PROHIBITED RESTRICTED EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND TRADE POSSIBILITIES

UNDER WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT 1972

Dissertation Report

Submitted By

IVNEET SINGH

Roll No: 18 A

in partial fulfillment for the award

of

Executive Post Graduate Diploma

in

International Business

Under the guidance of

Dr. Tamanna Chaturvedi

Indian Institute of Foreign Trade

New Delhi
 Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
Research Project

Declaration

This is to certify that I, IVNEET SINGH, a student of Executive Post Graduate

Diploma in International Business (2015-17), at Indian Institute of Foreign Trade,
New Delhi, have submitted this research project titled, “PROHIBITED
RESTRICTED EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND TRADE POSSIBILITIES UNDER
WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT 1972” to IIFT in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Diploma. This is an original piece of work and is neither
copied (partially/fully) from any other scholastic work nor is it submitted to any
other institution for any other degree or diploma. I remain fully responsible for
any error and plagiarism.

Student Signature:

Date:

Guide Certification

This is to inform you that IVNEET SINGH, student of EPGDIB, Year 2015-17 has
completed research project on the topic “PROHIBITED RESTRICTED EXPORTS
FROM INDIA AND TRADE POSSIBILITIES UNDER WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT
1972” under my guidance. I am pleased to forward the same to be considered
as final submission and the viva.

Guide Name: Dr. Tamanna Chaturvedi Guide Signature:

Date:
 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................. 1
List of Figures .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Tables ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 4
1. Introduction ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Objective and Scope of Research ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Methodology .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Literature Review ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Big Data and Analytics Concepts ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Importance of Big Data and Analytics in Retail Sector ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
6. Use of Big Data and Analytics by Walmart to gain Competitive advantage
Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. Walmart: Journey from Traditional Retailer Giant to Digital Technology
Company ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Walmart Sales Forecasting Using Predictive Analytics in “R” Error! Bookmark
not defined.
8.1 Data Visualization ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.2 Log Transform and 1st Difference to Make the Data Stationary ...... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
8.3 Stationary Check for Walmart Data Set .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.4 Plot ACF and PACF to identify potential AR and MR Model ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
8.5 Identification of ARIMA Model and Sales Forecasting in “R” ........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
8.6 Validation and Analysis of Weekly Sales Forecasted for Walmart ... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
9. Model Framework for Using Big Data and Analytics in Retail Sector ...... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
 9.1 Types of Data and Analytics Approach...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2 Big Data Analytics Use Cases for Retail and Enterprise Architecture
Model ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.3 Reference Technical Architecture Model for Big Data Analytics ...... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
9.4 Organizational Strategy Model for Obtaining Big Data Analytics Maturity
Error! Bookmark not defined.
10. Conclusion & Recommendations.................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
11. Scope for Further Research .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12. Bibliography .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix-A: Walmart Sales Data Set...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix-B: Source Code for ARIMA modeling and forecasting in “R” ......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude and deep regards
to my guide Dr. Tamanna Chaturvedi and our Program Director Dr. Nitin Seth for
their suggestions, guidance, constant encouragement and enduring patience in
making this dissertation project report.

I would also like to thank IIFT, New Delhi in letting me research and write the
dissertation report on the topic of my interest.

1
2
3
Abstract

The world today has adopted itself to the ways and means of maximizing the wealth

and the quality of life for which the business environment throughout the world has

become interlinked and global with this has come new ways of doing business and

approaching the problem in a very pragmatic way which is also defined as innovation

the process of turning ideas into invention or service that creates since the value that

the customers are willing to pay. India has come a long way after its independence to

improve its business scenario, public welfare, law and order, citizen rights etc

especially after opening of the economy in 1991. However with respect to the new

ideas and developing new forms of business pertaining to natural products either

coming out of nature, forests or livestock and animals the country has not been as

innovative as it could have been. The upcoming report throws a little light on how in

pursuit of conserving its nature and wildlife the government of India would adopt

certain policies which would curtail innovation keeping in mind the forest protection

act of 1972. It covers the phases where certain decisions were taken which could

have been handled with a different approach which could have generated our win-

win situation for both the environmentalists and the businessmen, it also would

focus on the similar strategies and policies adopted by different countries with

similar issues how they were different from India.

4
Evolution of Indian Exports since Independence

Exports and imports of the from the country are reflected by its domestic

production. Production is further dependent on endowment of factor availability

which decides the comparative advantage of an economy. Although India has been

blessed with labor and land, capital was always a scarce factor during the early 1900s

Indian economy saw the rise in various crops such as oilseeds, cotton, jute was

largely due to flourishing of export trade. Before independence, India's foreign trade

was typical of colonial and agricultural economy. Which mainly comprise a raw

materials and condition props while imports were of like consumer goods and other

manufactures. If the structure of Indian foreign trade reflected a systematic

exploitation where in the raw material that was exported from India to the British

territories and finished goods were imported from United Kingdom. The production

of final goods was discouraged and all the resources were used to make the raw

materials which was acquired by the and a very cheap price which not only put a

dent to the Indian trade industry but also our decay in Indian exports. World last

seven decades the foreign trade of India has undergone a huge transformation

where exports cover a wide range of products which are traditional and non-

traditional but imports consist of mainly capital goods, petroleum products, raw

5
materials, intermediaries, and chemicals to meet the industrial demands. The

pattern of exports during the early 1960s comprised of export of agro commodities

in the form of raw material such as the cover cotton, textile, spices tobacco exports

did not increase as they were expected to besides there was a significant increase in

the exports of raw materials such as iron ore but these were not significant enough

to offset the decline in the traditional exports. During 1957 and import tightening

policy took place where the open General, while the, like system was discontinued

instead limited court hours with respect to essential commodities were granted to

importers no fresh licenses were range issued in this phase and conditions to issue

capital good licences were made very strict which brought down imports drastically.

During the 1966 famine crisis India had to resort to the evaluation of be in relation to

the pound and dollar domestic inflation at causing them prices will become much

higher than the world prices at Pre revaluation exchange rate in 1966 the foreign aid

was also anticipated which further compelled to have a devaluation this act was

supposed to be accompanied by a liberalisation policy and foreign trade with respect

to import controls and tariff cuts in spite of this India did not receive any financial aid

from foreign subsequently India back off its commitment to liberalisation is an

almost all the liberalisation initiatives were reversed. Even the Indian war with

Pakistan and American withdrawal of its aid also pushed this devaluation process.

