Research in Structure of English

Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Abstract
The main center point of this study is to analyse the phonetic differences between
allomorphs of the same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of the Tandaganon
Language. It uses key informants in gathering the needed data. The common phonenes
used which signify the time when the event happened is attached to a root word. Often
times, the phonemes: yag-, ga-, paga- tag-, min-, are commonly found both in the past
and present form of the verb; while, mag-, -un, mu-, and i- are phonemes usually used in
the future tense of the verb. The common phonemes used in the comparative degree in
all categories of objectives are the ka- and –ay. Ay- is usually found in the end of the
rootword to signify the comparison. The phonemes –I and –un, are usually found in the
end of the superlative degree adjectives. The phonemes –hi is an allomorph of the vowel
sound in the words ‘gwapuhi, ‘gwapahi and ‘pubrehi’. On the other hand, the adjectives
used to describe an amount has no specific distinction in meaning among the words “few”,
“some”, “multiple”, “plenty”, and “several”, usually in the Tandaganon language it would
only use one word ‘hamukay’ and ‘hamuki’ in the superlative degree. The result of the
analysis revealed that Tandaganon language is distinct and has its own characteristics.
Keywords: Language, Tandaganon, morphemes, morphophonemics analysis
Introduction
There are various languages that have been used and recognized by the people
in the Philippines. In Surigao del Sur, there are several languages that have been utilized
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in the area; one of these is Tandaganon is a closely related variety spoken in Tago, San
Miguel, Bayabas, Cagwait, Marihatag, San Agustin, and most of Lianga and central of
Surigao del Sur. It can be classified as a separate language or alternatively as a southern
variety of Surigaonon. It is known that a shared language is important such as
Tandaganon which a common language shared by the people in Surigao del Sur. The
language’s distinctiveness can be drew back in the historical and cultural background of
the people in the community. Tandaganon language which is barely recognize as a
language group in the Philippines due to lack of studies in the field; hence, the study. The
main focus of this study is to analyze the phonetic differences between allomorphs of the
same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of the Tandaganon language.
This study is deemed significant to prevent the possibility of losing the ethnic
identity of Tandaganon language. Henceforth, to less important other indigenous
language like Tandaganon to be propagated and supported so that will bw preserved and
developed.
The researchers further the knowledge of the specific language community and
present a methodology that future researchers could use in other locations for studied or
under studied languages. This is also serves as a basis for linguistics and researchers
who will be interested in an in-depth study of ethnic identity languages and the result of
this study will serve as a benchmark for future researchers that will be studying this kind
of paper.
Theoritical / Conceptual Framework
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This study is couched on the framework of the Onomasiological Theory of Word-
Formation proposed by Pavol Stekauer (2001). This theory was stimulated by Milos Dkulil
idea of onomasiological structure and, mainly, by Horecky’s multilevel model of linguistic
sign (1983, 1989). This theory was developed to it responds to the one-sided formalism
of the mainstream generative word-formation.
Although Pavol Stekauer process the theory using English word-formation, the
theory could also be used to justification for word-formation in other languages since its
central standards relate not only in English but also to the general manifestation of word-
formation in all varieties.
According to Stekauer (2011), word formation deals with productive and rule
governed patterns (word formation types and rules, and morphological types), used to
generate motivated naming units in response to the specific naming needs of a particular
speech community by making use of word formation bases of bilateral naming units and
affixes stored in lexical component.
All naming units are coined on the bases of the material already available in the
Lexicon (lexical component) of the language, and the no naming unit can be generated
from units smaller than the morpheme, with the morpheme being defined traditionally as
the minimal bilateral sign having its own specific from specific (Stekauer, 2001).
This will support the omatological level. It is linguistically expressed in accordance
with the Morpheme-to-Seme-Assignment Principle (MSAP). In particular, the individual
constituents of onomasiological structure (its semes) are assigned morphemes, in
particular, its bases of naming units and affixes stored in the lexicon. The operationis
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based on matching the meaning facet of a potential morpheme with the respective seme
of the onomasiological structure. The MSAP operates both horizontally and vertically.
Vertically, it scans the lexicon with regard to the lexical and affixal morphemes that
can be retrieved to represent the semes of the onomasiological structure. Horizontally, it
reflects the semantic compatibility and formal combinality/ restrictions of the individual
lexical and affixal morphemes. Thus, agent can be expressed, inter alia, by –er, -ist, -
ant, -ian, -man, because the meaning facet of each of these morphemes can be
represented as ‘Agent’. The action of operating the substance can be expressed, for
