ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“It is not possible to prepare any seminar report without the assistance & encouragement
of other people. This one is certainly no exception.”

On the very outset of this seminar report, I would like to extend my sincere & heartfelt
obligation towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavor. Without
their active guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement, I would not have made
headway in the seminar report.

I am ineffably indebted to Prof. Tufaan Dutta for conscientious guidance and

encouragement to accomplish this assignment.

I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to our H.O.D. Prof. Sheikh Hasim for his
support on completion of this project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents and
member of my family, who has always supported me morally as well as economically.

At last but not least gratitude goes to all of my friends who directly or indirectly helped
me to complete this seminar report. Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does
not mean lack of gratitude.

Thanking You

Subir Kumar Das

INTRODUCTION
Nature has provided bountiful resources surrounding us for sustenance of a better life.
These resources, along with manpower and capital, play a crucial role for expansion to
national output. However, the advancement of modern civilization has had a great
impact on our planet's natural resources. Therefore sustainable solutions are a
requirement for modern design problems due to society’s overreliance on natural
resources. Thus innovative ideas which focus on sustainability must be considered as a
key priority for design and optimization.
One of the primary solutions for this problem is the increase in use of renewable
energy resources. Different types of renewable energy resources are solar, wind, ocean
and geothermal energy. Among these, solar energy is the only resource which is
abundantly available and evenly distributed worldwide. Hence developing technologies
to capture this solar energy is the need of the hour.
In order to overcome the relatively low efficiency of the solar panels, significantly
large amount of open spaces are required for the production of electricity in the
photovoltaic solar panel applications. Since availability of large open spaces is on the
decline near the urban areas, the solar panels can only be installed in remote areas. But
this can lead to huge energy losses. The low efficiency of the solar panels as well as the
necessity to deal with the transmission losses makes the use of solar panels a non-viable
economical option to produce electricity. In order to make the solar power a viable
economical option, open spaces that are situated close to the high energy demand areas
must be identified. Hence, it is proposed that open spaces such as the roads, parking
lots, bicycle lanes, footpaths etc. be utilized for this purpose. In order to use these open
spaces for producing electricity using solar panels, recently, the concept of solar
roadways have been introduced.
The Solar Roadway is a series of structurally-engineered solar panels that are
driven upon. It would utilize the use of roads that would be covered by photovoltaic
panels. The idea is to replace all current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking lots, and
driveways with Solar Road Panels that collect energy to be used by our homes and
businesses. . The ultimate goal is to store excess energy in or along-side the Solar
Roadways.
Through the issues associated with urban heat islands it is known that pavements are
often exposed to a vast amount of solar radiation throughout the day. If it was possible
to convert a portion of this energy to usable forms, civil and infrastructure issues could
be solved simultaneously. Two methods have already been developed to generate
energy from roads, using asphalt pavement as a solar thermal collector and installing
piezoelectric generators to collect vibration energy from the traffic load on the
pavement. Recent studies have also begun to use thermoelectric systems to extract heat
energy from roads and directly convert it to electricity. This project is taking a different
approach to the concept as, through photo voltaics. Radiation is directly converted into
electricity on the surface of the panel without a heat or vibration conversion.

A SOLAR ROADWAY
THEORY BEHIND SOLAR ROADWAYS
Years ago, when the phrase "Global Warming" began gaining popularity, we
started batting around the idea of replacing asphalt and concrete surfaces with solar
panels that could be driven upon. Now it's time to gear up for manufacturing upon. We
thought of the "black box" on airplanes: We didn't know what material that black box
was made of, but it seemed to be able to protect sensitive electronics from the worst of
airline crashes. Suppose we made a section of road out of this material and housed solar
cells to collect energy, which could pay for the cost of the panel, thereby creating a road
that would pay for itself over time. What if we added LEDs to "paint" the road lines from
beneath, lighting up the road for safer night time driving? What if we added a heating
element in the surface (like the defrosting wire in the rear window of our cars) to
prevent snow/ice accumulation in northern climates? The ideas and possibilities just
continued to roll in and the Solar Roadway project was born.

SOLAR ROADWAY
A solar roadway is a road surface that generates electricity by solar power photovoltaic
cells. One current proposal is for 12 ft x 12 ft (3.658 m x 3.658 m) panels including solar
panels and LED signage, which can be driven on. The concept involves replacing
highways, roads, parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks with such a system.

