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Syllabus:
Chapter- 1:
2. What is a Structure?
4. Getting Started
Chapter- 2:
3. Translational Repeat
4. Circular Repeat
5. Insert Node
6. Add Beam
Chapter- 3:
Chapter- 4:
1. Support Specification
2. Support Page
3. Member Property
4. Member Offset
Chapter- 5:
1. Loading – 1
2. Loading – 2
Chapter- 5:
1. Analysis
2. Concrete Design
Chapter- 6:
1. Introduction to FEM
2. Plate
3. Surface
4. Meshing
Chapter- 7: (Slabs)
1. Desgin Of Slab
4. Design Of Staircase
Chapter- 9: (Steel)
2. Member Specification
2. What is a Structure?
4. Getting Started
Structural Engineering is a field of civil engineering dealing with analysis and design of
structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a
speciality within civil engineering, but it can also be studied inits own right. Structural
engineering are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large non-
building structures but they can also be involved in the design of buildings and large
non-building structures but they can also be involved in the design of machinery,
medical equipment, vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item’s
function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their design satisfy given design
criteria, predicated on safety or serviceability and performance. Buildings are made to
endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters.
Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and analysis. Entry-level
structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, for
example the beams, columns and floor of the building. More experienced engineers
would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as
building.
Types of Structures:
1. Space Structure:
2. Plane Structure:
Suitable only for two dimensional modes in x y plane with no loading or
distortions upright to this plane.
All loads and distortions are in the plane of the structure.
3. Truss Structure:
Allows loading in any direction, but members only deliver axial resistance.
Members dismiss resist bending or shear loads.
Allows three dimensional structures.
Allows distortions in all three global directions.
Coordinate system tracks right hand rule.
4. Floor Structure:
Suitable for two dimensional models in x z plane with loading and distortions
perpendicular to this plane.
All loads and distortions are corresponding to the global y axis.
STAAD.Pro V8i is the leading Structural Analysis and Design Software from Bentley. The
Letter “i” stands for intutive, interactive, incredible and interoperable. STAAD.Pro is the
professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold formed steel
design of virtually any structures including culverts, pertrochemical plants, tunnels,
bridges, piles and much more. Bentley sounds V8i is the most complete and noteworthy
release in its history, which took a total investment of over a billion dollars and extents
across the vast array disciplines with fundamental subject and assignment endures to
be Sustaining Infrastructure.
STAAD.Pro is a overall resolution program for execution of analysis and design of a
extensive variation of types of structures. The simple three activities which are to be
carried out to accomplish that goal – a) model generation,
c) result verification – are all simplified by tools enclosed in the program’s graphical
environment.
This guidebook comprises three sample tutorials which guide the user to execute those
3 activities.
1. Graphical model generation services as well as text editor based commands for
generating the calculated model. Beam and column members are characterized using
lines. Walls, slabs and panel type objects are characterized by means of triangular and
quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are characterized by means of brick elements.
These functions allow the user to generate the geometry, assign properties, orient cross
sections as wanted, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber, aluminium,
specify supports, apply loads obviously as well as have the program produce loads,
design parameters etc.
2. Analysis engines for executing linear elastic and p delta analysis, finite element
analysis, regularity in extraction, and response spectrum analysis & time history
analysis.
3. Design engines for code inspection and optimization of steel, aluminium and timber
members. Reinforcement designs for concrete beams, columns, slabs and shear walls.
Design of shear and moment acquaintances for steel members.
4. Result inspecting, result confirmation and report preparation tools for Inspecting
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate and
solid stress contours, etc.
5. Exterior tools for actions like import and export of data from and to other broadly
recognized formats, links with other general softwares for Place areas like reinforced
and pre stressed concrete slab design, footing design, steel connection design, etc.
6. A library of visible utilities called Open STAAD which permits users to Right of entry
STAAD.Pro’s internal tasks and practises as well as its graphical instructions to tap into
STAAD’s catalogue and link input and output data to third-party software inscribed
using languages like C, C++, VBA, FORTRAN, Java, etc. Thus, Open STAAD allows
users to relation in-house or third-party presentations with STAAD.Pro.
STAAD.Pro V8i screen is shown below. The screen has five major elements as shown
below.
1. Menu bar.
2. Tool bar.
3. Page control.
4. Main Window.
5. Data Window.
In STAAD.Pro V8i:
Geometry is the “Elements of your Structure”. The Elements are given below:
Nodes
Members (beams and columns)
Plates (Slab, Walls and Raft Foundations)
Surfaces (Slab, Walls and Raft Foundations)
Nodes:
Stiffed Joint with 6 reactions. It is located at each end of the Beam and each corner of
the Plate Nodes considered the essence of the geometry of any structure in STAAD.Pro.
Each node holds the following informations:
Node Number.
Node Coordinates in XYZ space.
Beam:
Any member in the structure, that can be beam, column, bracing member or truss
member. Beams are actually defined based on the Nodes at their ends. Each beam
holds the following information:
Beam Number.
The Node numbers at its ends.
Plates:
A thin shell with 4 node shaped element. It can be slab or wall element. Each plate will
holds the following information:
Plate Number.
Node Number at each corner of it.
Surface:
A thin shell in green color with mutli-nodded shape starting from 3 nodes and more. It
can be anything of slabs, walls and raft foundations. It holds the following information:
Surface Number.
Node Numbers at each corner of it.
Hardware Requirements:
The following requirements are suggested minimums. Systems with increased capacity
provide enhanced performance.
Chapter- 2:
3. Translational Repeat
4. Circular Repeat
5. Insert Node
6. Add Beam
Creating a Project:
4. Set the length units and loading units and click Next button.
Note: The units can be altered later if needed, at any point of the model creation.
5. Now Where do you want to go? dialog box appears. You have specify the method for
building
Add Beam: Sets the program in the Snap Node/Beam dialog and snap grid to
construct your model by creating new joints and beams using the construction grid,
drawing tools and spreadsheets.
Add Plate: Sets the program up with the Snap Node/Plate dialog to construct your
model by creating new joints and 3-noded and 4-noded plate elements using the
construction grid, drawing tools and spreadsheets.
Add Solid: Sets the program up with the Snap Node/Plate dialog to
construct your model by creating new joints and 8-noded solid/brick elements using
the construction grid, drawing tools and spreadsheets.
Open Structure Wizard: Opens the library of readymade structure templates
which can be extracted and modified parametric model standard, parametric
structural templates for trusses, surfaces, bay frames and much more.
Open STAAD.Editor: Allows you to build your model using STAAD syntax
commands (non-graphical interface) through the STAAD editor.
Edit Job Information: Automatically opens the Job Information dialog box which
provide information about the job (i.e. client’s name, job title, engineers involved,
etc.) before building your model.
Pre Processor: Generates the model with all the data needed for the analysis.
Analysis Engine: Calculates displacements, member forces, reactions, stresses,
etc.
Post Processing: Displays the results of the analysis and design.
Creating Nodes:
When you select the Nodes command in geometry menu, it shows a dialog box where
you can enter the joint coordinates.
After creating the joint i.e. entering the coordinates, you can able to see the joint in the
modelling area.
JOINT COORDINATES
REPEAT ALL n,xi1, yi1, zi1, (xi2, yi2, zi2, . . . . xin, yin, zin)
Enhanced Grid Tool:
The options in Snap/Grid Node tools in the geometry menu have been improved to
Beams, plates and 8 nodes solid element can be created using the suitable Snap/Grid
tool. When this function is propelled, the following dialog is opened which includes a
Default Grid. This grid will be of type ‘linear’, there are also options to create Radial,
and Irregular grids.