6
After 1975 India witnessed are slow and steady relaxation of import controls during

its export import policy of 1977-78 many items were shifted to the usual category

killer time it was 1988 these changes are made with the intention of allowing

domestic industries to modernize. Due to the relaxation of the import policy the

import penetration increased from 11% to 18% in 1985-86 is it was noticed that

however many items were shifted to ogl category but the permission was easily

granted for those products which were never produced domestically. During 1991 a

major economic reform of liberalization was introduced in India with an emphasis on

external sector along with the reduction in tariff protection relax and simplified

restrictive import licensing regime along with an abolished policy over most of the

machinery, equipment and manufactured intermediate products. The primary focus

was a liberalization of capital goods and inputs for the industry to encourage the

growth of economic as well as export oriented units however import of consumer

goods although mentioned in the policy was free yet was a little restrictive. Areas like

telecommunication, shipping, roads, ports and airports were beginning to open up

but then existing red tapism along with administrative barriers kept the foreign

participation very low given many reforms with respect to trade -related intellectual

property rights, change in tariff rates with the greats reduced to 150% from 300%

custom duty rates on an average of 97% fell to 30% which also came along with a

unified exchange rate which was made current account convertible in 1993. It was in

7
1995 with more than 3000 tariff lines comprising of raw materials intermediaries,

capital goods were freed from licensing requirements the tariff rates were reduced

to 25% on the weighted average basis and in early 2000's duties included only for

rates (35%, 25%, 15% and 5%). The reforms in tariff and nontariff barriers were

accompanied by similar reforms on export subsidies, incentive programs, income tax

exemptions, subsidised credit its potentials and guarantees with an agenda of having

more explicit export oriented policies. India also simplified its foreign investment

regime and open up a number of sectors to foreign direct investment.

As a result custom tariffs became the only form of protection although they remain a

little high but the MFN rate fell to 29% in 2003 and the peak rate of tariff reduced to

30% finally to tier of tariff rates were introduced which were basically 10% for the

raw materials, intermediaries and components and 20% for the final product is along

with special duties on number of products. The binding rates increased from 67% to

72% as the commitment to the WTO which were primarily in textiles and clothing but

there was a renegotiation and some of the farm products that is bound rate duty for

the agriculture products was around 50% higher than applied MFN rate while the

measures to curtail imports were declining there were new restrictions which were

applied for example India became one of the main users of anti-dumping measures

reporting highest number of cases initiated since 1995.

8
The reason for a great policy measures emphasise on increments of exports and

remove those on board is only with intent to stimulate the economy policy is made

on primarily the following agendas

First to double the percentage share of global merchandise trade with the next five

years, and to promote a more employment generation by acting as an economic

instrument supporting it. The various strategies employed in achieving the above

mentioned agenda are

 Creating an environment of trust and transparency to the enhance the

capabilities of enterprises

 All levels in duties were intended to neutralised used for the purpose of

export products

 Finding special focus areas which will generate additional employment

opportunities specially in semi urban and rural areas

 Simplifying procedures in bringing down production costs

 Laying focus on procedures, technological and infrastructure operations of all

sectors with respect to make them very simple for the firms to operate

 Promotion of Brand India and emphasis on focus marketing focus product

scheme

The new Exim policy is intended to promote the development of international

trade however this has to be amended time and again to meet the changing
9
dynamics of the foreign trade market. This policy focuses on the product line such

as jewelry, leather, gemstones, handicrafts and agriculture products and

promotional measures of these products consist of exemption from bank

guarantee under the EPCG scheme, imports of imports under the advance licence

scheme and dutifully entitlements up to certain value and see where the

exemptions on duty-free imports.

Post-initiation of reforms in 1991 the service sector has opened up to private

players services like construction health tourism computers not even need an

approval through FDI. In a lot of sectors earlier the percentage was 49%, post-FDI,

is the percentage has been increased to 74% of foreign ownership under the

automatic route. Even in the financial sector mutual funds and capital markets

have open to foreign participation. An even greater example of FDI participation

has been the hospital segment where the FDI participation, since 2000, has been

liberalized to hundred percent. In India, there are more than 30 foreign firms in

the healthcare sector which are working in multiple capacities through

subsidiaries, technology, training and joint ventures.

10
Trade control measures and categories

Various items, goods are free for exports without obtaining any license which

may be referred to as open general licence. There may be goods which are

banned or canalized requiring a license prior to export so it becomes very

necessary for the exporter to understand the status of the product which it

intends to import whether it is in the open list, canalized are prohibited before

executing an export order.

1. Free Exportability (OGL category)

All goods other than the entries in the export licensing schedule along with its

appendices are freely exportable. The free exportability is however subject to any

other law for the time being in force. Goods not listed in the Schedule are deemed to

be freely exportable without conditions under the Foreign Trade (Development and

Regulations) Act, 1992 and the rules, notifications and other public notices and

circulars issued there under from time to time. The export licensing policy in the

schedule and its appendices does not preclude control by way of a Public Notice

Notification under the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulations) Act,

1992.Goods listed as “Free” in the Export Licensing Schedule may also be exported

without an export licence as such but they are subject to conditions laid out against

11
the respective entry. The fulfillment of these conditions can be checked by

authorized officers in the course of export.

2. Code does not limit the item description

 The export policy of a specific item will be determined mainly by the

description and nature of restriction in the schedule. The code number is

illustrative of classification but does not limit the description by virtue of the

standard description of the item against the code in the import part of the

ITC(HS) classification.

3. Classes of Export Trade Control

 Prohibited or Banned Items are those items which are prohibited or banned

for imports / exports. It can be for a product , or export or import to / from a

particular country. This restriction can be even for a particular period only .

 Channelised items are those items which can be only imported or exported

by State ( Govt ) Trading Enterprises.

 Restricted items are those items which are restricted for import and export.

Many of these items can be imported or exported after obtaining a License /

Permit from DGFT. This License can be for a specific product or for a

specified period.

 Free (Open General License) items are those items which can be freely

imported or exported without any restriction. After the liberalization of

Trade almost all items all items are coming under OGL.
12
Wildlife protection act 1972

India has been one of the first countries in the world will set out laws pertaining to

environment and wildlife and getting it incorporated into its constitution in 1973,

this was done immediately after the 1972 UN conference of human environment.

The article 48-8 of the Constitution provides" The State shall endeavor to protect and

improve the environment and to safeguard forest and wildlife of the country"

Article 15-a (g) provides

“It shall be duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural

environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife to have compassion of living

creatures."