example, by bases of naming units drive, steer, operate, because the naming facet of
each of them matches with the seme ‘Operation’. Finally, the (logical) object can be
represented by truck, lorry, and possibly some other bases, the meaning of which is
Vehicle.
Milos Dokuli (1962) distinguished three onomasiological categories. The first
category is called Mutational (or Relational). In this case, an object of one conceptual
category is characterized (and named) according to its direct or mediated relation to an
object of the same or some other conceptual category. In the trans positional type, the
phenomenon, usually conceived as a mark, dependent on a substance, is abstracted from
all the phenomena upon which it objectively depends on, and is viewed as an
independently existing phenomenon, for example, the objectification of quality (rapid-
rapidity) and the objectification of action (fallV-fallIN).
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Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to twist about the disregards of indigenous
languages like the Tandaganon language to be less important than the national and
regional languages. Specifically, this study shed a light to the following objectives:
1. Identify the different morphophonemics structure of Tandaganon language.
2. Know the different morphophonemics analyses of terms of tenses of verbs (action
verbs) and degree of comparison of adjectives in Tandaganon language.
Methodology
This study is a qualitative in nature, because it uses key informants in gathering
the needed data for this analysis. According to Cresewell (2006) and Polkinghorn (2008),
a qualitative data can be taken from a research participants from 5-25. This sample size
is enough basis for analysis which you reach to saturation of their responses.
The respondents that were employed in this study are ten (10) unconcealed and
knowledgeable individuals residing in Tandag City with age group ranging from 50-70
years old and above, it is necessary that each of the respondents of this study is fluent in
speaking Tandaganon language and uses in their day-to-day conversation with their
peers.
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A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data. This
researcher-made questionnaires provide three columns; the first column is the English
words prepared by the researchers which have been translated by the respondents
through the use of Tandaganon language, in the second column is the Filipino translation
of the words provided by the researchers, and the corresponding Tandaganon terms of
each word was written in the third column. The words provided by the researchers in the
researcher-made questionnaire are the common words used by the Tandaganons people
in their daily conversation that was not manifested in the recorded dialogues. The words
are chronologically classified according to their specific categoty.
The conduct of this study took place in Tandag City. Tandag, officially the City of
Tandag and often referred to as Tandag City, is a fifth income class city and the provincial
capital of the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines, on the island of Mindanao.
According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 56,364 people.
Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in
Tandag. Chief farm products are rice, corn, and coconut. Livestock and poultry raising
are also important sources of income.
Results and Discussion
This part presents the results and discussion of the data gathered from the
researcher-made questionnaire. Furthermore, the results gathered are presented and
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analysed chronologically to correspond with the objectives which were stated in the
previous part.
Table A- Tenses of Verbs (action verbs)
In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that expresses time
reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action in time.
On the other hand, in grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with
the reference to the moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of
specific specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns.
Basic tenses found in many languages include the past, present and future. Some
languages have only teo distinct tenses, such as past and nonpast, or future and non-
future. On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions, such as remote
vs. recent past, or near vs. remote future.
Tenses are generally express time relative to the moment of speaking. In some
contexts, however, their meaning may be relativized to a point in the past or future which
is.
In the study of Bujcan, M. (2017) entitled Morphophonemics Analysis o Kamayo
“Kadi” Language in Surigao del Sur, Philippines, revealed that the Kamayo verbs have
simple tenses. It has present tense, past tense and future tense. Another is the study of
Bucjan, E. (2017), it was found in the study that there were 6 affixes used in the tenses
of verbs. The six affixes has its own conjugating affixes which is attached as prefix, suffix
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and circumfix of the Kamayo verb. The affixes cannot be attached anywhere from the root
word because it may change its meaning. This conjugating affixes determine the tenses
of Kamayo verb whether past, present or future tense. On the other hand, the result
clearly implies that language is unique and dynamic.
The gathered data by the researchers will show that Tandaganon and
Cantilangnon have phonemic variation utilized in verbs to form a simple tenses, namely:
past, present, and future tense, with corresponding meaning. Herein followed:
1. Tandaganon Language’s Verbs
PHONEMIC ROOT PRSESNT PAST FUTURE
VARIATION WORD TENSE TENSE TENSE
YAG- / GA- DAGAN YAG-DAGAN YAG-DAGAN MAG-DAGAN
MAG GA--DAGAN GA-DAGAN