As new grids are added or modified, the information is stored in the STAAD.Pro data
folder with a GRD allowance that permits other STAAD.Pro file to re-use these defined
grids. To alter the starting of this grid, click on the Edit button to show the existing grid
properties.
The current plane of the grid is set by selecting the required option. This can rotated
about one of the global planes by selecting the axis of rotation and setting the angle.
The origin of the grid is marked on the graphics, with a small circle. The location of the
origin, specified in global coordinates, can either be defined explicitly in the given X.Y
and Z coordinates, or it can be set to the coordinates of an existing node by clicking on
the icon and then on the node itself in the graphical window. Note that at this point the
origin coordinate is updated.
The construction lines are used to specify how many gridlines are created either side of
the origin, the spacing between the gridlines and if there should be a skew in degrees
along either axis.
Additional grids can be defined by clicking in the Create button. Three different types of
standard grid can be created:
Linear
Radial
Irregular
The type of the grid required can be selected from the drop down list available at the
top of the property sheet.
Each new grid should be identified with a unique name for future reference. The
functionality for each type of grid is given below:
Linear:
Radial:
The settings for a Radial grid are defined in the following window:
The Plane, Angle of Plane and Grid origin option are as for the linear.
Irregular:
The settings for an irregular grid are defined in the following window:
3. Translational Repeat
Translational Option allows to copy the entire structure or a portion of the structure in a
linear direction. We may generate one or more several copies of the selected
components. Select the structural elements to repeat. Select Geometry→ Translational
Repeat option from the geometry menu or Click Translational Repeat Icon . The
Translational Repeat dialog box appears as shown below:
Global Direction:
Choose any one of the three possible global direction along which the selected
structural elements should be copies.
No of Steps:
Type the default spacing between steps in the edit box in current length units. For each
step, the default value of the spacing will be what we provide in the Default step
spacing box. We can change the spacing of individual steps if we choose to do so.
This table consists of two columns: Step and Spacing. We can change the spacing of
any type in the table.
Renumber Bay:
This is the way of instructing the program to use a user-specified starting number for
the members generated in each step of the translational repeat activity.
Geometry Only:
The Translational Repeat allows the copying of the elements without having their loads
properties, steel design parameters, etc. being copied with it. By default (when the
Geometry Only option is not checked) all loads, properties, design parameters,
members releases, etc. on the selected elements will automatically be copied along with
the elements. By checking the option labelled Geometry Only, the translational
repeating will be per formed using only geometry data.
If you want to automatically connect the steps or copies by new members, along the
specified global directions, check the Link Steps check box. In other words, the Link
Steps option is applicable when the newly created units are physically removed from
the existing units and when one wishes to connect those using members. To avoid
joining the base of the copied structures, check the Open Base box.
Here you can see the Frame model copied using the Translational Repeat option:
4. Circular Repeat
Axis of Rotation:
Click the radio button to choose the axis of rotation for repeating the selected
components.
Through:
The new highlight node button selects the Node on Plane. Click on this icon to be able
to select the node from the main model. Once the cursor changes the shape, simply
select a node from the model. The Node and Point boxes will automatically fill up with
the correct information. Otherwise, type an existing Node number or location Point
coordinates to define the axis of rotation.
Use this as Reference Point for Beta angle generation. In previous versions of
STAAD.Pro, one limitations of the Circular Repeat feature was that the member
orientation was not taken into consideration during the circular generation. This
limitation has been addressed now.
If the Use this as Reference Point for Beta angle generation switch is turned on, the
point through which the axis for circular repeat operation passes will be used as the
member reference point for all the generated members. This point along with the local
X axis of the generated member will define the local X-Y plane of the member and
hence the member orientation gets automatically set.
Total Angle:
Provide the total sweep angle of rotation between the original structure and the last
copied structure.
No of Steps:
Provide the number of steps we want over the specified Total Angle.
If you want to automatically connect the steps by new members, check the Link Steps
check box. To avoid joining the base of the copied structure, check the Open Base box.
The Circular Repeat. Rotate and Mirror dialog boxes have been enhanced to remain
open so that the selection beams, nodes, etc. can be accomplished even while the box
is open. Also, selection of critical points such as the node, point or plane where the axis
of rotation crosses can now be selected graphically while the box remains open. This
eliminates the inconvenience in the past where if this location was known before
selecting one of the geometry options, the box had to be closed down to determine the
location first.
1. Select the objects to be copied.
3. In 3D Circular dialog box, select the Axis of Rotation and Point or Coordinate of Axis.
5. Click OK.
5. Insert Node
This facility allows the user to insert node on an existing member. The member is split
into the corresponding number of segments with automatic generation of node and
member numbers, member properties and loads.
If you choose this option, the Insert Node cursor appears. By using that cursor, you can
select the member to split. The Insert Node dialog appears, as shown below:
Beam Length:
This lists the distance from node A to node B along the beam to be split.
Provide the Distance from the start node of the member in current length units.
Alternatively, provide Proportion of the total length of the member to position the new
node. Click Add New Point to add the node.
After providing the Distance or the Proportion, click on the Add New Point to add the
node.
Add Mid Point:
Add n Points:
To divide the beam in a number of equal segments, provide the number of intermediate
points in the n = edit box and click on Add n Points. Note that this value should be an
integer.
Insertion Points:
The locations of the newly created points are listed in this list box, shown as the
distance from the start node of the member, To accept the new nodes that appear in
the Insertion Point list box, click the OK button.
Remove:
To remove a node from the list of inserted nodes, highlight the desired node and click
on this button.
Users can now select multiple members and split the members at a given fractional
position or a specified distances from the starting node positions. The new feature will
enable the users to perform the operation in one sight command which will reduce the
modeling time.
Specify the distance in current length units at which the beam is to split. The value for
the distance is entered in the Distance edit box and is measured from the start node of
the beam.
This option allows the users to specify the distance in terms of a ratio. For example, to
split a beam at the midpoint, enter 0.5 as the proportion .To split the beam at quarter
points, use a proportion value of 0.25.
To split a beam by inserting ‘n’ number of points, use this option. The beams are split
up into n+1 segments.
6.Add Beam
This option in geometry menu allows you to add members by connecting existing
nodes. Choosing this option brings up the following sub-menu.
In prior versions to STAAD.Pro, the Add Beam option was a facility for adding a beam
between two existing nodes. This has now been extended to be able to create beams
from nodes that have not been previously defined. The nodes can now be dynamically
generated at the time of creating the beam similar to the way beams are created using
the Snap/Grid Beam command.
To create a beam dynamically without the start and end nodes defined, go to
Geometry| Add Beam |Add Beam from Point to Point from the main menu. The Add
Beams cursor appears. Click on any point on the existing beam where the starting node
of the new beam will lie. if an existing node is not present at that point, a dialog box
will prompt for a new node to be created.
Click on Yes to create a new node. The Insert Nodes dialog box will prompt for the
exact location where the nodes is to be created. once the desired node or nodes have
been input that box, click on the OK button to generate the new nodes on the selected
beam. If the new node input is not within a close proximity of the point clicked on the
screen, no “draggable”line will be shown. Click on the new node to start the creation of
the beam. Then, drag the mouse to another existing node location or repeat the same
steps again to dynamically create another new node.
Chapter- 3:
The Run Structure Wizard option offers a library of ore-defined structure prototypes,
such as Pratt truss, North light Truss, cylindrical Frame, etc. We may parametrically
generate a structural model and then transfer and superimpose it on the current
structure.