Many creatures, birds had extinct or were on the verge of extinctionthe act we

read today has its roots long ago when 1887 for the protection of few animals and

specified plants in 1991 and they intended to cover all the wildlife resources and

specified plants with birds.

Protection of management and wildlife is insured under this act which provides the

basic framework however it was amended in 1982, 1986, 1991 and 1993 to have its

perfect implementation. The various reasons for implementing such an act was

 A constant decline in India's wild animals and birds which was Though the

protection act has seven chapters, 66 sections and six schedules which are a

necessary tool to prevent the damage of wildlife and environment.

13
 All throughout schedules 1 to 5 is in accordance to the survival of the wildlife

listed in them. Animals included in schedule are for the product direction from

hunting and trade commerce related to such animals is strictly regulated. The

schedule six has been added to include the specified plant species to be

protected by wildlife Amendment act of 1991.

 There is an expert committee constituted by Indian board of wildlife which

makes necessary amendments as required

the State government's after the amendment of 1991 are not empowered to

declare any wild animal vermin without the consent of the central

government.

 There are has been more power given to the NGOs such as WWF-India, Traffic

-India which will suggest the technical and legal changes when required, this

will lead to a better impact on wildlife trade, setting of the authority and

providing greater protection to prohibiting hunting of wild animals and

poaching of other plants. Provision to extract and dealing snake venom for

producing life-saving drugs, provision to ban trade in Africa ivory, payment of

rewards the person helping an apprehension of offenders and enhance

permission for isolations are certain features of the wildlife protection act

1972.

14
15
A few items which can be put to different schedules of wildlife protection act so to

promote the trade opportunities which other countries able to do.

For this report the first five products/ Raw Materials are being discussed further in

detail.

16
The law in detail for the live animals in protection act 1972

Wild animals, etc., to be Government property

(1) Every-

(a) wild animal, other than vermin, which is hunted under section 11 or sub-section

(1) of section 29 or sub-section (6) of section 35 or kept or 42[bred in captivity or

hunted] in contravention of any provision of this Act or any rule or order made

thereunder or found dead, or killed by 43[***] mistake; and

(b) animal article, trophy or uncured trophy or meat derived from any wild animal

referred to in clause (a) in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule or

order made thereunder has been committed;

44[(c) ivory imported into India and an article made from such ivory in respect of

which any offence against this Act or any rule or order made thereunder has been

committed;

(d) vehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool that has been used for committing an

offence and has been seized under the provisions of this Act,]

shall be the property of the State Government, and, where such animal is hunted in a

sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, such animal or any

animal article, trophy, uncured trophy or meat 42[derived from such animal, or any

17
vehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool used in such hunting] shall be the property of the

Central Government.

(2) Any person who obtains, by any means, the possession of Government property,

shall, within forty-eight hours from obtaining such possession, make a report as to

the obtaining of such possession to the nearest police station or the authorized officer

and shall, if so required, hand over such property to the officer-in-charge of such

police station or such authorized officer, as the case may be.

(3) No person shall, without the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life

Warden or the authorized officer-

(a) acquire or keep in his possession, custody or control, or

(b) transfer to any person, whether by way of gift, sale or otherwise, or

(c) destroy or damage, such Government property.

18
Deer Farming: Antler

What is Deer Farming

The concept of deer farming and was established in early 1970s throughout the

world and was gaining a decent popularity since Deer is adaptable to many different

terrains raising and breeding idea is very viable even on the small tracts of marginal

land while raising a deer may not be as common as raising cattle, goats and other

traditional livestock but this is not a new practice it was followed in China since 5000

BC and also was adopted in United States are about hundred years ago.

Purpose of Deer Farming

By deer farming does not only mean husbandry of the population for its antlers but

also other byproducts including meat hides, velvet, mask all on commercial basis

Domestication of deer this practice bought group and individual domestication starts

with the age of one week and entails stroking the deer price of three times a day.

Deer products are of two types one which can be derived when they're alive namely

antlers, velvet, musk and milk and those removed from the deer after slaughter

namely venison, skins, tales, pizzels, sinews, glands, tusks, hearts and livers and

kidneys. The mild flavoured low-fat meat from the deer is called venison. There is a

high demand of this meat particularly in western Germany and other parts of Europe

and it has an advantage of having fired as low as 5 to 8% of the total weight content

19
which is very favourable ask compared to other meat ranging about 25 to 40% as

normal.

Slaughtering

Slaughtering involves a well-equipped in a hygienic facilitation and a proper

infrastructure as advised by public health authorities. Various new alternatives to the

processing facilities should be considered along with the minimum labour cost and to

produce a product which is maximum acceptable throughout the world should be a

primary agenda of any deer farmer.

Products Obtained

 Musk is one of the most valuable product obtained from deer and is mainly

used for medicinal purposes along with perfumery. It is extracted from live

adult male and can be done on a repeated basis or a life of a single individual.

 Velvet is another important product which can be used in powder form which

can be graded on the basis of quality freshness and degree of damage.

 The antlers of various species are manufactured in to handles, pipes, but of

the gun, knife handles and working set handles along with other decorative

and artistic use. Extensions grown by the deer family which are not the bone

structures but grow in symmetrical pairs usually found in the in the males.

20
Indian Position on deer Antler,Farming and reasons for Prohibition

In India the various species which grow antlers are spotted deer, swamp deer and

sambar. Antlers usually grow during the season of summer and usually that deer

ungulates and shed their antlers usually once or twice a year it may take around 48

hours for the antlers to actually fall of but the whole process may last for around

three weeks the antlers are made of honeycomb bone -like tissue the mounting

point where the antlers attached to head is called pedicle from where the break off.

In September 1998 the Ministry of environment and Forest had banned the

collection of antlers shed by chital and sambar from the forests of the country. The

main reason was the falling population appeared in the country of the deers. It was

reported that there was large number of poaching going on to extract the antlers

and musk. Before such a prohibition tribal around the jungles tribal were allowed to

collect the antlers of different species of deer without having them killed in order to

have their livelihood by making different art forms part of the horn stag. However it

was found that the poachers were taking undue advantage of such a provision by

killing deer and passing the antlers as the one which has been shed by the live animal

in order to discourage the poaching of deer antlers the Ministry of commerce had

already prohibited the export of articles by issuing a notification in this regard on

August 4, 1998.

21
The killing of the deer was increased in Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh in pursuit of its

antlers therefore was very necessary for the State government should take the

actions and save the habitat and wildlife.