(RUN)
KUHA YAG-KUHA YAG-KUHA MAG-KUHA
GA-KUHA GA-KUHA
(GET)
KAUN YAG-KAUN YAG-KAUN MAG-KAUN
GA-KAUN GA-KAUN
(EAT)
HIMU YAG-HIMO YAG-HIMU MAG-HIMU
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(MAKE) GA-HIMU GA-HIMU
PHONEMIC ROOT WORD PRSESNT PAST TENSE FUTURE
VARIATION TENSE TENSE
TAG- / PAGA- SALU TAG-SALU TAG-SALU SALU-UN
-UN PAGA-SALU PAGA-SALU

(CATCH)
TADUNG TAG-SALU TAG-SALU TADUNG-UN
(REGULATE) PAGA- PAGA-
TADUNG TADUNG
HIPUS TAG-HIPUS TAG-HIPUS HIPUS-UN
(FIX) PAGA-HIPUS PAGA-HIPUS
SUMBAG TAG-SUMBAG TAG-SUMBAG SUMBAG-UN
(PUNCH) PAGA- PAGA-
SUMBAG SUMBAG
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MIN- / GA- SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MU-SINGKA
MU- GA-SINGKA GA-SINGKA

*(SHOUT)
TAGHUY MIN-SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MU-TAGHUY
(WHISTLE) GA-SINGKA GA-SINGKA
HIGDA MIN-HIGDA MIN-HIGDA MU-HIGDA
(LIE) GA-HIGDA GA-HIGDA
SANDIG MIN-SANDIG MIN-SANDIG MU-SANDIG
(RELY) GA-SANDIG GA-SANDIG
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YAG- / GA- I- LAUNG YAG-LAUNG YAG-LAUNG I-LAONG
(TELL) GA-LAUNG GA-LAUNG
BUWAD YAG-LAUNG YAG-LAUNG I-BUWAD
(DRY) GA-LAUNG GA-LAUNG
HIKUT YAG-HIKUT YAG-HIKUT I-HIKUT
(TIE) GA-HIKUT GA-HIKUT
PAKITA YAG-PAKITA YAG-PAKITA I-PAKITA
(ESPY) GA-PAKITA GA-PAKITA
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The data revealed that the Tandaganon verbs have simple tenses. It has present
tense, past tense and future tense. The phonemic variations which are attached to the
root word give the meaning of the tense of the verb. For example in the word “ Tyahu” in
the past form it becomes Min-tyahu which means that the event crying was done, and
Gatyahu means currently happening (crying) and in the past tense form it will became
Mu-tsyaho. The phonemes ‘min”, “ga”, “nag”, of the given root word give different meaning
of the word which signifies the specific event when the event happen.
The word ‘sayaw’ in Tandaganon which means dance, becomes Yag-sayaw/
(danced), Ga-sayaw (dancing), Sayaw-un (will dance). Additional examples like “ Huwat”
in Tandaganon (wait), Ga-huwat (waited), “Gi-huwatan” (waiting), HU-wat-un (will wait).
The root word “Duwa” has repeated itself in the example in the phoneme “Mag” and
“An”. The given examples above light up the bulb of idea of some commonalities or
likeness of phonemes which are also found attached to a root word in the present form;
take for an example the phoneme “ga” attached in the word/s “Ga-tyahu” are same
phoneme attached in the word Gadagan and past form: “min” in the word/s Min-dagan
is the same phoneme used in the word Min-tsyahu. But these words may vary in the
phoneme that signify their future tenses because there are another morphemes attached
in the root words when it came to future tense.
In general, the following morphemes “tag’, “na”, “min”, “ga”,”gi” are usually used to
form the past tense of the verb. While the phonemes as “ga”, “gi”, “yag”, are the most
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used to form a present tense of the verb. ‘an’ and”on” are also found in the future form of
the verbs in Tandaganon language. Hence, affixes can dramatically change the
definitions of words. Knowing the various prefixes and suffixes along with their meanings
can really help you to understand how words are used, and also how they should be spelt.
If they are printed or written alone, then they should have a hyphen before or after them
to demonstrate that they are to be attached to their letters to form words. Although these
groups of letters (affixes0 are important and assist with forming words, they are not words
in their own right and cannot stand alone in a sentence.
Table B- Degree of Comparison of Adjectives
Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a
sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase
that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they