When we select the Run Structure Wizard option from the Geometry menu, the
Structure Wizard window appears as shown below.
The Protype Models and Saved User Models options on the top of the left side of the
screen. If the Prototype Models option is selected, the Model Type will list the types of
prototype structure available as shown below. If the Saved User Models option is
selected, the Model Type will display the list previously done and saved models by the
user.
Adding and Deleting items to the library:
Items can be deleted or added with certain settings from and to the list. The modified
item list can be saved in different files and called when requires. In brief , the item list
is customizable.
To insert any customized item under any Model type, select that Model Type and click
the mouse at the bottom of the same pane. Right-click the mouse and from the context
menu, select Add Plug-in and you can load the corresponding “.dll” file. We can also
delete a particular structural item by selecting that particular item and by clicking the
Delete Model Plug-in from the context menu. A structural item under any Model Type
may be renamed by using Rename Model Generator from the context menu.
The customized list of the Prototype can be saved in different files. By default,
STAAD.Pro/Structure Wizard uses the default .STP file. We can save any changes in this
file. Also changes can be saved in any file other than default .STP. To save the changes,
select Save As…. from the File menu in the Structure Wizard window. Provide the path
and name of the .STP file and press OK.
To open any .STP file to use the customized Structure Libraries, select the File| Open
menu option from Structure Wizard main menu. Specify the path and name of the .STP
file and press OK.
Use the View, Zoom, Pan and Rotate icons to change the orientation of the model.
In this section, the process of generating a structural model and combining it with the
existing STAAD.Pro structure will be explained using a Howe Roof Truss. Follow these
steps to create the other truss types also.
Selection of Unit:
The unit of the length should be specified before the generation of a model. From the
File menu, click Select Unit and the Select Unit dialog box will appear as shown below.
We can select any unit of length from Imperial or SI/Metric system of units.
Select the Howe Roof structure type under model type Trusses. Drag the item into the
right side window and release the button. The Select Parameters dialog box will
appears to specify the Truss parameter as shown below:
After defining the parameters click Apply and the prototype truss will appears with the
X, Y and Z axes on the screen.
Right click in the right side window containing the generated model. The context-menu
will display the options Change Property, Scale and Delete. We can edit the value of the
parameters by clicking the Change Property, which will pop-up the select Parameters
dialog box. Enter the length, height and width of the truss and the number of bays
along those directions. To modify the spacing of individual bays, click the browse button
and in the dialog box that appears, type new spacing and click OK. Click the Apply
button to parametrically generated the truss model. Click Close to finish.
We can re-scale the model in X, Y and Z directions separately using Scale from the
context menu. You can also delete the particular model by clicking Delete from the
context menu.
Select the Merge Model with STAAD.Pro sub menu from the File menu to combine the
generated model to the current STAAD.Pro structure.
The structure Wizard window will now close. In the STAAD.Pro window, the Paste
Prototype Model dialog box will appears., in which we can type the shift of the origin of
the Structure Wizard model from the origin of the STAAD.Pro axis system or we can
type coordinate of the node of the STAAD.Pro structure with which we can want to
connect the Structure Wizard model or click on the Reference Pt button to connect the
node of the existing structure in STAAD.Pro with the Structure Wizard model by clicking
on the joints where they will be connected. Click OK to finish.
In the Frame Models Continuous Beam, Bay Frame, Grid Frame and Floor Grid have
similar parameters in the Select Parameter dialog box. Type values for Length, Height &
Width and number of bays for each. To modify the spacing of the bays, click the
browse button and in the dialog box that appears, type new spacing and click OK. Click
the Apply button to the parametrically generated model.
The Cylindrical Frame, Reverse Cylindrical Frame and Circular Beam have similar
Parameter in the Select Parameter dialog box. Type values for Length, Radius, Angle
and number of bays along length and periphery. To modify the spacing of bars, click
the browse button and in dialog box that appears, type new spacing and click OK, Click
the Apply button to parametrically generate the model.
This feature can import CAD models, has two separate utilities, Scan DXF and STAAD
Models.
Scan DXF:
If the geometry of the model is created using the drawing program like AutoCAD and
saved in a DXF file format, it can be imported using this option. After dragging the Scan
DXF icon into the right side window, a Open dialog box appears and noe=w locate the
“DXF” file, which we want to open, select that file and press OK. This feature supports
the limited number of CAD entities like Line, 3D-Polyline and 3D-Face.
STAAD Models:
This allows the geometry of the previously created model to be imported and altered.
After dragging the STAAD Models icon into the right side window, an Open dialog box
will appear. Now locate the “STD” file which you want to open, select that “STD” file
and press OK. The geometry from that STD file will be imported. That model can be
scaled up or down along the global X, Y and Z directions by clicking the right mouse
button, choosing the Scale option and provide the desired values.
Chapter- 4:
1. Support Specification
2. Support Page
3. Member Property
4. Member Offset
1.Support Specification
This allows the user to define the support conditions of the structure by providing fixed,
pinned, roller, inclined, spring supports, etc. Supports can defined and assigned from
the General| Support page also. This menu option is used to specify the supports on the
structures. The Support Specification menu offers several sub-menu options, as follow.
This allows user to create the pinned support tag and assigned it to the selected nodes.
A pinned support is restrained in all three translational degree of freedom and free in
the 3 rotational degrees of freedom.
Fixed:
This allows the user to create a fixed support tag and assign that to the selected nodes.
A fixed support is restrained in all 6 degree of freedom.
This allows the user to create various types of roller, hinge and spring support with
specified restrained degrees of freedom and to assign them to selected nodes.
Enforced:
The Enforced support is the same the fixed support except that the restrained degrees
of freedom are defined in terms of being stiff springs. Enforced supports are identical to
the ‘FIXED’ type of supports in most respects. The real advantage of using the
ENFORCED type lies in the fact that is enables STAAD to accept loads such as support
displacements loads in case of plates and solids. Support displacement loads are not
permitted for plates and solids if the FIXED support type is used. So, for structures
without these characteristics, the FIXED type of support offers the same level of
functionality as the ENFORCED support type.
Enforced But:
Enforced But support type is the same as the “Enforced” support except that we have
the choice on the degrees of freedom we wish to restrain. For example, we can select
Enforced But and restrain just the FX, FY and FZ degree of freedom and let the
remaining 3 free to deformation.
Inclined:
This allows the user to create supports that restraints in an axis system that is inclined
with respect to the global axis system. There are two aspects defining the inclined
supports:
Foundation:
To define a spring support for an isolated footing, click the Footing radio button.
Provide the dimension of the footing in current units settings and choose the Direction
of the spring action. Provide the soil Sub-grade value in the edit box. Click the Add
button to add the foundation support tag to the structure or click Assign to assign this
support to selected nodes.
Elastic Mat: In this method, the area is calculated using a Delaunay triangle principle.
Hence the candidates for this options are nodes which define the mat. To achieve best
results, one needs to ensure that the contour formed by the nodes form a convex hull.
Plate Mat: If the foundation slab is modeled using plate elements, the spring supports
can be generated using an influence area calculated using the principles used in
determining the tributary area of nodes from the finite element modelling standpoint.
Hence the candidates for this option are the plates which define the mat. When the mat
is modeled using plates. this produces superior results than the ELASTIC MAT type.