The major L2 Player New Zealand policy for deer farming in brief

The policy of the government of New Zealand with respect to the farming under wild

animal control act 1977 states that specifying the areas under the deer farming is

allowed clarifying the fencing requirements for the farming regulating deer farming

in areas where it is permitted. Department of conservation works with the deer

farmers to make sure that the farm deer does not escape in order to form new wild

population

It is important for the company that it notifies to the Dir general of conservation if

they want to:

1. Farm deer

2. Altering their existing harm

3. Change or include new species of deer

4. Buy an existing deer farm

A notification of an intent to farm deer has to be filed, and it is very important for

the DOC to acknowledge the notification. The notification is processed within 10

22
working days keeping the land area in mind along with its attributes if they're fit

enough for deer farming.

The various conditions laid for the farming are

1. Boundary fencing will be up to our mark is a diagram for the different deer species

2. The farmers should have an infrastructure for adequate supervision

3. Birth, death, sale, purchase and disposal of all the deer should be recorded.

4. Any suspected disease or in the form should be immediately reported to the

Ministry of agriculture and forestry office for further investigations

5. All deer should-be tag and our appropriate moment documentation

6. Any farmer who does not follow wild animal control act and regulations should be

prosecuted and fined and have their authority of farm being cancelled.

Product: Deer Antler/Deer Farming

The concept of deer farming and was established in early 1970s throughout the

world and was gaining a decent popularity since Deers are adaptable to many

different terrains raising and breeding idea is very viable even on the small tracts of

marginal land.While raising a deer may not be as common as raising cattle, goats and

other traditional livestock but this is not a new practice it was followed in China since

5000 BC and also was adopted in United States are and are are a about hundred

years ago.
23
By deer farming does not only mean husbandry of the population for its antlers but

also other byproducts including meat hides, velvet, mask all on commercial basis

Domestication of deer this practice bought group and individual domestication starts

with the age of one week and entails stroking the deer price of three times a day.

Deer products are of two types one which can be derived when they're alive namely

antlers, velvet, musk and milk and those removed from the deer after slaughter

namely venison, skins, tales, pizzels, sinews, glands, tusks, hearts and livers and

kidneys.The mild flavoured low-fat meat from the deer is called venison. There is a

high demand of this meat particularly in western Germany and other parts of Europe

and it has an advantage of having fired as low as 5 to 8% of the total weight content

which is very favourable ask compared to other meat ranging about 25 to 40% as

normal.

Slaughtering

Slaughtering involves a well-equipped in a hygienic facilitation and a proper

infrastructure as advised by public health authorities. Various new alternatives to the

processing facilities should be considered along with the minimum labour cost and to

produce a product which is maximum acceptable throughout the world should be a

primary agenda of any deer farmer.

Products

24
  Musk is one of the most valuable product obtained from deer and is mainly

used for medicinal purposes along with perfumery. It is extracted from live

adult male and can be done on a repeated basis or a life of a single individual.

 Velvet is another important product which can be used in powder form which

can be graded on the basis of quality freshness and degree of damage.

 The antlers of various species are manufactured in to handles, pipes, but of

the gun, knife handles and working set handles along with other decorative

and artistic use. Extensions grown by the deer family which are not the bone

structures but grow in symmetrical pairs usually found in the in the males.

In India the various species which grow antlers are spotted deer, swamp deer and

sambar. Antlers usually grow during the season of summer and usually that deer

ungulates and shed their antlers usually once or twice a year it may take around 48

hours for the antlers to actually fall of but the whole process may last for around

three weeks the antlers are made of honeycomb bone -like tissue the mounting

point where the antlers attached to head is called pedicle from where the break off.

25
In September 1998 the Ministry of environment and Forest had banned the

collection of antlers shed by chital and sambar from the forests of the country. The

main reason was the falling population appeared in the country of the deer was

reported that there was large number of poaching going on to extract the antlers.

Before such a prohibition that tribal around the jungles were allowed to collect the

antlers of different species of deer without having them killed in order to earn their

livelihood by making different art forms part of the horn stag. However it was found

that the poachers were taking undue advantage of such a provision by killing deer

and passing the antlers as the one which has been shed by the live animal in order to

discourage the poaching of deer antlers the Ministry of commerce had already

prohibited the export of articles by issuing a notification in this regard on August 4,

1998.

The killing of the deer was increased in Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh in pursuit of its

antlers therefore was very necessary for the State government should take the

actions and save the habitat and wildlife.

The major L2 Player New Zealand policy for deer farming in brief

The policy of the government of New Zealand with respect to the farming under wild

animal control act 1977 states that

specifying the areas under the deer farming is allowed

clarifying the fencing requirements for the farming

26
regulating deer farming in areas where it is permitted.

The Department of conservation works with the deer farmers to make sure that the

farm deer does not escape so to form new wild population

It is important for the company notifies to the Dir general of conservation if they

want to:

1. Farm deer

2. Altering their existing harm

3. Change your include new species of deer

4. Buy an existing deer farm

a notification of an intent to farm deer has to be filed, and it is very important for the

DOC to acknowledge the notification. The notification is processed within 10 working

days keeping the land area in mind along with its attributes if they're fit enough for

deer farming.

The various conditions laid for the farming are

27
1. Boundary fencing will be up to our mark is a diagram for the different deer species

2. The farmers fear that adequate supervision

3. Birth, death, sale, purchase and disposal of all the deer should be recorded.

4. Any suspect the seas in the form should be immediately reported to the Ministry

of agriculture and forestry office for further investigations

5. All deer should-be tag and our appropriate moment documentation

6. Any farmer who does not follow wild animal control act and regulations should be

prosecuted and fined and have their authority of farm being cancelled.