A layer of embedded LEDs will be used to create traffic warnings or crosswalks, and
excess electricity could be used to charge electric vehicles or routed into the power grid.
The electrical components will be embedded between layers of extremely durable,
textured glass.
PHOTOVOLTAICS
The main philosophy of solar roadways is to convert solar energy into
electrical energy by the principle of photovoltaics. Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of
generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity
using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power
generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a
photovoltaic material.
To understand how photovoltaic operate, the nature of sunlight has to be
understood. The structure of all type of light consists of electromagnetic radiation which
is similar to micro and radio waves. When an electromagnetic radiation becomes
incident on a semiconductor material (p-n junction), the photons are absorbed by the
material and electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material.
If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an
electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current, that is,
electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
A solar roadway is a series of structurally engineered solar panels that are driven upon.
The idea is to replace current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking lots, and
driveways with solar road panels that collect energy to be used by homes and
businesses, and ultimately to be able to store excess energy in or alongside the solar
roadways. Thus renewable energy replaces the need for the current fossil fuels used for
the generation of electricity, which cuts greenhouse gases and helps in sustainable
development.
TYPICAL SOLAR ROADWAY

A solar roadway is a series of structurally engineered solar panels that are driven
upon. The idea is to replace current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking lots, and
driveways with solar road panels that collect energy to be used by homes and
businesses, and ultimately to be able to store excess energy in or alongside the solar
roadways. The renewable energy generated by solar road panels will replace the current
need for fossil fuel, which in turn reduces the greenhouse gases.
Parking lots, driveways, and eventually highways are all targets for the panels. If
the entire United States Interstate Highway system were surfaced with Solar Roadways
panels, it would produce more than three times the amount of electricity currently used
nationwide.

EXPLODED VIEW OF A CONCEPTUAL SOLAR ROADWAY

Existing prototype panels consist of three layers.

Road surface layer - translucent and high-strength, textured glass, that is rough
enough to provide sufficient traction, yet still passes sunlight through to the solar
collector cells embedded within, along with LEDs and a heating element. This layer needs
to be capable of handling today's heaviest loads under the worst of conditions and to be
weatherproof, to protect the electronics layer beneath it.
 Electronics layer/Optical layer - It transmits the load around the solar cells. It
contains a microprocessor board with support circuitry for sensing loads on the surface
and controlling a heating element with a view to reducing or eliminating snow and ice
removal as well as school and business closings due to inclement weather. The
microprocessor controls lighting, communications, monitoring, etc. With a
communications device every 3.66m (12 feet), a solar roadway can be an intelligent
highway system.
Base plate layer - While the electronics layer collects energy from the sun, it is the
base plate layer that distributes that power as well as data signals (phone, TV, internet,
etc.) down the line to all homes and businesses connected to the solar roadway. It has to
transmit the load to a pavement, subgrade, or base structure. It needs to be
weatherproof to protect the electronics layer above it.

When multiple Solar Road Panels are interconnected, the intelligent Solar Roadway is
formed. These panels replace current driveways, parking lots, and all road systems, be
they interstate highways, state routes, downtown streets, residential streets, or even
plain dirt or gravel country roads. Panels can also be used in amusement parks,
raceways, bike paths, parking garage rooftops, remote military locations, etc. Any home
or business connected to the Solar Roadway (via a Solar Road Panel driveway or parking
lot) receives the power and data signals that the Solar Roadway provides. The Solar
Roadway becomes an intelligent, self-healing, decentralized (secure) power grid.

HISTORY OF SOLAR ROADWAY

The first solar road in the world officially opened in a small town of France . It is 1 km
long and took $5.2 million to produce which is approximately 34 crores in Indian rupees
.The French road is coated with a clear silicon resin that helps it to withstand the impact
of traffic.
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
The structural design requirements for a solar road panel are as follows:

· The structure must be able to support the cyclic distributed load from vehicle tires
without failing through deformation, fracture.

· The transparent layer cannot deflect over the cell compartments so much that the layer
transmits load to the solar cells.

· The structure must be corrosion resistant to potential contaminants.

· The design must be modular and facilitate easy maintenance.

· For this prototype's purposes, the panel must be made out of readily available
components and materials.

· The weight of the panel must be low enough such that it can be easily maneuvered for
testing and installation purposes.

ELECTRICAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The electrical design requirements for a solar road panel are as follows:

· The panel should be designed so that no shading of the solar cells occurs.

· The interconnection between the cells should be strong enough to withstand

potential deflection from the optical layer

· The panel must be weatherproof so that water and other contaminants are not
able to interfere with the electronics layer
 · There must be a diode installed on the output electrical line of the panel to block
reverse currents, as this would damage the solar cells within the panel.

DESIGN
In The University of Western Ontario, the design of the panel was done by COMSOL Multi
Physics, an engineering simulation software. COMSOL Multi Physics which has both the
modeling and simulation capabilities for Multi Physics systems was used to ascertain the
feasibility for different vehicular applications and for suggesting future material The
model created in the COMSOL Multi Physics for the analysis purpose consists of a
vertically hollow square base layer with sides 4 meters in length, 0.5 meter in height and
0.1 meter in thickness..The base layer is considered to be made up of concrete, and
covered with a transparent cover of size 4 m and thickness 0.01 m made up of acrylic
plastic, whose material properties are given in Table 1. The acrylic sheets have a working
temperature range of -40°C up to 93°C, and the elastic properties are assumed to remain
constant in this temperature range.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR ACRYLIC PLASTIC AND CONCERETE

 As the solar roadways panels are to be laid over the existing roads, the primary
loads acting on the solar roadways panels are the vehicle loads. For the analysis, the
loads associated with the vehicles are selected based on the specification from American
Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Two types of
loadings, H loading and HS loading are given by AASHTO. H loading consists of a two axle
truck and HS loading consists of a tractor truck with semi-trailer. In general, there are
four standard classes of highway loading conditions, namely H15, H20, HS15 and HS20.
The number following the H and HS letter denotes the gross weight in tons of a standard
truck. The HS20 standard truck load, a maximum stress of 1.82x103Mpa is much higher
when compared to the ultimate tensile strength of 69Mpa and the displacement results
indicate that maximum surface displacement was also very high at 1.12 meters. Hence it
can be concluded that the selected top cover material is not suitable for the applied load
and this cannot be used as a top cover for solar roadways panel, where vehicles of size
similar to a truck are moving over it.
As the selected material failed for the load of a truck, in order to test the
maximum load the material selected for the top cover of solar roadways panel can take
on, stress and displacements due to a car, bicycle and a motorbike load moving over the
solar panel were analyzed. The specifications of the vehicles are given in table
2.According to standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges (IRC: 6-
2000), the car and the motorbike belongs to Class A loading and bicycle belongs to Class
B loading.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR ANALYSIS

motorbike and car it was found that if the young’s modulus is increased from 50.8x109 to
50.8x1010 Pa, a thickness of 15mm and 25.4mm was suitable for both vehicles
respectively.
 WORKING

· When a solar panel exposed to sunlight, the light energies are absorbed by a
semi conduction materials.
· Due to this adsorbed energy, the electrons are liberated and produce the external DC
current.
· The DC current is converted into 240-volt AC current using an inverter for different
applications.

MECHANISM

 First, the sunlight is absorbed by a solar cell in a solar panel.

 • The absorbed light causes electrons in the material to increase in energy. At the
same time making they free to move around in the material.

 However, the electrons remain at this higher energy for only a short time before
returning to their original lower energy position.

 Therefore, to collect the carriers before they lose the energy gained from the
light, a PN junction is typically used.

 A PN junction consists of two different regions of a semiconductor material

(usually silicon), with one side called the p type region and the other the n-type
region.
  During the incident of light energy, in p-type material, electrons can gain energy
and move into the n-type region.

 Then they can no longer go back to their original low energy position and remain
at a higher energy.

 The process of moving a light- generated carrier from p-type region to n-type
region is called collection.

 These collections of carriers (electrons) can be either extracted from the device to
give a current, or it can remain in the device and gives rise to a voltage.