2.Support Page
When the General | Support Page is opened, a Supported Nodes tables and a Supports
dialog box appears in the data area. We may specify supports in two ways. We must
first create Support Specification and then select the nodes to which this support is to
be attached to. Alternatively, we may first select the nodes and then specify a support
to be assigned to the selected nodes. In second case, a new Support Specification is
created along with a support reference number. Also note that the Assign button
become active if we have already selected the nodes to which the support is to be
applied.
Supported Nodes Table list all nodes for which supports have been defined. The type of
support is also displayed. The Supports dialog box allows us to define supports and
assign them to nodes. All supports that have been defined for the model are listed in
the Supports dialog box.
Create:
The Create button is for creating the supports to be applied on the structure. When you
click this button Create Support dialog box appears.
Edit:
For certain types of supports, the parameters of the support can be modified after the
support is created. The Edit button is available for that purpose. To do this, first select
that support type from the list. Click on Edit and dialog box corresponding to that
support will be re-displayed, allowing for changes to be made.
Delete:
Assignment Method:
The options under the Assignment Method offer different choices for assigning supports
to the structure.
To assign a support to selected nodes, first select the support from the supports dialog
box. The support selected is highlighted. Then select the nodes to which this support is
to be assigned. When all the desired nodes are selected, click the Assign To Selected
Nodes radio button, then click the Assign button.
Assign To View:
To assign a support to all free nodes in a view, first select the support from the
Supports dialog box. The selected supported is highlighted. Select the Assign To View
radio button, then click the Assign button. All free nodes in the structure are assigned
this support after getting the confirmation.
To assign a support to nodes using the cursor, first select the support from the
Supports dialog box. The selected support is highlighted. Select the Use Cursor To
Assign radio button, then click the Assign button. The button will appear depressed and
label will change to Assigning. Make sure that the Nodes Cursor is selected so that we
can select the nodes. Using the cursor, click on the nodes to which this support is to be
assigned. Click on the Assign button again to finish.
To assign a support using a typed list of node numbers, first select the support from the
Supports dialog box. The selected support is highlighted. Select the Assign To Edit List
radio button, then type the list of node numbers and click the Assign button.
3.Member Property
This allows the user to provide the cross sectional properties of members with or
without the material specification. The same options can be gained access from the
General | Property page. The Member Property menu option is used to create the
property tag and then assign the specified property tag to select members through the
Property Page. Alternatively, we may first select members and then define the member
property to be assigned to these members.
The Member Property menu offers several sub-menu options as shown below:
Prismatic:
This allows the user to assign Circular, Rectangular, Tee, Trapezoidal, General, etc.
Cross sections to the frame members.
When we select the Prismatic option, the Property dialog box appears as shown below.
Also note that the Properties dialog box also opens simultaneously letting us utilize
some of the other operations available from that dialog box.
Material: Check this box and select the material from the drop down list if the new
member property tag should include the materials constants.
Circle: To define a circular section, click on the Circle tab as shown in the previous
figure. Enter the section diameter YD and select the material.
Rectangle: To define the rectangle section, Click on the Rectangle tab. Enter the height
YD and width ZD of the section and select the material.
Tee: To define a tee section, click on the tee tab. Enter the height YD, width ZD stem
height YB and stem width ZB and select the material.
Trapezoidal: To define a trapezoidal section, click on the Trapezoidal tab. Enter the
height YD, top width ZD, bottom width ZB and select the material.
Tapered Tube: This allows the user to specify a I-section having a varying depth over
the length of the member by using 7 parameters as shown below:
4.Member Offset
The beams and columns of structure are characterized by lines in the computer model.
In the actual structure, a beam spans distance which in the clear span between the
faces of columns. But in the computer model, the line for the beam spans among the
centerlines of the column. The half depth portion of either column is significantly stiffer
than the beam itself from the stand point of bending. To take benefit of this extra
stiffness, we may affirm that the start and end faces of the beam are offset from the
node by a distance identical to the half-column-depths.
Member offsets can be specified in other situations too. Examples are
When a bracing member does not meet the node which is defined in its
incidence list.
A girder and top slab in the bridge where the centerline of the girder is several
inches below the centerline of the slab.
This facility becomes very useful when the user wants to have the structural parameters
of a member viz. shear force, bending moment by considering the clear distance of the
member between the supports. This facility can accessed from the General |
Specification also. When you select the offset menu option in the command menu, the
Member Specification dialog box appears as shown below.
Location:
Location defines the offset end of the member. Start is the starting point of the member
and End is the Ending point of the member. Start and End depends on the Member
Incidence of the member. Selecting one of these options defines the member offset to
be at the start point or at the end point of the member.
Direction:
Choose the Local for assigning the offsets in the local axis system. Otherwise, choose
the global axis system.
Offsets:
Type the offset distance from the joint in the three global directions. Click the Add
button to add this specification to the structure or click Assign to assign the
specification to selected member as well as add this specification to the structure.
Chapter- 5:
1. Loading – 1
2. Loading – 2
Loading – 1
In STAAD.Pro V8i, loads in a structure can be detailed as Dead load, Live load, Wind
load, Snow load, Seismic load, temperature load and fixed-end member load.
STAAD.Pro V8i can also calculate the self-weight of the structure and make it as
uniformly distributed loads (UDL) in analysis. Self-weight of the members can be
applied in any desired direction.
Now the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog box appears. Now
you have to define the loads, then click Add button.
Dead Load or Self-weight:
Self-weight of all active members of the structure are calculated and applied as a
uniformly distributed load. Please note that the property of the member must be
defined before this command used.
Nodal Load:
Nodal loads is the combination of forces and moments, it may be applied to any free
node of a structure. These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure.
Two options are available under Nodal Load: Node and Support Displacement. Positive
value forces acts in the positive coordinate directions of the axis.
Member Load:
The Member Load tab allows the user to apply loads on the span of frame members.
Concentrated Load:
The load is applied over the entire length of the member, varies with respect to the
distance.
Loading – 2
Area Load: This allows the user to apply load over area, which will be distributed on
surrounding beams based on the one way distribution. This load is a one-way
distributed pressure load on members that circumstances a panel. Enter the value of
area load in current units. This load always acts along the positive local y direction on
the two longest member on each panel.
Note: Area load should not specified on members declared as Member Cable, Member
Truss or Member Tension.
Floor Load: User can apply the load over the panel, which will be distributed on
surrounding beams based on a two-way distribution. This load is two-way distributed
pressure load on members that circumscribe a panel. The data items are explained
below:
Load – Floor load value in the current units. This load will act parallel to the global
vertical axis.
Direction – The floor may be considered as acting perpendicular to plane of the panel
on which it is defined. This is normal load static condition.
Range – Define X Range/ Y Range/ Z Range. Specify the location of the floor using the
Define X Range option. The load will be calculated for all members lying between this
range.
One Way Distribution – Check the box for one way distribution to get a one way type
distribution of the pressure. In such cases, the program find out the shorter side of the
panel. It then divides the load in between the long direction beams. No load is
generated by this option if the panel is square in shape.
Plate Load: The Plate Load tab allows the user to apply elements loads. The Plate
Load tab offers several sub-menu options as shown below.
Load – W1 is the variable using which the pressure value is defined, in pressure units.
Direction – The load may be applied along the local Z – axis, or along one of the
global X, Y or Z – axis (GX, GY, GZ)
Concentrated Load:
Use this option to define a concentrated load that acts on specific point within the
boundary of the element. If a load acts at a node point of an element, it is advisable to
apply it using the Nodal Load option described in earlier pages.
Load – The magnitude of load is specified in the box alongside Force. X and Y define
the location of the load, in terms of the distance from the origin of local X and Y axes of
the element.