Deer antlers obtained from farming

28
29
30
 Deer products exported from New Zealand

Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported

value in value in value in value in value in
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
velvet and waste ,
of deer,
'0507900011 unworked, frozen 18302 13815 19554 20084 16963
velvet and waste
products , of deer,
'0507900012 unworked, dried 3387 6141 3988 4688 7442
horns and
antlers, of deer,
unworked or
simply prepared
but not cut to
'0507900002 shape, ... 351 656 3243 2011 4140
; powder of horns
and velvet, of
'0507900038 deer 15 403 256 189 68
velvet and waste
'0507900015 products 1010 395 24 9 8

Major Importing Nations

20000
15000
10000
5000
0

Exported value in 2012 Exported value in 2013 Exported value in 2014

Exported value in 2015 Exported value in 2016

31
30000
20000
10000
0
Exported value in Exported value in Exported value in Exported value in Exported value in
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

; velvet and waste , of deer, unworked, frozen

velvet and waste products , of deer, unworked, dried
horns and antlers, of deer, unworked or simply prepared but not cut to shape, ...
; powder of horns and velvet, of deer
velvet and waste products

32
Peacock Farming and export of feathers

Peacock in India

Peacock was declared the National bird of India in 1963, environment Ministry in

2010 said that that would ban the trade sale and transfer of Peacock figures are now

in the sections and wildlife protection act 1972 to prohibit the killing of endangered

species but would not stop the domestic trade. This high demand for the feathers

outside is a reason which has increased to the poaching and killing of beautiful bird

in pursuit of their feathers. There was an amendment made in the section 43(3)(a)

and section 44 of wildlife protection act 1972 with respect to the trade of Peacock

feathers which prohibits killing of Peacock as well as export of its feathers and

articles made of that but not the domestic trade. There has been a lot of hue and

cry with respect to the falling population of the Peacock in the country however the

government is not able to respond to the total population of Peacock with a definite

number but suggests that more than half of the population since independence has

been lost besides the feathers are one possible reason for the killing of the Peacock

could be that its body Fat serves medicinal purposes could be another reason.

However, the domestic trade has not been put under the scanner and it is presumed

to be religious with respect to Peacock being compared to a deity Sarasvati and a

symbol of Lord Krishna.

33
Peacock is protected species and is included under appendix 3 of CITES which is a

mutually agreed norms by all the countries for endangered species. Peacock feathers

are usually used for beautification purpose and artistic use which has a very high

demand across the world in China it is used to make wedding dresses for bride’s

brands like Burberry would come up with expensive designer clothes specially trench

coats made from Golden Peacock feathers which would be as expensive as $ 40,000.

And just like deer antlers are Peacock sheds or molts around 200 to 250 feathers

annually which are collected by tribes like Mongia, Kangar and Bheel to be sold in the

local market and to be consumed for their meat.

When feathers were exported from India

Earlier the Peacock feathers were exported from India under the status of restricted

item where in the government of India used to auction the feathers under a license

to export and the policy for the Peacock feathers was that there would be an existing

quota per annum and only complete feathers should be allowed for export the

export of articles manufactured out of Peacock feathers should be freely allowed on

anything found short could be made by export of Peacock feathers. This was the

policy during 1964-65 by the government of India.

Rajasthan and Agra are the main centers of domestic wholesale markets for Peacock

feathers which provides to the smaller traders based in Delhi and other cities across

34
the country in small pockets usually have the capacity to give 15,000 feathers

individually in two days’ prior notice. And as understood that during the time of Holi

the demand rises on the religious basis of decorating Lord Krishna with Peacock

feathers there is no proper guideline to distinguish between shared and pluck

feathers of Indian Peacock and there is a lack of sensitization amongst the concerned

authorities to make the difference. It is very important to notice that the results of a

detailed study conducted by traffic and arm of WWF had very shocking details to

share wherein they could record an aggregate of 25 crore bunches of feathers in

Rajasthan 3 crore in Gujarat and 2 lakhs in Tamil Nadu. Our Rajasthan is a major

supplier of Peacock feathers to rest of the states where Orissa becomes the biggest

buyer of the Peacock feathers.

35
Indonesian Guideline for peacock farming

 An area about 10,000 ft.² of the farm is required with three operating rooms

for equipment’s and guards the initial investment besides the land could be

around US$ 10000-US$ 12,000.

 Indonesian authorities were adamant complying by international standard for

food and drugs. There were a panel of experts suggesting how to go about the

Peacock farm at first.

 There was state of art gauge framework, accommodating optimum number of

Peacock's with mitigated possible hazards regular visits by medical workers

was done to ensure hygienic poultry environment for the Peacock's safety.

 It was ensured to make a conditional flora fauna environment suiting the

Peacock's habitat linked with a motorable road with abundant water supply

and 24-hour electricity and communication facility, special emphasis was laid

on the feeding since Peacock is an omnivorous while berries and nuts are

favorite foods for the Peacock but grains and leaves are staple items which

can be found all around, this aggressive bird would catch small snake mice

and other mammals and insects such as grasshoppers termites along with

habits are very peculiar as they would like to drink from a stream of water and

again before going to the roost in the evening

36
 It was made sure that the farm is not around any cultivated area since

Peacock feed on wide range of crops and fruits at the groundnut paddy chili

and even bananas.

 To maintain the hygiene like other pheasants, the Peacock doesn't bathe in

water but cleans vigorously by rubbing dry soil, keeping clean is very

important for them so they would want to go to the swampy and shallow

holes at times.

 The mating season because usually in monsoon so to the chicks benefit from

abundance of food resulting from grains usually breeding starts in January and

goes up to June.

 100 ft.² per bird space was required in the shed must be around 8 feet tall and

chicken wires were used on the wall in the roof, a wooden shelter or similar

shed along with an area buried with a straw for the female to have nesting for

laying eggs.

37
A peacock farm in Indonesia

38
39
40
Crocodile farming :The Concept

Commercial farming of crocodile is one of the very complex business around

although being a very profitable industry that requires a use amount of initial capital

to be invested that requires time around 3 to 4 years before the crocodiles are fully

grown and suitable for selling their skin or meet in the market is that it said so the

larger the crocodile farm and more are the chances of making better profit and have

a lucrative business over the years.

In India crocodile farming never took off as when wildlife protection act of 1972 was

set it was put into the schedule one of the wildlife act which prohibited the trade and

the killing of the crocodile. Although India had been an importer of crocodile and

alligator skin to process them to make the finished goods and re-export it to the

western countries. There are various points worth considering before stepping into

crocodile farming commercially this to be understood that the most important

aspect of such complex activity must come with

 licensing: since crocodile is a wild animal and it requires a license to raise

them commercially and it must be in touch with the nearest wildlife Centre

where the range forest officers and other ranks forest teams are involved with

respect to a regular and an uptight surveillance.

41
  Training it is better to have trained professionals to handle creatures like

crocodile which are so very complex and can be dangerous if not handled

properly.

 The site for the crocodile farming and ranching must be very suitable to the

needs requirement of the animal is suitable for reading and growing along

with the weather transportation system and medical requirements in case of

emergency.