appear in a set order according to category (file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/grammar.pdf).
The degrees of comparison are known as the comparative, and the superlative.
We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three
or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and
the word that precedes the superlative. In Tandaganon language, the inflected phonemes
is [ay] suffice to form most comparatives and [i] for superlatives.
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In the following tables several adjectives were chronologically analysed and
grouped into every category, namely: to describe an emotion, to describe a situation, to
describe an amount, to describe a sound, to describe size and shape, to describe physical
appearance and personality traits. These will manifest the different adhjectives that the
Tandaganon language.
1. To describe an Emotion
WORDS COMPARISON SUPERLATIVE PHONEMES
DEGREE
PULUHU PULUHUAY PULUHUI [ay] [i]
(LAZY)
HADLUK HADLUKAY HADLUKANI [un] [ay] [i]
(AFRAID)
MALIBUG MALIBUGAY MALIBUGANI [AY] [i]
(CONFUSING)
KAPUY KAPUYAY KAPUYI [AY] [i]
(TIRED)
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SAKIT SAKITANAY SAKITANI [AY] [i]
(HURT)
The table above summarizes the adjectives to describe an emotion. The
phonemes [ay],[an], were found in both comparative and [i] in superlative degree
of adjectives of Tandaganon words. The word “Hadluk” which means afraid
becomes “hadlukay” in Tandaganon it means more afraid, and in superlative
degree was “hadluki”, in this category, the most used phonemes in comparison
degree was [ay] and [i], and in superlative degree was phoneme [i] was commonly
used.
2. To describe a Situation
DEGREE
PARAHUBUG PARAHUBUGAY PARAHUBUGI [ay], [i]
(ALCOHOLIC)
BASTUS BASTUSAY BASTUSI [ay], [i]
(NASTY)
WARAY-ARTI WARAY-ARTI WARAI-ARTI [i]
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(SIMPLE)
BAHU BAHUAY BAHUI [ay], [i]
(SMELLY)
UWAN UWANAY UWANI [ay], [i]
(RAINY)
The following adjectives above are used to describe a situation. Phoneme [ay] is
present in comparison in Tandaganon Language. [i] Was the phoneme that was found in
superlative degree. In Tandaganon language the word “bastus” (nasty) becomes
“bastusay” (more nasty) and turned into “bastusi” in superlative degree.
3. To Describe an Amount
DEGREE
DAMU DAMUAY DAMUI [ay], [i]
(SOME)
(MANY)
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ISA ISAHAY ISAHAY [ay]
(SINGLE)
TANAN TANANAY TANANUN [ay], [un]
(ALL)
(MULTIPLE)
The above table capsulizes the adjectives to describe an amount. The “damu”
inTandaganon has several synonymous words in English. Such as plently, some, many,
several and multiple. In comparative degree the repetition of the root word “damu”
becomes a degree of comparing two amount. The phonemes [ay] and {i] also give a
description of the amount being describe.
4. To Describe Physical Appearance
DEGREE
RAUT KA- KARAUTI/RAUTI [ka], [ay], [i]
RAUT/RAUTAY
(UGLY)
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MAHINLU MAHINLUAY MAHINLUI [ay], [i]
(NEAT/CLEAN)
YUKUG YUKUGAY YUKUGI [ay], [i]
(SLOUCH)
LIPA KA-LIPA/LIPAAY KA-LIPAI/LIPAI [ka], [ay], [i]
(DIRTY)
TABA KATABA/TABAAY KATABAI/TABAI [ka], [ay], [i]
(FAT)
The above table shows the adjectives that describe physical appearance.
The word”raut’ in Tandaganun which means ugly became “rautay” in degree of
comparison and became “rauti” in superlative degree. The phoneme [i] in the
superlative degree in Tnadganon language signifies the meaning of the word/s in
the superlative degree.
5. To Describe a Personality Traits
DEGREE
TALAWAN TALAWANAY TALAWANI [ay] [i]
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(COWARD)
ISUG ISUGAY ISUGI [ay] [i]
(BRAVE)
KWARTAHAN KWARTAHANAY KWARTAHANI [ay] [i]
(RICH)
PUBRI PUBRIHAY PUBRIHI [ay] [i]
(POOR)