Direction – The load may be applied along the local Z-axis, or along one of the global
X, Y or Z – axis (GX, GY, GZ).
To Specify a uniform pressure on the entire element or a non user specified portion of
the element, use this facility. The data items are explained below:
Load – The element pressure (force per unit area) or Concentrated load (force unit).
For concentrated load the values of X2 and Y2 must be omitted, while X1 and Y1 must
be specified.
X1, Y1, X2, Y2 – For element pressure (force per unit area), these values represent
the coordinates of the rectangular bpundary on which the pressure is applied. If X1, Y1,
X2 and Y2 are all zero; the pressure is applied over the entire element. If X1 and Y1 are
specified but X2 and Y2 are omitted, then W1 is treated as concentrated load.
Direction – GX, GY, GZ represent the global X, Y and Z direction along which the
pressure may be applied Local Z indicates that the pressure is applied normal to the
element in the local Z direction.
Variation along element – Define the direction in which the pressure varies as either
the local X ot Y direction or Choose the joint option, which is discussed next.
Joint – Check the joint option to apply different value of pressure at different nodes of
the plate element. When checked, the dialog box will change as shown below. Apply
different values of pressure in the edit boxes for the different nodes.
Force – Enter the value of the load at the minimum and maximum global axis in
current units. For example, to model a retaining wall with soil pressure, W1 is the force
at the bottom of the wall and W2 is the force at the top of the wall.
Interpolate along Global Axis – Specify the global axis (X, Y or Z) along which the
load vary from W1 to W2. For example, the load would vary along the Y – axis on a
vertical retaining wall.
Select Plate(s) – Unlike the load definition options, we must select plate(s) for this
option to became active. Click on this button to select plate(s). Click on the Select
Plates button. A dialog box will appear. Select all the plates of a wall on which we wish
to apply hydrostatic load. Click on Done. The hydrostatic dialog box will re-appear.
Element Joint Load: To specify a varying pressure at each joint on a plate, select the
Element Joint Load option. The data items are explained below.
Joint Load Data – Choose Three Noded Facet / Four Noded Facet depending on
whether the plate element is 3 noded 4 noded.
Direction – The load may be applied along the local Z – axis or along one of the global
X, Y or Z – axis (GX, GY, GZ)
Add – After defining a load, click the Add button to add this under current load case in
the Loads dialog box.
The wind load generation is a utility, which takes place as an input wind pressure and
height ranges over which these pressures act and generates nodal point and member
loads.
Closest structures are ones like where non-structural entities like glass facade,
aluminium sheets, timber panels or non-load bearing walls act as an obstruction to the
wind. If these entities are n and of included in the structural mode, the load generated
because of wind blowing against them needs to be computed. Therefore, the steps
involved in load generation for such structure are
Plates and solids are not considered in the calculation of the panel area. Openings
within the panels may be modeled with the help of exposure factors. An exposure
factors is associated with each joint of the panel can be reduced or increased.
Open structures are those like transmission towers, in which the region between
members is “Open” allowing the wind to blow through it. The procedure for load
generation for open structures is
At a large structure may consist of hundreds of panel and members, the user with the
help of this facility can avoid a considerable amount of work in calculating the loads.
The wind load menu option allows the user to define the parameters for automatic
generation of wind loads on the structure.
STAAD.Pro V8i is now capable of generating the wind pressure profile for a structure in
accordance with the ASCE-7-95 as well as the ASCE-7-02 codes. The pressure profile is
the table of values of wind intensity versus height above ground.
The calculated pressure may then be applied on the structure to compute loads on the
member using the in-built program’s wind load generation algorithm for the closed as
well as open-lattice type structures.
When the wind load B&B of my menu option is selected, the new wind type dialog box
appears, as shown below.
Enter the ‘Type No.’ which denotes the number by which the wind load type will be
identified. Multiple wind types can be created in the same model. Click on the Add
button within this dialogue box and then click on close.
The newly created TYPE 1 wind definition will appear underneath wind in the Load
dialogue.
Select the TYPE 1 name in the tree control and click on the Add button. The dialogue
box shown below will prompt for the pressure profile for this wind definition.
As we said earlier, the pressure profile is the table of wind intensity versus height above
ground. If we know that, that information can be typed into the box above.
To calculate the wind intensity, use the following formula from IS 875-Part 3.
k1 = probability factor.
k = terrain, height and structure size factor.
Exposure:
The exposure tab is used to modify the influence area of wind load associated with
particular joints in the structure. By default, the exposure factor is 1.0, thus the wind
force is applied on the full influence area associated the joints. Click on Add to add this
load under the current load case in the load dialogue box.
This tab allows the user to apply previously created wind load type on the structures
through the means of a load case. If the model already contains previously defined
wind load cases, a dialogue box resembling the one shown will appear.
Select type:
Choose a previously defined wind load type from the drop down list.
Direction:
Specify the global direction in which the wind load is to be generated by clicking the X,
Z, -X or –Z radio button. When wind is generated in X direction, the wind load is applied
on the near side and when –X is chosen the load is applied on the far side. Generation
in Z or –Z also works the same way.
Factor:
Open structure:
By default, the load generation is based on the assumption that the region between
members is covered by panels. To generate loads on open structures like highway
signs or transmission towers, switch on this box. The members are selected and X is
used and the factor is positive, then the exposed surface facing in the –X direction will
be loaded in the positive X direction. If X and a negative factor, then the exposed
surface facing in the X direction will be loaded in the negative x direction. If –X is
entered and a positive factor, then the exposed surfaces facing in the +X direction will
be loaded the positive X direction.
Chapter- 5:
1. Analysis
2. Concrete Design
Analysis
STAAD.Pro V8i offers STAAD engine for general purposes structural analysis and design.
The modelling mode of STAAD environment is used to prepare structural input data.
After the analysis is performed, used the menu option File→ View→ Output
File→ STAAD Output to view the output files.
The STAAD Analysis engine perform analysis and design simultaneously. However, to
carry out the design, the design parameters too must be specified along with the
geometry, properties, etc. Before you perform the analysis. Also, note that you can
change the design code to be followed for design and the code check before performing
the analysis/design.
Perform analysis:
To do the analysis must be need to add the command from Commands→ Analysis→
Perform analysis…
This allowed the user to specify the instructions for the type of analysis to be performed
using STAAD engine. In addition, this command may be used to print various analysis-
related data such as load information, statics check information, mode shapes etc.
The analysis menu offers several sub menu options. When you select one of the
analysis commands, you may specify the analysis-related data to be printed in the
STAAD output (.ANL) file by selecting the print option radio buttons, explained below:
Statics check: provides summation of the applied load and support reaction as well as
summation of moment of load and reactions taken around the origin.
Statics load: print everything that statics check does and summation of all internal
and external forces at each joint.
Mode shapes: print mode shapes values at the joints or are calculated mode shapes.
Both: this option is equivalent to the load data plus statics check option.
Run Analysis:
The Analysis is performed under the commands under the analyse menu in the
Modelling Mode. Select the Run Analysis option to perform Analysis/Design.
The Analysis Status dialog box appears:
This dialog box displays the status of the analysis process. If an error occurs during the
analysis, the above dialog box displays the error message.
View Output File: it will invoke the STAAD viewer with the analysis results presented
in a textual format.
Go to Post Processing Mode: it will take you to the STAAD.Pro Post processor where
you can graphically.
During the analysis, an output file is generated. This file may contain selected input
data items, results and error messages. To include a report of the input data items in
the output file, use the menu options under Commands | Pre Analysis Print. The
generated output file may be viewed using the menu option File | View | Output File |
STAAD Output.