 It must be carefully understood that there is a specific requirement of

infrastructure with respect to cooler, freezer and storage space which is to be

enough for separating the crocodiles with respect to their age size and

temperament etc.

 feeding is another aspect of proper growth and must be fed with fresh foods

usually beef, chicken, dear, fresh for ensuring a proper growth that must be

fed as per the consultation of an expert with changes very rapidly as their

bodies.

Crocodiles are supposed to be kept stress-free or else they develop many diseases

which are contagious and can affect the other crocodiles too such as brown spot

disease which not only does not help them grow healthy but also reduce their value

per crocodile pens must be cleaned regularly and it must be made sure that there

are only few crocodiles in each brain insulated from outside world and noise.

The L2 player: Thailand and its policy

42
The crocodile industry is the largest in Thailand there are around 22 farms registered

with fisheries Department and smaller ones which cater to 7,50,000 crocodiles in

total. The crocodile is not only used for its hides and meat but also for its blood

which has a very high medicine and value in China at least. Crocodile leather is very

durable so it becomes feasible to make various leather products such as belts, bags,

shoes and other accessories easier. The major markets for this product in Europe and

America where the fashion bags and cowboy boots are cherished. The bags can cost

anything between US$ 20,000-US$ 40,000, the reason for such a high price is

because it takes around 4 to 5 crocodiles to make one leather bag.

Reptile skin export trends

350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0
Exported value in 2013 Exported value in 2014 Exported value in 2015 Exported value in 2016

43
There is a proper code of conduct set by ACFS (the National bureau of agricultural

commodity and food standards). The purpose is to assist in the

a) to ensure the welfare of the crocodiles in captivity establishment of best

husbandry and management practices

b) anticipating better health and nutritional requirements of the

c) compliance with the national bodies and state bodies with all the procedures and

guidelines relating to crocodile farming

Eligibility and Requirements

There should be an identification of economic feasibility and applicant's capacity to

both establishment and operational funding along with the projected cash flows.

There should be an adequate source of 1 to support the farm animals over the initial

years the lead time the cash flows start to generate.

A) Is of the proper documentation of the stock which is being held captive is legal

and not wild crocodiles are protected in Thailand and must not be removed from the

wild.

B) Details of staff expertise handling should be furnished to the government

authorities as and when demanded or on regular basis past work experience should

be an advantage in the training needs of the staff should be updated timely for this

purpose crocodile farms may invite officers from the licensed zoos to participate the

crocodile management procedures and help them with any problem arising.

44
c) The days of annual requirements with respect to food supplies, sanitation and

disease control procedures pertaining to quarantine standards laid by international

bodies in compliance with the local bodies too.

d) a site analysis report including area farm location with an engineer's report on the

infrastructure fulfilling the requirements as per the authorities should be presented.

There are guidelines with respect to

A) BASIC CROCODILE WELFARE REQUIREMENTS

B) PERIMETER FENCING REQUIREMENTS

C) HOUSING

D) BREEDING FACILITIES, HANDLING AND INCUBATION

E) INSPECTION BY FARM PERSONNEL

F) CROCODILE HEALTH

G) HUMAN SAFETY

H) SLAUGHTERING AND PROCESSING

I) TAGGING THE SKIN, OTHER PRODUCTS AS PER THE DIRECTIONS GIVEN BY THE

LOCAL AUTHORITIES FOR THE MOVEMENT OF THE GOODS ALONG WITH ALL THE

REQUIRED DOCUMENTS WHATSOEVER NECESSARY.

45
Various products made by crocodile skin

46
Crocodile farm in Thailand

India’s stand on reptile skin

Recently the government of India through the directorate general of foreign trade

announced a national ban on the importation of many animal skins including

crocodile. Indian appetite for furs and the reptile skin was increasing along with the

increasing growth of the country to an extent of 1800% from 2014 – 2016. This not

only brought down the re-export of the merchandise but shifted the scope to

another country and other L2 players

47
48
49
50
FROG FARMING AND BAN IN INDIA

The frog farming in India came under a blanket ban in the year 1985. There are

various reasons that were cited by the government then and were cited when a

group of businessmen met the Prime Minister.

The reasons are

 KILLING: The exporters say that they use humane methods to kill frogs. Per

one representative of the Seafood Exporters' Association of India in Delhi, a

scientist in Hyderabad was given a President's Award for discovering a

painless method of killing frogs. If live frogs are submerged in salt solution for

a few minutes, they become unconscious and can be killed without causing

pain. But the Prime Minister thinks otherwise.

The controversy over a blanket ban on export of monkeys, birds, beef and frogs

arose at the XXIV World Vegetarian Congress held in Madras on December 2. The

Governor of Tamil Nadu, People, who are strict vegetarians with a known proclivity

for inspecting kitchens before meal-time, inaugurated the Congress and announced

that an immediate ban would be imposed on the export of frogs. He might have

pleased the vegetarians of the world, including his fellow Gujarati, Morarji Desai; but

he has succeeded in putting many people out of work.

51
But the government differs in the reasons. They say that frogs used for trade are

captured by the bucket and slaughtered in the most insanitary and inhumane

manner. Usually they have their legs cut off with a blade while still alive. The rest is

tossed aside on a bloody twitching pile of limbless torsos to die slowly.

 UNEMPLOYMENT: Frog-hunting, never a profitable vocation, has in the last

decade been picking up among tribal and Harijans. Even today, it is the

poorest sections in rural areas who catch frogs for profit. A whole night's labor

might result in a handful of frogs worth Rs 2."It's a seasonal job, one normally

find frogs in swamps and marshy areas. So, we get most our supplies from

Bengal, Andhra Pradesh (Telangana), Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Moreover, of the 100 varieties of Indian frogs only two, Rana tigerina and

Rana hexadectyla, are edible. The frog legs are sent to us packed on ice. We

skin them, grade them, clean them, and export them in cartons. The smaller,

the legs, the more expensive they are. Larger legs fetch smaller prices."

But frog-catching is apparently catching on fast in India. Contrary to popular belief,

palatable frogs are found in all parts of the country. It's only the very poor who

bother to catch them. We never get any frogs from prosperous states like Punjab and

Haryana. “The exporters now argue that if the ban comes into force, it will be a clear

case of discrimination. (So far, the Commerce Ministry and the Government-owned

Marine Products Export Development Association have kept mum.) "What about the
52
slaughtering of sheep and buffaloes for meat, or production of silk yarn by dipping

silkworms and their cocoons in boiling water? Isn't that any more cruel

 ECOLOGICAL BALANCE: Meanwhile, the exporters' 20-minute meeting with

the Prime Minister early last week was not exactly a spirited game of leap-

frog. "He even asked us to sit down," said one of them, "but he didn't really

see our point. As for the claim that destroying frogs will result in ecological

imbalances, we'd like to point out that more frogs are killed by snakes,

vultures and pesticides than for eating. Instead of issuing a blanket ban, the

government can work towards making frog farms while addressing the

problems mentioned above. Having more frogs because of frog farming have

the following advantages and a reduction in their number can have following

destructive consequences. Reduction in frog population can cause an increase

in the spread of malaria, encephalitis and other diseases which are carried by

insects.

