the piston moves down ward.
- Inlet valve is opened and outlet valve is closed and fresh air is sucked to the piston
cylinder.
Step 2(compression stroke) - both inlet and outlet valves are closed.
- Air is compressed and the piston does work on the air.
- Temperature and pressure of air rises above the level of self-ignition of air.
- The fuel is injected to burn the compressed air.
Step 3(power stroke) - the fuel get evaporated and undergoes spontaneous explosion.
- Temperature and pressure rise to high level (2500oc and 150 bar respectively).
- The high energy fluid pushes the piston down ward and the hot air does work on the
piston.
- Energy in the fluid is converted into mechanical energy and the piston absorbs power.

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Step 4(exhaust stroke) - piston moves upward and exhaust valve is opened then exhaust is
rejected.
Here four different strokes are presented at a time since there are four cylinder with firing order
of 1-3-4-2 for the power stroke which is, the power stroke will be present on the first cylinder
then on the third then on the fourth and then lastly on the second cylinder. This cycle will repeat
itself throughout the operation. So the power stroke is always present. This is the situation which
gives the engine better force and power uniformity. This avoid the vibration and noise which is
common on other diesel engines.
On the four cylinder diesel engine some parts are used to increase its performance. These are:
 Heavy fly wheel-which help non-uniformity of power and it is placed on the crank shaft.
 Bowl – is placed over the cylinder and uses to provide air into the cylinder. Thus the
injected fuel will be mixed with air effectively.
 Counter weight – it is additional mass added on the crank shaft and avoid unbalancing of
force raised due to excessive mass and centrifugal force at the rod.
 Cam shaft – it assists opening and closing of valves. They are oriented in pair and driven
by the crank shaft.
Based on the above working principle of four cylinder diesel engine the procedure of
producing mechanical energy goes like:

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 Chemical energy of fuel

Combustion process (heat input)

Internal energy= thermal energy

Cycle

Indicated mechanical = change in volume work

Energy

Crank mechanism

Effective mechanical energy

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Chapter Four
4. Expected results
The aim of this research is to assess the solution for the problem of loss of power in four cylinder
diesel engine. This problem must be solved by the research.
The expected result of this research can be divided into two main parts:
 One of the result s of the research is to assess or rediscover the relationship between the
torque and speed and also volume and pressure of a four cylinder diesel engine. These
four parameters are important to know the performance of the engine. They occur on the
four strokes of the engine. These parameters will lead us to the cause of loss of power in
diesel engine.
 The other expected result in this research is the power generation and loss during
explosion of the combusted air. The power generation of the engine is our main focus in
the research. An increase in the power generation is expected from the result. The heat
loss during explosion, which reaches up to 3000oc during combustion of the compressed
air, on the contrary must decrease to the lowest minimum point as much as possible.
In general on this research result, the torque of the engine must increase to increase power of the
engine since torque means power. On the hand, the heat loss during explosion must decrease. If
our research fulfill these results we can say the research was a success.

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Chapter Five
5. Budget
This part of the research deals with the cost that needed for the research. It includes all the items
needed for this research.
No- Items Unit Quantity Unit price In Total in birr
birr
1 Pen In number 2 10 20
2 Paper In number 60 1 60
3 Mobile data In megabits 100
and phone
call
4 Printing Per page 50 2 100
5 Binding 2 15 30
6 Typing Per page 50 5 250
Total 560

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Chapter Six
6. Work schedule
6.1Work schedule for proposal writing
Activities
Days Title Gathering Analyzing Writing Final Proposal
selection information data proposal proposal submission
draft writing date
May 15 &
16
May 17-21
May 22-25
May 26
May 27 -
30
June 3

6.2 Work schedule for research

Days Activities
Gathering Analyze Writing draft Final Submission
results results of the research date
research writing
June 6 & 7
June 8-12
June 9 & 10
June 11-15

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References
[1] S. Bari, T.H. Lim, C.W. Yu, “Effects of preheating of crude palm oil (CPO) on injection
system, performance and emission of a diesel engine”, Renewable Energy 27 (2002)
[2] Bhupendra Singh Chauhan, Naveen Kumar , Yong Du Jun , Kum Bae Lee,” Performance and
emission study of preheated Jatropha oil on medium capacity diesel engine”, Energy 35 (2010)
[3] Murat Karabektas, Gokhan Ergen, Murat Hosoz , “The effects of preheated cottonseed oil
methyl ester on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine”, Applied Thermal
Engineering 28 (2008)
[4] O.M.I. Nwafor, „The effect of elevated fuel inlet temperature on performance of diesel
engine running on neat vegetable oil at constant speed conditions”, Renewable Energy 28 (2003)
[5] S. Nagarajaa, K. Sooryaprakashb, R. Sudhakaran, “Investigate the Effect of Compression
Ratio over the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Variable Compression Ratio Engine
Fueled with Preheated Palm Oil - Diesel Blends”, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11
(2015 )
[6] Biplab K. Debnath, Niranjan Sahoo, Ujjwal K. Saha, “Thermodynamic analysis of a variable
compression ratio diesel engine running with palm oil methyl ester”, Energy Conversion and
Management 65 (2013)
[7] Deepak Agarwal, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, “Performance and emissions characteristics of
Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine”, Applied
Thermal Engineering 27(2007)
[8] V. Gnanamoorthi, G. Devaradjane, “Effect of compression ratio on the performance,
combustion and emission of DI diesel engine fueled with ethanol-Diesel blend” Journal of the
Energy Institute(2014)
[9] C. Wongkhorsub “A comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils in diesel engine” (2013)
[10] Mr. Dhananjay H Joshi “Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for
pyrolysis oil and diesel blend for mechanical efficiency using Taguchi method” (2012)
[11] Juan Daniel Martinez “performance and emission of an automotive diesel engine using a tire
pyrolysis liquid blend” (2014)

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