Any errors that occur during the analysis process may be viewed using the menu option
File→ View→ Output File.
Concrete Design
STAAD has the capabilities of performing concrete design on limit state method of IS
456 (2000).
Beam Design:
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force
may be considered. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre-scanned to
identify the critical load cases at different section of the beams.
Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active load
cases are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum
reinforcement is called the critical load. Column design is done for square, rectangular
and circular sections. By default, square and rectangular column and designed with
reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under uni-axial moment.
Design Parameters:
The program contains several parameters which are needed to perform design as per
IS 456 (2000). Default parameter values have been selected that they are frequently
used numbers for conventional design parameters. These values may be changes to
suit the particular design performed.
2. Now the user can specify the design parameters for the structure.
10. Then Run Analysis, the result provide the suitable concrete design for the structure.
NOTE: After the analysis, double – click the member of the structure, it show the
concrete design, if the concrete design of the element is missing, then it is said to
unsafe.
Time History Analysis
Solution time step used in the step-by-step integration of the uncoupled equations.
Type:
Loading type:
Select the Acceleration, Force or Moment option to define the type of functions being
input.
Save:
Select this option to create an external file containing the history of displacements of
every node of the structure at every time step.
Function Options:
Used to specify a time history forcing function, where the loading type is that selected
above. Specify the values Time and corresponding Force or Acceleration. The time
history function is plotted on the bottom of the dialog as data pairs are entered.
Harmonic:
Curve Shape:
Frequency or RPM:
Choose Frequency and enter circular frequency in cycles per second or RPM and enter
revolutions per minute.
Amplitude:
Cycles:
Choose the step option to time step of loading SubDiv to sub divide a 1/4 cycle into this
many integer time steps.
Spectrum:
Select this Function Option to provide spectrum parameters for your time history
loading.
Time Step:
Specify a solution time step to be used in the step-by-step integration of the uncoupled
equations.
Damping:
Damping-this is to be used for specifying a single model damping ratio which will be
applied to all mode. The default value is 0.05.
CDAMP – if a damping ratio has already been specified under CONSTANTS based on
the type of material in the structure, the value may be used directly in time history
analysis. Check this option for that purpose.
MDAMP – we wish to utilise individual damping ratios for individual modes, that is
achieved through the means of the MDAMP option. The first step to doing this is the
specification of those individual damping ratios, as explained under section 5.26 .3 of
the STAAD technical reference manual and is done graphically from the command-
define damping menu. If this first step has been completed, the instruction to utilise
MDAMP done by selecting this option shown above.
Arrival time:
specify values of possible arrival times of the various dynamic load types. The arrival
time is the time at which the load type begins to act at a joint or at the base of the
structure. The same load may have different arrival times for different joint and hence
all these values must be specified here. The arrival time and time force pairs for the load
types are used to create the load vector needed for each time step of the analysis.
Chapter- 6:
1. Introduction to FEM
2. Plate
3. Surface
4. Meshing
Introduction to FEM
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique for finding approximate
solution of partial differentially equation (PDE) as well as integral equation.
The finite element method is a good choice for solving partial differential equations
more complicated the domains, when the domains changes, when the desired precision
varies over the entire domains, or when the solution lacks smoothness.
The final element method originated from the need for solving complex elasticity and
structural analysis in civil and aeronautical engineering. Its development can be traced
back to the work by Alexander Hrennikoff and Richard Courant. While the approaches
used by the pioneers are dramatically different, they share one essential characteristic:
mesh discretization of continuous domains into a set of the sub-domains, usually called
elements.
The development of final element that began in the earnest in the middle to late 1950s
for airframe and structural analysis and gathered momentum at the University of
stuttgart through the work of Jhon Argyris and at Berkeley through the work of Ray W.
Clough in the 1960s for use in civil engineering. By late 1950s, the key concept of
stiffness matrix and element software NASTRAN in 1965. The method was provided
with rigourous mathematical foundation in 1970 with the publication of strang and
Fix’s’An analysis of the finite element method has since been generalised into a branch
applied mathematics for numerical modelling of physical system in a wide variety of
engineering disciplines.
Plate
Add Plate:
Similar to the “ Set New Member Attribute” command in which the user is in can define
the property, material and releases to each new plate element as it is created, has been
introduced.
In order to define the attributes for plate element before they are created, go
to Geometry→ Add Plate → Set New Plate Attributes from the main menu.
A dialogue box will prompt for various attributes of the plate to be pre-defined. A
summary of a specific attributes are defined in the table below.
Button Function
Create New Property Prompts the plate thickness
dialogue box that the
thickness of the plate at each
of the common node can be
defined.
Create New Material Defined the various material
properties of the plate
including poison ratio,
modulus of elasticity, shear
modulus, etc.
Create New Release Define the degree of freedom
to be released at each node
of the plate to the plane
stress no in plane rotation or
no stiffness.
Multiple properties, releases and materials can be created and saved for future use. To
choose from various pre-defined types, simply select the appropriate definition using
the “Select Property”, “Select Material” or the “Plate Release” drop-down boxes.
For the program to recognize the pre-defined attributes, the “Assign these attributes
while creating a new plates” check box must be checked. Any new plate element
created from here on will now possess these attributes.
2. Now automatically beam cursor will change into plate cursor and nodes in the
structure are visible.
3. Plate can drawn only clicking the four node points.
4. After placing the plate, click Commands menu→ Member Property→ Plate
Thickness. Now the Properties Whole Structure dialog box appears.
5. Click Thickness button, now the Plate Element/ Surface Property dialog box appears,
where you add different types of member properties of plate and surface element.
6. Type respective value of thickness for the plate element. Click Add button.
8. Now select the plates and select the radio button Assign to selected plates and click
Assign button.
9. Now open the 3D rendering page. You can see the Plate with defined thickness.
Surface
Add Surface:
Adding surface is similar to the adding plates where the plates can be placed by clicking
only 4 node points while the surface can be placed by clicking more than 4 node points.
Finally you have to click the node point where you start placing the surface.
3. Place the surface by clicking the node points and finally click the node point where
begin.
4. As usual define the property for surface. Type the respective thickness value for
surface member.
5. Now Assign the member property to the surface by selecting the surfaces using the
surface cursor.
6. Now Open 3d Rendering View.
Meshing
Meshing is the process of creating a finite element mesh over the respective member.
The nodes that form the corners of the polygon representing the super – element must
already exit on the drawing before the facility can be availed. They can be selected in a
sequence and the process launched.
Meshing can be done over the plate and surface they can be classified into two are
1. Plate mesh.
2. Surface mesh.
Plate Meshing:
This is an utility meant for taking an existing plate element and subdividing into a set of
smaller elements. Consequently, a plate element must already exist on the drawing in
order for this facility to be enabled. Using the Plate Cursor, Click the right mouse button
on the element and select Generate Mesh. Alternatively select the Geometry menu→
Generate Plate Mesh.
If the element being meshed is triangular, the polygonal mesh feature described in the
previous section will automatically become activated. If the element is quadrilateral, the
user have to choose between polygonal and quadrilateral meshing.
2. Click Generate Plate Meshing. Now the Meshing type dialog box appears.
4. Now the Define Mesh Region dialog box appears, user have to define the boundary
of the meshing surface. Click OK button.
5. Now the meshing surface is visible, then apply the plate load and proceed analysis.
Polygonal Meshing.
Quadrilateral Meshing.