Benefits of Frog Farming

Taking frogs from the wild could have devastating consequences. Frogs are

insectivorous and each one can eat more than its weight (about 200 grams) in water

borne pests every day. These pests destroy crops and carry diseases. In some areas,

53
the spread of a plant disease known locally as "wereng" has been attributed to

increased hunting of frogs.

Fewer than 50 frogs are needed to keep an acre of a rice paddy field free of insects:

They play a vital role in eradicating insect pests, they prevent illnesses, and are a

natural biological agent. Insect pests increase precipitously where frogs are

vanishing.

Frog waste is also a good organic fertilizer and serves as food for snakes. These

snakes in turn eat rats which live in the rice paddies.

Advantage to the L2 Players

Before Indonesia became the main supplier of frogs' legs, then countries best known

for the frog trade were India and Bangladesh. Until it outlawed frog exports in 1987,

India was France's biggest supplier. India banned the trade not only due to the

exposure of the cruelty, but also because the cost of importing pesticides was

greater than the export earnings of frogs' legs.

India's trade peaked in 1981 when 4,368 tons of frog limbs were sent abroad,

earning about $9.3 million. When the ecological damage became apparent, however,

the government imposed a 2,800-ton maximum and ordered the frogs be electrically

stunned before execution. In 1989, Bangladesh imposed a temporary ban which

lasted until 1992.

54
In both countries, however, there has been poaching and illegal trade.

There have been attempts to estimate the population, rates of harvest and the

decline of the Rana tigerina in India since 1979. The earliest work along these lines is

that of Humayun Abdulali of the Bombay Natural History Society who pointed out

that the harvest of frogs had increased from 1,500 tons in 1963 to more than 10,000

tons in 1983. This meant that at least 40 million frogs were harvested in 1983 alone,

assuming an average frog weighed about 250 gm. This is certainly an underestimate

as most big frogs weigh up to 300 gm and large bullfrogs weigh between 400 and 800

gm, though they are generally rare.

Forty million frogs in a year is a frighteningly large figure. However, as these include

other species such as the Rana hexadactyla, Rana crassa and Rana cyanophlyctis, it is

difficult to judge how much the bullfrog has been exploited, even though the reports

say it is largely bullfrogs that are collected.

There is no doubt that the indiscriminate, year-round harvesting of bullfrogs has

certainly affected their number, at least locally. The simplest and most convincing

pointer to this is that the larger frogs (not less than 100 gm) are more likely to be

caught. Frogs of this size are sexually mature and ready to breed. Mature female

bullfrogs can lay up to 20,000 eggs, depending on their size.

55
There has been little careful study done on the population structure and dynamics of

the bullfrog. A recent study conducted in Andhra Pradesh suggests there are 1.5

males to every female but whether this is because of overharvesting of females or

because the males are easier to locate is still not proved. There have been few

attempts at estimating densities, too.

Though 500 bullfrogs per ha may reflect only a local phenomenon, I consider

estimate of 5.2 frogs per ha as too small. While studying amphibians in south India, I

have come across the bullfrog in several places between Maharashtra, especially

during the rains, and Kanyakumari. In coastal Karnataka, I found eight large bullfrogs

trapped in a partly dug well in the middle of an open forest. Considering that

bullfrogs generally do not move about very much, it is plausible they were just a

small proportion of a much larger population within an area of about two hectares.

The Indian bullfrog is a very generalized habitat user, although most studies on the

species have been done in paddy- fields and village ponds. A substantial bullfrog

population may be found within forests and along hill streams throughout the

Western Ghats, for instance, and in a variety of non-agricultural areas, but in

apparently low densities. Large bullfrog gatherings in agricultural areas is primarily

56
due to the more permanent source of water and food. Bullfrogs also tend to gather

in paddy fields where smaller frogs -- its prey -- tend to abound.

After India and Bangladesh banned the export of frogs, Indonesia and Thailand

banked on this opportunity and increased their current size of frog farming.

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest exporters of frogs’ legs for consumption as

food. Most the frogs are caught in natural habitat on the island of Java -

predominantly the Crab-eating Frog Fejervarya cancrivora (75%), and the Giant Javan

Frog Limnonectes macrodon (19%).

While the greater number of frogs taken is for local consumption, the available data

show increasing numbers of frogs’ legs have been exported from Indonesia over time

- from around 28 tons in 1969, rising to around 5600 tons in 1992 and then declining

to around 3800 tons in 2002. A strong increase in exports after 1985 corresponded

with the banning in that year of exports of edible frogs from India and Pakistan -

formerly the principal exporters of frogs’ legs.

57
Export data Trade statistics recorded by the Indonesian Government between 1960

and 2002 and reported in the Foreign Trade Statistical Bulletin by the Indonesian

Statistical Bureau were examined.

Based on these data, an overall history of the frogs’ legs trade was assembled,

including information on the major importers, the value of the trade, net weight

exported each year, and the locations of major frog sources. The first available data

on exports of frogs’ legs are from 1969 and were listed under fisheries products.

Between 1969 and 1974 they were categorized simply as frog meat. Since 1975 frog

meat has been registered under five categories:

1) Meat and edible meat of frogs’ legs, fresh or chilled;

2) Meat and edible meat of frogs’ legs frozen;

3) Meat and edible meat of frogs (excluding legs) fresh or chilled;

4) Meat and edible meat.

In this account, all forms of “edible frog meat” are included together. While there

have been some records of frog meat categorized under “edible frog meats excluding

58
leg” since 1991, the quantity is very small (0.34% of total) and for the purposes of

this report have been included with the data relating to frogs’ legs.

Setting up a farm and Guidelines

The frogs can be found anywhere where there is water vegetation and insects for

their survival the most revered on stock clients growing in the water like algae and

on fishes, insects, fresh meat, chicken, potatoes even un fresh meat if there be need.

