Wednesday, October 21, 2015

p. 530: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18

Problem 1
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral cos5 x sin x dx.

Solution. sin x and cos x are both to odd powers, but it will be much easier to use
u = cos x, du = − sin x dx. In fact, this problem is nothing but a straightforward
substitution problem.
Z Z
cos x sin x dx = − cos5 x(− sin x) dx
5

Z
= − u5 du
1
= − u6 + C
6
1
= − cos6 x + C.
6

Problem 2
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral cos3 x sin4 x dx.

Solution. cos x is to an odd power, so replace cos2 x with 1 − sin2 x and then use the
substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx.
Z Z
cos x sin x dx = cos x(1 − sin2 x) sin4 x dx
3 4

Z
= (1 − u2 )u4 du
Z
= (u4 − u6 ) du
1 1
= u5 − u7 + C
5 7
1 5 1
= sin x − sin7 x + C.
5 7

Problem 3
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral sin7 2x cos 2x dx.

1
Solution. This is similar to Exercise 1. cos 2x is to the first power. So it is just a
simple substitution problem. Let u = sin 2x and du = 2 cos 2x dx.
Z Z
7 1
sin 2x cos 2x dx = sin7 2x(2 cos 2x) dx
2
Z
1
= u7 du
2
1
= u8 + C
16
1
= sin8 2x + C.
16

Problem 4
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral sin3 3x dx.

Solution. sin 3x is to an odd power and cos 3x to an even power (the 0 power). So we
must use sin2 3x = 1 − cos2 3x and let u = cos 3x, du = −3 sin 3x dx.
Z Z
sin 3x dx = (1 − cos2 3x) sin 3x dx
3

Z
1
=− (1 − cos2 3x)(−3 sin 3x) dx
3
Z
1
=− (1 − u2 ) du
3
 
1 1 3
=− u− u +C
3 3
1 1
= − u + u3 + C
3 9
1 1
= − cos 3x + cos3 3x + C.
3 9

Problem 5
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral sin3 x cos2 x dx.

Solution. sin x is to an odd power and cos x to an even power. So we must use

2
sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x and let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx.
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = − (− sin x)(1 − cos2 x) cos2 x dx
3 2

Z
= − (1 − u2 )u2 dx
Z
= − (u2 − u4 ) dx
1 1
= − u3 + u5 + C
3 5
1 1
= − cos3 x + cos5 x + C.
3 5

Problem 9
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral cos2 3x dx.

Solution. cos 3x and sin 3x are both to even powers, so we must use the identity
cos2 3x = 21 (1 + cos 6x).
Z Z
2 1
cos 3x dx = (1 + cos 6x) dx
2
 
1 1
= x + sin 6x + C
2 6
1 1
= x+ sin 6x + C.
2 12

Problem 10
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral sin4 6θ dθ.

Solution. sin 6θ and cos 6θ are both to even powers, so we must begin by using the
identity sin2 6θ = 21 (1 − cos 12θ).
Z Z  2
4 1
sin 6θ dθ = (1 − cos 12θ) dθ
2
Z
1
1 − 2 cos 12θ + cos2 12θ dθ


=
4
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= dθ − cos 12θ dθ + cos2 12θ dθ
4 2 4

3
Problem 11
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral x sin2 x dx.

Solution. We should begin by using integration by parts. Let u = x and dv =

sin2 x dx. Then du = dx and v = sin2 x dx. Now, to find v, we need the identity
R

sin2 x = 21 (1 − cos 2x).

Z
v = sin2 x dx
Z
1
= (1 − cos 2x) dx
2
 
1 1
= x − sin 2x
2 2
1 1
= x − sin 2x.
2 4
Now we can finish the integration by parts.
Z   Z  
2 1 1 1 1
x sin x dx = x x − sin 2x − x − sin 2x dx
2 4 2 4
1 2 1 1
= x − x sin 2x − cos 2x. =
4 4 8

Problem 12
Z
Problem. Find the indefinite integral x2 sin2 x dx.

Solution. This is similar to Exercise 11, except that we have x2 instead of just x.
Use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = sin2 x dx. Then du = 2x dx and
v = 12 x − 41 sin 2x (worked out in Exercise 11). So we have
Z   Z  
2 2 2 1 1 1 1
x sin x dx = x x − sin 2x − x − sin 2x (2x) dx
2 4 2 4
Z  
1 3 1 2 2 1
= x − x sin 2x − x − x sin 2x dx
2 4 2
Z
1 1 1 1
= x3 − x2 sin 2x − x3 + x sin 2x dx
2 4 3 2
Z
1 3 1 2 1
= x − x sin 2x + x sin 2x dx.
6 4 2

4
We need integration by parts again to do the last integral. Let u = x and dv =
sin 2x dx. Then du = dx and v = − 21 cos 2x. Now we complete the problem.
Z  Z 
2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
x sin x dx = x − x sin 2x + − x cos 2x + cos 2x dx
6 4 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= x3 − x2 sin 2x − x cos 2x + sin 2x.
6 4 4 8

Problem 13
Z π/2
Problem. Use Wallis’s formula to evaluate the integral cos7 x dx.
0
Solution. The exponent is odd, so we use the first form.
Z π/2    
7 2 4 6 5
cos x dx = = .
0 3 5 7 16

Problem 15
Z π/2
Problem. Use Wallis’s formula to evaluate the integral cos10 x dx.
0
Solution. The exponent is even, so we use the second form.
Z π/2       
10 1 3 5 7 9 π 63π
cos x dx = = .
0 2 4 6 8 10 2 512

Problem 18
Z π/2
Problem. Use Wallis’s formula to evaluate the integral sin8 x dx.
0
Solution. The exponent is even, so we use the second form.
Z π/2      
8 1 3 5 7 π 35π
sin x dx = = .
0 2 4 6 8 2 256