Surface Meshing:
Surface meshing is similar to the process of plate meshing. Same procedure is followed
for the surface meshing. Click Geometry menu→ Generate Plate Mesh. Now select
the surface element and provide respective boundary condition. Click OK button. Now
you get the surface mesh.
Chapter- 7: (Slabs)
1. Desgin Of Slab
4. DesignOf Staircase
Slab Design
Slabs are the important structural component where the pre-stressing is applied. With
increase in the demand for fast track, economical and efficient construction, pre-
stressed slabs are becoming popular. The slabs are presented in two groups are
2. Reduction in self weight. 3. Section remains uncracked under service loads which
increases durability. 4. Quick release of formwork which help for fast construction. 5.
Reduction in fabrication of reinforcement. 6. More flexibility in accommodating late
design changes.
Rectangular slabs can be divided into two groups based on the support condition and
length-to-breadth ratios. The one-way are identified as follows:
1. When a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges and length-to-breadth
(L/B) ratio equal to or greater than two, the slab is considered to be a one-way-
slab. The slab spans predominantly in the direction parallel to the shorter edge.
2. when a rectangular slab is supported only on two opposite edges, it is a one-way
slab spanning in the direction perpendicular to the edges. Precast planks fall in
this group.
A slab in a framed building can be a one-way slab depending upon its length-to-breadth
ratio. A one-way is designed for spanning direction only. For the transverse direction, a
minimum amount of reinforcement is provided. A slab under flexural behavior like a
beam. One-way slabs are analysed and designed for spanning direction similar to the
rectangular beams. A slab of uniform thickness subjected to a bending moment
uniformly distributed over its width. Although a one meter wide strip of the slab is
considered as a beam for the analysis and design for flexural strength, there is a
difference between the beam and slab as follows.
When a beam bends, the portion of the section above the neutral axis is under
compression and hence subjected to a lateral condition. Hence after bending, the
cross-section, will strictly not be a rectangular, but nearly a trapezoidal.
In the case of a one-way slab, for a design strip, such lateral displacements and strains
are prevented by the remainder of the slab on either side i.e it retains the rectangular
shape after even after bending. The final design involves the checking of the stresses in
concrete at transfer and under service loads with respect to the allowable stresses. The
allowable stresses depend on the type of slab. During the design, the reinforced bars
are usually spaced uniformly over the width of the slab.
Design Steps In STAAD.Pro V8i:
Dead Load.
1. Selfweight
2. Uniformly Distributed Load to represent the floor finish
Live Load
If a concrete slab is supported by a beams along all four edges and reinforced with
steel bars arranged perpendicularly, it is known as two-way slab. In other words, slab
panels that deform with significant curvature in two orthogonal directions must be
designed as two-way slabs, with the principle reinforcement placed in the two
directions.
The distributed load on the typical tw0-way slab is transmitted partly along the short to
the long edge supports and partly along the long span to the short span supports. In
wall-supported panels, these portions of the load are transmitted by the respective wall
supports directly to their foundations vertically below. The design considerations of
deflection control criteria.
In beam-supported panels, the portion of the load transmitted by the slab in any one
direction is in turn transmitted by the beam in the perpendicular direction to the two
supporting columns. Slabs supported by beams behave differently, when compared to
slabs supported on walls, because of the influence of the following factors.
2. Use the Parametric Modelling to find the optimisation size of the elements.
Design Of Staircase
Staircase is a vital element of a building providing entree to different floors and roof of
the building. It comprises of a flight of steps and one or more midway landing slabs in
the middle of the floor levels. Architectural thoughts including aesthetics, structural
feasibility and functional desires are major characteristics to select a specific type of the
staircase. Other persuading parameters for the selection of lighting, ventilation,
comfort, accessibility, space etc.
Tread: The horizontal top portion of a step where foot rests is called as tread.
The dimension varies from 270 mm for residential buildings and factories to 300
mm for public buildings where large number of persons use the staircase.
Riser: The vertical distance between two successive steps is called as riser. The
dimension of the riser varies from 150 mm for public buildings to 190 mm for
residential buildings and factories.
Waist: The thickness of the waist-slab on which steps are made is called as
waist. The thickness of the waist is the minimum thickness perpendicular to the
soffit of the staircase. The steps of the staircase resting on waist-slab can be
made of bricks or concrete.
Design Procedure In STAAD.Pro:
The general philosophy governing the design of bridges is that, subject to set of loading
rules and constraints, the worst effects due to load application should be established
and designed. The process of load application can be complex as governing rules can
impose inter-dependent parameter such as loaded length on a lane, lane factors and
load intensity. To obtain the maximum design effects, engineers have to try many
loading situations on a trial and error basis.
This leads to the generation of many live load application instances and a large volume
of output data that has to be combined with dead load effects as well. In view of the
above, a computer program has been developed to minimize the load application
process while complying with national code requirements.
Users can avoid trial and error approach and eliminate any possible errors arising from
inaccuracies associated with it. This program is based on the use of influence surface
for a given effect on a bridge deck relates its value to movement of a unit load over the
area of interest. The influence surface is a three dimensional form of an influence line
for a single member.
STAAD.Pro V8i will automatically generates influence surfaces for effects such as
bending moments for elements, deflection in all degree of freedom of nodes and
support reaction. The engineer will then instruct the program to utilise the relevant
influence surfaces and with due regards to code requirements, optimise load positions
to obtain the maximum desired effects.
Once the influence surfaces have been generated, they are saved and can be used for
any further investigation that may be requires. This will remain valid as long as the user
has not altered the structural model. Changes to the structural model can alter the
pattern of the influence surfaces and the user must ensure that a further run takes
place before any further processing.
The Engineer’s knowledge and judgement is critical in deciding which effects are
required and at which position to obtain them. This is where users can save lot of
processing time and can ensure critical positions are not missed. The current versions
of Bridge Engineering Automated Vehicle Application (B.E.A.V.A) supports the UK
BS5400 part2, American AASHTO and Indian IRC 6:2000 standards.
All the relevant code instructions for loading definitions and traffic lane calculations are
incoporated in BEAVA and in case where vehicle axle arrangements are not standard, it
is possible to define a vehicle and save it in library for use it in analysis. BEAVA is fully
integrated in STAAD.Pro and utilises the GUI for all input data.
The user defines the width of the carriageway as straight or curved parallel lines,
BEAVA then automatically calculates the following in accordance with selected code:
Loading arrangements for the effects requested can be displayed on the model and for
every loading arrangements are produced, the user can instruct the program to
generate a STAAD.Pro load case. The added live load cases can be combined with dead
loads i in the normal way of STAAD.Pro load combination generation. The final model
can then analsed in STAAD.Pro and then post-processed.
To avoid inefficient use of the program, it is recommended that the following steps be
taken in the order suggested.
Create the structural model including member properties and support conditions.
From the Mode menu select Bridge Deck Pre-processor; note that if your security
device is not programmed for this module you will not be able to proceed.
The menu bar has been modified to show Deck and Vehicle.
Select the elements/members that define the deck area of model.
From Deck menu, select Create Deck to define the deck.
From Deck menu, select Influence Surface generator. This will start analysis
procedure to create the influence surfaces.
From Deck menu, select Define Carriageway and define either a straight or a
curved carriageway.
From Deck menu select Load Generator. Proceed to select the required input, on
completion, select OK. The loading program is now engaged and will calculate all
the requires loading arrangements that lead to max/min effects you have
request. On completion, a text file will be displayed on the screen containing the
loading arrangements, which you can now display graphically.
For each effect requested display the loading arrangements and examine the
correctness.
For each effect requested, select Create Loading in STAAD Model from Deck
menu.