The import important aspect in the frog farming is to understand and take care of

the frogs during the season of laying eggs which are played on the thin sheet of leave

about the water around 10,000 to 20,000 eggs laid only 30% are to be hatched, to

live up to our tadpole stage which is a very highly dependent on the temperature of

the water in the frogs within a couple of months will go to the full-fledged size

developing lungs and discarding the deal and gradually move more towards land

than in water. During this phase of growth of the frog is very important for the

farmer to understand the habitat and maintain the required conditions inside and

around the frog Pond.

59
There are measures which are supposed to be taken care of while preventing the

disease and the pests for the frogs especially a disease called red legs which is due to

overcrowding caused by pollution and lack of oxygen in the part there are guidelines

to set up a pond which are very considerable the place must log the water in a

manner that there is some clay and it must be properly inlet and outlet system for

the water on the sides of the board.

A place must be near a body of water like stream or irrigation like a rice field which is

good for raising the frog the place should not be getting flooded by men again and

must be fenced properly provide the frogs to escape with our enemies like cats,

snakes are it is better to share around the pond with the bamboo is and allow the

grass to grow on the rough patches there was the good light to attract insects along

with planting the flowered plants for the same.

Transfer cage

it is important to transfer the frogs when the legs are beginning to grow a great with

the size of two into six and 2.5 m deep can accommodate about 4000 small frogs.

The small frogs are to be fed with small worms and termites when there are more

active during the day. It is to be made sure that during the time when they do not

60
develop any scales the skin can dry up fast so they are supposed to be near the pond

always

the cage must be slanting where the frogs get trained in suing their legs which is very

important for the meat production is frog legs are very important aspect of frog

meat. There must be a good fluorescent lamp to attract insects when these rocks are

grown in to the size up to 3 inches they can be transferred into a rearing pond which

must be about half a meter deep.

Pond types

The rearing pond was having an ample sure to provide shades with help of the

banana trees or the grasses for the frogs to survive.

Plantation of flowering plants or insects should be done for that the frogs can thrive

on the staple diet and the supplementary food as well each frog may acquire around

3 to 4 ft.² of area in the porn which should be ample enough for its survival and

growth in the use of modern technology with respect to nylon trays, accompanied

with wood pieces of 1.5 inches X 2 inches should be around. The breeding pond

although smaller where a niche of the habitat which is to be provided to the frogs

and the number of males and females should be almost equal. Before the egg laying

61
time comes the healthiest in the biggest of the frogs is to be placed in the breeding

pond to adjust to the new environment and make egg laying fruitful.

62
63
64
Primates (Rhesus macaque)

The sudden ban on the export of these in November 2013 by the government had

very sharp and mixed reactions. This with this decision of not exporting the monkeys

had an impact on United States who was the largest buyer of the Indian monkey

which was used for medical experimentation has now forced American authorities to

curtail their experiments, this not only has affected foreign exchange earnings but

also the survival of monkey exporters.

A ban was earlier implemented of this type in 1954 five years but was lifted later on

with an assurance by US that the use of monkeys will be confined to medical

research. India have been considered the prime source of supply of the rhesus

monkey, you use the export about 20,000 monkeys annually as the ceiling is fixed by

Indian wildlife board which was 50,000 reduced to 30,000 finally fixed at 20,000.

The various reasons for which monkey is in high demand are

a) Intelligence: monkeys have the natural ability to count without being taught, they

can imitate, and has similar range of emotion as humans.

b) Monkeys are seen as a source of labour such as the climbers for the trees, pulling

loads in sugar factories with a proper training mechanism however many authorities

in India view this as monkey slavery.

65
c) Monkey has been a menace in recent years therefore monkey policing in the form

of hiring langurs so to control the rhesus monkey coming into the public areas

d) Monkey meat has become a delicacy in countries of Africa, Japan, South Korea

especially its brain apart from the points mentioned above the price of the monkey

in the international market is close to US 12,000 up to the US 15,000.

66
The world market for Primates over the years

World
350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0
Exported value in Exported value in Exported value in Exported value in
2013 2014 2015 2016

We can see the trend it has been observed that primates are required for research

purpose, this high demand can be easily fulfilled by India with a proper policy

implementation.

67
 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
70000

60000

China United States of America

Mauritius Japan
France
United Kingdom
United States…
Spain Korea, Republic of
Viet Nam Singapore
Netherlands
South Africa
Syrian Arab…
Lebanon Australia
Denmark Viet Nam
Philippines
Seychelles

Exported value in 2014

Exported value in 2012
Imported value in 2014
Imported value in 2012
Egypt
Saint Kitts and… Belgium
Japan Kuwait
South Africa

World Exports
Chile
Worlds imports

Czech Republic
Malaysia Zambia
Guyana Nigeria
Peru
Guatemala

Exported value in 2015

Exported value in 2013
Imported value in 2015
Imported value in 2013

Suriname
Israel Sudan (Sudan and South Sudan)
Qatar Turkey
Belgium
Portugal
United Arab…
Russian… New Zealand
Thailand Mauritius

68
A Chinese company’s contract to sell monkeys along with permission

69
It is to be noticed that china emerges as a biggest exporter over the years with

monkey becoming the Menace throughout the nation forcing state governments to

make unreasonable expenditures of tax payers money.

70
To curb this problem accompanied by the ever growing population the government

took measures to an extent of sterilization.

71
Conclusion

The importance of innovation and opening to the new ideas has become the need of

the hour for the Indian economy to survive and flourish, it is to be understood that

there are different avenues to handle sensitive issues pertaining to the country’s

environment, wildlife and the ecosystem. From the reflection of the above report it

cannot be denied that we need of stricter forest laws and regulations so to save our

precious wildlife along with maintaining the balance in the environment however

understanding the sensitivity of the issue there has to be a mechanism to find a way

out which indeed creates an environment for a win-win situation for all the parties

involved in it. Putting a blanket ban on items and laying down such restrictions which

lead to prohibition of trade is no solution as shown in the report and attempt to find

out ways and means which not only creates a proper vigilance system on one’s

environment and wildlife but also to achieve decent economies of scale and scope. It

is necessary to have a very pragmatic approach and a very good understanding of

the matter before making any law or coming out with any decision with respect to

this project there has to be a policy or an action plan to get a census done for our

wildlife and flora so to differentiate between farmed and wild population which is

the primary basis for coming to any decision. India not only has infrastructural and

legal limitations but also proper sensitization of laws is needed to be done which will

72
further make a road for getting the new laws implemented and not hinder the

process of innovation and thus help India come at par with other nations.

73