APPLICATIONS

A) ILLUMINATED ROADS

Unlike the dark roads we drive on by night today, the Solar Roadways will have
LEDs which will "paint" the lanes, and can be instantly customized as needed. The LEDs
could be utilized to create messages on the roads to warn drivers of detours, accidents,
or construction works up ahead. With an illuminated highway, accidents will be reduced
and night time driving will be safer.
SOLAR ROADWAY WITH PAVENT MARKINGS

B) SNOW / ICE MANAGEMENT

A benefit to the use of solar roadways is that the de-icing of roads will not be
required; this is due to panels being capable of self heating, and the glass incorporating
the same heating elements of a car’s rear screen. The panels will have sensors which will
determine when the temperature falls below a certain point and will activate the heating
system which will prevent the buildup of snow and ice. Thus eliminates the use of deicing
salts and the impacts that arise due to their use such as, contaminated surface runoff
and rusting of road structures and vehicles.
C) TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Each Solar Road Panel contains a microprocessor that monitors and controls the
panel, while communicating with neighboring panels and the vehicles traveling
overhead. The dashed road lines that are seen on highways can travel alongside at the
designated speed limit, thus helping us to maintain proper speed. The road can warn
about traffic congestions ahead and even recommend detours around it. It can even
notify law enforcement to assist in tracking down stolen vehicles or
suspects’ cars equipped with GPS tracking devices. Crosswalk panels can alert drivers
when pedestrians are on the crosswalk. Once the crosswalk panels detect a pedestrian,
the LEDs within the crosswalk begin flashing and a warning is displayed in front of
oncoming vehicles. Wildlife protection system works in the same way. If a vehicle crosses
the center line too many times within a given distance, a ring of LEDs can be drawn
around the vehicle, which will travel with it indefinitely. This will warn other drivers of a
potential danger and will alert law enforcement officials of a potential problem. The
Solar Roadways could drastically reduce the number of deaths/injuries caused by
impaired driving. It can save electricity by turning on roadway lighting in remote areas
only when a vehicle comes along.
PEDESTRIAN WARNING WILDLIFE PROTECTION
D) NATIONAL SECURITY

Trucks with hazardous materials can be tracked and monitored. Suspected

terrorist's vehicles can be tracked. Public buses and school buses can be tracked. These
vehicles can be fitted with controls to shut down their engines and/or apply their brakes.

E) HOMES / BUSINESSES

Businesses will be able to have solar parking lots, which will enable them to quickly
go off grid as well as offer their customers the convenience of allowing their electric
vehicles to recharge while they are shopping, eating, working etc. They will no longer
have the expense of snow removal. Their parking lots will be safer at night with the light
provided by the LED's. Walkways can be replaced with similar solar panels, enabling
more energy collection, and the safety features like lighting and heating. A solar
driveway will have many features, including LED lit address markers and the ability to
add customized wording, such as "Happy Birthday Heather!" or "Wedding reception
here. The driveway will also become an instantly customizable sports court. One minute,
teenagers can be playing basketball and, at the touch of a button, the younger children
can play Four Square or Hopscotch or any other game that the homeowner would like to
configure. Pool surrounds and courtyards will be another ideal application for
homeowners.
F) SOLAR ROADWAY LIGHTING

The solar roadways can be supplemented by solar-powered led roadway lighting

system. Highly efficient, long lasting, environmentally friendly and controllable LEDs have
opened up a whole new world of possibilities for lighting. In some remote areas where
the grid power cannot reach, solar powered lighting using high-power LED provides a
promising solution. LED will reduce the power consumption as well as LLP (loss of load
power) and thus is the best choice for solar roadway lighting. A new pilot project by
Philips and the Kenyan Urban Roads Authority to install solar-powered LED street lighting
in Nairobi has the potential to generate up to 100 per cent energy savings, if
implemented on a wide scale across the country. The key to the breakthrough lies in the
combination of new High Brightness LEDs with unique patented optics and an intelligent
controller which lies at the heart of the solution.

DIAGRAM SHOWING WORKING OF A SOLAR ROAD LIGHTING

G) ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Since the Solar Roadway creates and carries clean renewable electricity, EVs can be
recharged at any conveniently located rest stop, or at any business places that
incorporates Solar Roadways Panels in their parking lots for. Owners can plug-in their
cars in and recharge while they're eating or shopping. Engineers are even investigating
ways to use mutual induction to charge EVs while they are driving down the Solar
Roadway. By the way using electric cars would eliminate most of the other half of the
cause of global warming and could virtually wean the world off oil entirely.