After all load cases have created, from Mode menu select Modelling and return to
carry on with other load generates and combinations.
Proceed with analysis and post processing in the usual way.
1. Create the bridge model which comprises of Columns, Beams and Girders.
7. Perform Analysis and Run Analysis. Note the node id, which has the maximum
displacement due to load.
11. Click the Loading menu→ Run Influence Generator. It takes sometimes to
complete the analysis over the plates elements.
11. Click the Loading menu→ Influence Diagram… Check the diagram for all the
elements.
12. Click Deck menu→ Define Roadway.
15. Click Vehicle menu→ Vehicle Database. Now Vehicle Database dialog box
appears.
16. Select the suitable IRC Vehicle for your design. Click Ok.
Limit = Ultimate
Design Code = IRC Chapter 3
Loading Type = Class 70R Loading
Enter the Node Displacement Values
18. Click Ok. Now automatically it will generate result values in notepad.
22. Now Run Analysis and then move to post processing. In Post Processing window,
click the Beam tab→ Forces.
3. Now
you can provide the concrete design over the model.
Chapter- 9: (Steel)
2. Member Specification
Identify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
Presently, STAAD.Pro V8i supports steel design of wide flange, S shape, M shape, HP
shapes, T shape, I shape, angle, double angle, channel, double channel, pipes, tubes,
beams with cover plate and composite beams.
Design Process follows the following design checks
1. Slenderness
2. Section Classification
3. Tension
4. Compression
5. Shear
6. Bending
when a design is performed, the output file reports the maximum ratio from all the
above mentioned checks.
Cable:
This command may be used to model a specified set of members as CABLE members.
The CABLE members, in addition to elastic axial deformation, are also capable of
accommodating the stiffness of initial tension due to static loads. The Cable menu
option under the commands menu→ Member Specification allows the user to define
cable members. When you select the Cable menu option, the Member Specification
dialog box appears, as shown below:
Provide either the Initial TENSION in the cable as o force, or the Unstressed LENGTH of
the cable of the cable member. Click the Add button to add this specification to the
structure or click Assign to assign the specification to selected members as well as add
this specification to the structure. The TENSION specified in the CABLE member is
applied on the structure as an external load as well as is used to modify the stiffness of
the member. The tension value must be positive to be treated as cable; otherwise, it is
a truss. If TENSION or the value is omitted a minimum tension will be used.
This is truss member but not a tension only member unless you also include this
member in a MEMBER TENSION input. Note also that Member releases are not allowed.
The tension is a preload and will not be the final tension in the cable after the
deformation due to this preload.
Tension/Compression:
Click the Add button to add this specification to the structure or click Assign to assign
the specification to selected members as well as add this specification to the structure.
MEMBER TENSION 0
This command switches off ALL tension/compression only specification for load cases,
which are specified subsequent to this command, usually entered after a CHANGE
command. There is no list associated with this command. Hence, for any further
primary load cases, the tension/compression only attributed is disabled for ALL
members.
Tension only member are truss/cable members that are capable of carrying tensile
forces only. Thus they are automatically inactivated for load cases that create
compression in them. Compression only members that are capable of carrying
compressive forces only. Thus, they are automatically inactivated for load cases that
create tension in them. Member Releases are not allowed on members with this
attribute.
The Procedure for analysis of Tension only or Compression only members requires
iteration for every load cases and therefore may be moderately involved. The user may
also consider using the INACTIVE specification if the solution time becomes
unacceptably high. If a CHANGE command is used, then the SET NL command must be
used to convey to STAAD that multiple analyses and multiple structural conditions are
involved.
Select the type of section by clicking on the appropriate tab and then select the specific
section from the list box. Please note that the type of steel section available for
selection will vary depending on the selected country. In addiction, depending on the
type of section selected, additional properties may be specified. Click Add button to add
this property to the structure or click Assign to assign the property to the selected
members as well as add this property to the structure.
Click on the View Table button to display all the available dimensions in the active
database for the sectional cross-section. This option displays all member properties for
the current country steel table in a dialog box and provides the feature to customize
steel section database.
User is provided with the following two options in the dialog box:
Select Single Section – Where user can select the section for the structural
member
Selection Sections to Project Database – Where user can select/deselect sections
from the Steel Table for the specified project.
2. Click New Project and set the units as Kilo Newton & Meter.
4. Change the Model Type into Frame Model and select Bay Frame, now the Select
Parameter dialog appears.
6. Click File menu→ Merge Model with STAAD.Pro Model and place the model at
origin.
13. Click Generate button, now the IS 1893 Seismic Parameter dialog box appears.
14. Click Generate button. In IS 1893 Seismic Parameter dialog box type the Damping
Value as 0.05. Click Add button.
15. Now your seismic definition is added, then add other factor of seismic definition.
First you have to add the basic factors.
16. Now you are going to add the Load Case Details.
17. Load Case Type 1 ( Here you assign floor loads only in GY direction and values must
be negative.)
LOAD CASE 1
YRANGE 0 42 FLOAD 3.5
YRANGE 43 45 FLOAD 2.5
YRANGE 0 45 FLOAD 1.5
18. Load Case Type 2 Response Spectrum (Here you add the self weight of the
structure in positive X and Z direction and negative Y direction. Different floor load in all
three global directions.)
LOAD CASE 2
SELFWEIGHT X 1 LIST ALL
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST ALL
SELFWEIGHT Z 1 LIST ALL
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 0 42 FLOAD 3.5 GX
YRANGE 0 42 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 0 42 FLOAD 3.5 GZ
YRANGE 43 45 FLOAD 3.5 GX
YRANGE 43 45 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 43 45 FLOAD 3.5 GZ
YRANGE 0 45 FLOAD 3.5 GX
YRANGE 0 45 FLOAD 3.5 GX
YRANGE 0 45 FLOAD 3.5 GX
19. Now you have to assign the self weight to structure by Assign to view.
20. Then add another load item Response Spectra as shown below.
21. Then Click Commands→ Miscellaneous→ Cut Off Mode Shape…. Mode
Shapes Value is 10.
22. Click Commands→ Analysis→ Perform Analysis Print All.
2. Click New Project and set the units as Kilo Newton & Meter.
4. Change the Model Type into Frame Model and select Bay Frame, now the Select
Parameter dialog appears.
8. Assign the Member Property for column as YD=0.6 m & ZD= 0.6 m and for beam
YD= 0.75 m & ZD= 0.6 m, Plate Thicness = 0.15m.
9. Now you can see the model in 3D Rendering.
11. Now the Load & Definitions dialog box opens, add the following loads:
12. Then Perform Analysis, Select All.
13. Now Run Analysis. Result you will get the Rayleigh Frequency for load case 1.
15. Again Run Analysis. Now you get the Rayleigh Frequency for load case 1 and load
case 2.
16. Then check the deflection using Animation command. Provide suitable concrete
design the control the deflection.
How To Calculate Natural Frequency of a Building By Modal Shape
2. Click New Project and set the units as Kilo Newton & Meter.
4. Change the Model Type into Frame Model and select Bay Frame, now the Select
Parameter dialog appears.
6. Click File menu→ Merge Model with STAAD.Pro Model and place the model at
origin.
11. Now the Cut Off Mode Shape dialog box appears. Enter the desired number of
modes you want. Click Ok
Note: For more info and further details watch the video.
2. Click New Project and set the units as Kilo Newton & Meter.
16. According to the result values provide the suitable concrete design for the structure.
19. In Post Processing, You can get the Bending Moment and Shear Force values.