MASIPUGUN MASIPUGUNAY MASIPUGUNI [ay] [i]
(SHY)
The table above shows the degree of comparison of an adjective in the particular
category which is to describe the personality traits. In this specific group of adjectives, it
can be found that the phoneme [ay] was visible in comparative degree and [i] in
superlative degree: Tandaganon adjectives
Conclusion
From the analysis of the research data and the latter findings, the following
conclusion is made:
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This study was anchored with its conceptual framework; morphophonemics
analysis that has been an umbrella of the analyses of the tenses of verb and degree of
comparison in the several adjectives of the tandaganon language.
This study was analysed the phonemic differences between allomorphs of the
same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of Tandganon language. The simple
tenses of the verbs were found in Tandaganon language such as; present tense, past
tense, and future tense.
It also have phonemes used in comparative degree in all categories of adjectives
and phonemes are attached either in the beginning or end of the root word to show the
degree of comparison. In hindmost analysing, the researchers have magnifies that the
Tandaganon language particularly in degree of comparison of adjectives, the phoneme
[ay] is used to construct a comparative degree of adjective and [i] is the phoneme used
to form a superlative degree.
Recommendation
In connection with the findings of this study, the conclusions reached and various
implications, the following recommendations are proposed; first, further research should
be made about the phonological analysis of Tnadaganon language. Second, language
enthusiasts should come-up with lexicographic study of particular language in surigao
del sur like Kamayo language, Tnadaganon language and a lot more. Lastly, language
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majors should have into making a glossary of terms every year to document the
evolution of the way the Tandaganon and language, particularly its verbs and adjectives
constructed.
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References:
Gumperz J and Cook –Gumperz J. (2008). Studying Language Culture and Society:
Sociolinguistics or linguistics anthropology. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 532-
545, retrieved on 22nd May, 2019. From http.//home.lu.lv/-
pva/Sociolingvistika/100664882038wardhaughranintroduction_to_sociolinguistics
.pdf.
Campos, R. P., (2004). Language Attitudes among Agusan Manobo Speakers in the
Philippines. Retrieved on 23rd May, 2019, from http://ac.th(wp-
content/uploads/linguisticstudents.html
SURIGAONONDUAMANIG, B. (1997). Language, identity and the ownership of English.
Teachers of English to Speakers of other Langauages, Inc. (TESOL) Vol. 31.
Retrieved on October 24th, 2019 from http://www.lstar.org/stable/358831.
Surigaonon.(2000). (online article). Retrieved on 27th May, 2019 from the worldwide
web:http://www.flw.com/languages/Surigaonon.html
Duamanig, F. (2015), Descriptive Analysis of the Surigaonon Language,
PolyglossiaVolume. Retrieved on 28th May, 2019 from
http://rcube.ritsumei.ac.ip/bitstream/10367/6111/1/Francisco%20Perlas%20Dum
anig.pdf
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Bucjan, M. (2017). Morphophonemics Analysis of Kamayo “Kadi” Language in Surigao
del Sur, Vol. 5, No. 9 pp. 8-17. Retrieved on 29th May, 2019 from
http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Morphophonemics-Analysis-Of-
Kamayo-%E2%9CKadi%E2%80%9DLanguage-In-Surigao-Del-Sur
Philippines.pdf
Bucjan, E. (2017). Simple Tenses of the Verb in Kamayo Language Vol. 2, Issued 5
Retrieved on 29th May, 2019 from http://ijels.com/detail/simple-tenses-of-the-verb-
in-kamayo-language/
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Research in Structure of English