H) TRAFFIC SIGNS

LEDs can be embedded in standard highway warning and regulatory signs to

outline either the sign itself or the words and symbols on the sign.. In general, embedded
LED units are used to:

• Improve driver compliance with regulatory signs through improved conspicuity; and
• Enhance visibility and recognition of regulatory and warning signs to drivers, especially
under low-light or low-visibility conditions. Solar roadways can be used to power these
equipments

SOLAR ROAD SIGNS SOLAR ROAD SIGNALS

COMPARISON BETWEEN BITUMINOUS ROADS AND
SOLAR ROADWAYS
Bituminous roads are those roads in which some binding material such as bitumen,
coal-tar or asphalt is used in surfacing. Such roads are also known as black top roads. The
following are the various types of bituminous surfaces:
1) Surface painting or surface dressing
2) Bituminous macadam
3) Bituminous concrete
4) Sheet asphalt or asphaltic mat
Traditional roads are chiefly composed of aggregates and a binding material
whereas solar roadways are made of glass, solar cells and concrete. Bituminous materials
or asphalts are extensively used for roadway construction, primarily because of their
excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relatively low cost.
Despite the benefits there are also numerous drawbacks such as brittleness at low
temperatures, softness at high temperatures and environmental issues such as high
energy demand and pollution due to its production.
Asphalt works, in many ways, and is convenient to lay-down, compared to other
methods. It has carried our automotive infrastructure into the 21st century. But there
are hidden costs that are making it increasingly difficult and expensive to continue
favoring asphalt as the predominant road-paving model for the entire nation. That’s why
asphalt is not ideal for road construction. Bitumen roads have a design life of 10 to 20
years and require resurfacing every seven years approximately, whereas solar roadways
have a design life of twenty one years.
Solar Roadways can pay dividends for the public budget, making our spending on
infrastructure more efficient and significantly reducing electricity costs to consumers and
businesses. They can make the emerging electric vehicle economy far more affordable,
and easier to manage. They can help us eliminate hundreds of billions of dollars per year,
or more, in externalized costs of burning fossil fuels. And, we can lead the world in
powerful clean energy technology exports, capable of rolling back massive pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Road construction and expansion have major environmental impacts. The
environmental impact of road projects include damage to sensitive ecosystem,
permanent disruption to local economic activities ,demographic change, accelerated
urbanization and the introduction of diseases due to pollutants. In addition, there are
also the emissions which are released in the various stages of construction process. The
amount of greenhouse gases released directly and indirectly by an individual,
organization or event is known as carbon footprint. The road carbon footprint exists as
bitumen requires extracting, refining and transportation to the location in order
construct the road, with the addition of the maintenance and repair energy
requirements later in the life of the road. Vicroads a company based in the state of
Victoria, Australia, recently carried out a project to determine the carbon footprint of
road construction. The company duplicated the Mickleham Road, the road was 2.4km
long and consisted of 4 lanes, and they also carried out maintenance work for the project
which included installation of new traffic signals, street lighting and drainage. On the
completion of the project it was determined that a total of 1,820 tonnes of green house
gases were released. From the data collected it was determined that 190 tonnes of
CO2/km/lane was emitted for the project. To offset the emissions released for the total
project required the planting of approximately 7,500 trees.
As solar roadways will not be constructed by the use of bituminous materials it will
reduce the use of fossil fuels, as mentioned previously the obtaining and applying of
bitumen causes damage and releases emissions into the environment. The main
environmental impacts that arise due to the solar roadways are the pollution which is
generated during their manufacturing of the road sections, but this is offset by the
panels’ ability to recoup it by the solar energy transfer into electrical power.
The production of the glass surface panels consumes a lot of energy as the main
materials in the production of glass require them to be melted to high temperatures
reaching 1500°C, although this is a high temperature an additive has been added to
lower the temperature. In the UK the lifecycle CO2 emissions for a photovoltaic system is
58g CO2eq/kWH. The same system if installed in southern Europe, Spain would have
lifecycle CO2 emissions of 35g CO2eq/kWH the decrease is due to their being more
sunlight present which means greater operating hours.
A benefit to the use of solar roadways is that the de-icing of roads will not be
required. One of the impacts associated with bitumen roads is the use of de-icing salts.
There are numerous varieties of de-icing salts which are used on our roads; calcium
chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride. De-icing salts
used by countries for winter road protection accumulates to 51% of the worlds output of
salt.
The use of salts has many effects on the environment, damage occurs to
vegetation, water, roads, road structures and vehicles. As salt is very soluble it will
dissolve with water, and this is the major problem when water seeps into the ground or
water courses where it alters the properties of the water. The chloride ions present in
the salt then raise the chloride concentrations of the streams, lakes, soils and
groundwater sources causing them to have adverse effects on the aquatic plants and
land. The use of salts also increases deterioration rate in roads and structures as the
chloride ions react with the reinforcements and cause rust to form and leads to
corrosion.
One of the major drawbacks in the use of bitumen is the failure of road surfaces
due to water infiltration into the layers of the road. The deterioration rate increases due
to the environmental factors of freeze and thaw. With solar roadways the surface will be
100% water proof and this will prevent the penetration of water into the lower layers.
Thus the solar roadways will require lesser maintenance. Moreover in order to carryout
necessary repairs and installations of underground utilities, excavation of the roads is
required. Since solar roadways consists of panel sections, if the utilities require repair or
replacement the road can be cordoned off in sections without excavation of soil or road
layers. This will therefore lead to faster installation and repair process time.
Another advantage of solar roadways is the micro texture of the surface unlike the
bitumen roads where the aggregates lose their roughness (become smooth) due to
weathering and polishing effects due to traffic. The solar roadways surface will
experience these factors but as glass has high resistance to wear and tear, this problem is
less likely to affect solar roadways.
The panels will get damaged and will not supply any electricity if subsidence on
road occurs .Subsidence is a major problem as it cannot be determined when it will
occur. Traditional roads are able to flex when subsidence occurs, but the solid state of
the solar roadways panel poses a problem. Another problem which will be encountered
in its implementation is the geometry of the road.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

