WHAT IS CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY:

In physics, Cryogenics is the study of the production and behavior of materials

at very low temperatures (below -150 ⁰C, -238⁰ F or 123 K)
-Study of how to produce Low temperatures
-The study of what happens to materials when you have cooled them down.
APPLICATIONS:
1. The most important commercial application of cryogenic gas liquefaction
techniques is the storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG), a
mixture largely composed of methane, ethane, and other combustible gases.
Natural gas is liquefied at 110 K, causing it to contract to 1/600th of its volume
at room temperature and making it sufficiently compact for swift transport in
specially insulated tankers.

2. It is used to produce cryogenic fuels for rockets, including liquid hydrogen and
liquid oxygen (LOX).

3. The strong electromagnetic fields needed for nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) are usually produced by supercooling electromagnets with cryogens.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an application of NMR that uses liquid
helium.

4. Infrared cameras frequently require cryogenic cooling.

5. Cryogenic freezing of food is used to transport or store large quantities of food.

6. Liquid nitrogen is used to produce fog for special effects and even specialty
cocktails and food.

7. Freezing materials using cryogens can make them brittle enough to be broken
into small pieces for recycling.

8. Cryogenic temperatures are used to store tissue and blood specimens and to
preserve experimental samples.

9. Cryogenic cooling of superconductors may be used to increase electric power

transmission for big cities.

10. Cryogenic processing is used as part of some alloy treatments and to facilitate
low temperature chemical reactions (e.g., to make statin drugs).
 Need for Insulation?
Different modes of heat transfer are:
1. Conduction: The heat is conducted through lateral beams, neck and
residual gas conduction.
2. Convection: The air between inner and outer vessels convert heat into
the liquid.
3. Radiation: The radiation heat transfer from 300 K outer vessel to
77 K inner vessel.
Types of Insulation
Types Material
Expanded foam Polyurethane foam, Polystyrene foam, Rubber, Silica &
Glass foam.
Gas Filled powder & Fiber glass, powdered cork, Perlite, Santocel, Rock
fibrous materials wool & Vermiculite.
Vacuum Vacuum
Evacuated powders & Perlite, Silica aerogel, Calcium-silicate, Lamblack,
fibrous materials Fiberglass
Opacified powders Copper-santocel, Aluminum-santocel, Bronze-santocel,
Silica- carbon
Multilayer insulations Alternating layers of highly reflecting materials like-
aluminum foil, copper foil, aluminized Mylar,& low
conductivity spacer such as fiberglass or paper mat,
glass fabric, nylon mesh

For a Particular system, the specific insulations to be used is determined

by:
1.Cost
2.Ease of Application
3.Weight
4.Ruggedness
5.Effectiveness
6.Thermal Conductivity