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Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Keywords: Language, Tandaganon, morphemes, morphophonemics analysis

Surigao del Sur. It can be classified as a separate language or alternatively as a southern

variety of Surigaonon. It is known that a shared language is important such as

the people in the community. Tandaganon language which is barely recognize as a

same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of the Tandaganon language.

identity of Tandaganon language. Henceforth, to less important other indigenous

Theoritical / Conceptual Framework

This study is couched on the framework of the Onomasiological Theory of Word-

idea of onomasiological structure and, mainly, by Horecky’s multilevel model of linguistic

of the mainstream generative word-formation.

formation in all varieties.

affixes stored in lexical component.

This will support the omatological level. It is linguistically expressed in accordance

with the Morpheme-to-Seme-Assignment Principle (MSAP). In particular, the individual

constituents of onomasiological structure (its semes) are assigned morphemes, in

can be retrieved to represent the semes of the onomasiological structure. Horizontally, it

Milos Dokuli (1962) distinguished three onomasiological categories. The first

category is characterized (and named) according to its direct or mediated relation to an

phenomenon, usually conceived as a mark, dependent on a substance, is abstracted from

independently existing phenomenon, for example, the objectification of quality (rapid-

rapidity) and the objectification of action (fallV-fallIN).

Objectives of the Study

1. Identify the different morphophonemics structure of Tandaganon language.

2. Know the different morphophonemics analyses of terms of tenses of verbs (action

verbs) and degree of comparison of adjectives in Tandaganon language.

This study is a qualitative in nature, because it uses key informants in gathering

A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data. This

are chronologically classified according to their specific categoty.

According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 56,364 people.

are also important sources of income.

Results and Discussion

researcher-made questionnaire. Furthermore, the results gathered are presented and

Table A- Tenses of Verbs (action verbs)

In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that expresses time

specific specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns.

vs. recent past, or near vs. remote future.

In the study of Bujcan, M. (2017) entitled Morphophonemics Analysis o Kamayo

clearly implies that language is unique and dynamic.

1. Tandaganon Language’s Verbs

PHONEMIC ROOT PRSESNT PAST FUTURE

VARIATION WORD TENSE TENSE TENSE

YAG- / GA- DAGAN YAG-DAGAN YAG-DAGAN MAG-DAGAN

MAG GA--DAGAN GA-DAGAN

KUHA YAG-KUHA YAG-KUHA MAG-KUHA

KAUN YAG-KAUN YAG-KAUN MAG-KAUN

HIMU YAG-HIMO YAG-HIMU MAG-HIMU

(MAKE) GA-HIMU GA-HIMU

PHONEMIC ROOT WORD PRSESNT PAST TENSE FUTURE

VARIATION TENSE TENSE

TAG- / PAGA- SALU TAG-SALU TAG-SALU SALU-UN

-UN PAGA-SALU PAGA-SALU

TADUNG TAG-SALU TAG-SALU TADUNG-UN

(REGULATE) PAGA- PAGA-

HIPUS TAG-HIPUS TAG-HIPUS HIPUS-UN

(FIX) PAGA-HIPUS PAGA-HIPUS

SUMBAG TAG-SUMBAG TAG-SUMBAG SUMBAG-UN

(PUNCH) PAGA- PAGA-

PHONEMIC ROOT WORD PRSESNT PAST TENSE FUTURE

VARIATION TENSE TENSE

MIN- / GA- SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MU-SINGKA

MU- GA-SINGKA GA-SINGKA

TAGHUY MIN-SINGKA MIN-SINGKA MU-TAGHUY