 Solar power is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after
installation.

 Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels.

 Renewable energy is produced.

 Return of investment.

 Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years.

 Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers etc. and in
turn helps the economy.

 Can be installed virtually anywhere in a field to on a building.

 Use batteries to store extra power for use at night.

 Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and buildings even power cars.

 Safer than traditional electric current.

 Efficiency is always increasing.

 DISADVANTAGES

 High initial costs for materials and installation.

 Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet.

 No solar power at night so there is a need for large battery bank.

 Cloudy days do not produce much energy.

 Solar powered cars do not have the same speeds and power as typical gas
powered cars.

 Lower production in the winter months.

SOLAR POWER ROADS FOR INDIA

Idea of having solar-powered roads in India is a truly appealing one. The reason is simple.
The country, which has the second-largest road network in the world, is blessed with
about 300 days of sunny weather and a government that is convinced about the
potential of solar power and electric cars. In 2014, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi
announced a goal to increase solar power capacity to 100 GW by 2022. Moreover, it is
encouraging the sale of electric cars in the country.
 CONCLUSION
The need of the hour for an alternative energy source is increasing at an alarming rate.
We can't wait any longer to find a replacement for oil, which is rapidly disappearing. The
solar roadways if implemented can be a solution for all our energy concerns.
In developing countries the major part of the geographical area is to be explored in terms
of road connectivity. So instead of implementing the higher targets roads to be
developed per day such countries can reduce the target and develop solar road so they
could improve economy with infrastructure.
Generally the Solar Roadways will provide safer driving conditions, snow and ice
management, traffic management, wild life protection. It is compiled solar panels which
to replace ordinary asphalt street as it has better features. It is able to produce electricity
and heating elements. It is designed with LED lights which able to act as traffic lines, road
indicators, construction detours and streetlight for roadways. It would be solar panel
field, internet distribution system, and communication system in the future. The reasons
why solar roadways project is viable are to lessen fossil-fuel dependency and reduce
global warming activity. It also has some of its drawbacks such as high cost, durability,
and weather. However, we believe that we would able to overcome those limitations
eventually in order to serve the society with greater efficiency.

REFERENCES
1. Kulkarni, A.,(2013), “Solar Roadways-Rebuilding our Infrastructure and
Economy”, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications(IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp.1429-1436, May-Jun 2013
2. Northmore, A., Tighe, S.,(2012),“ Innovative Pavement Design: Are Solar Roads
Feasible?” 2012 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada Fredericton,
New Brunswick
3. Rushing, S.T., Tingle.,S.J.,(2009), “Full-scale evaluation of mat surfacings for
roads over sand subgrades” Journal of Terramechanics, vol 46 (2009) 57–63
4. Selvaraju, K.R.,(2012), “Characterization of Solar Roadways via computational
and experimental investigations”.