CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

There are two classes of nucleotides in DNA: pyrimidine and purine, and four
nucleotides: cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine. Easiest way to remember to which class they belong is that all
pyramidines (cytosine and thymine) contain the letter y.

As well, adenine and guanine are nine-sided molecules, and the pyramidines are six-sided molecules. See the animation
showing how a six-sided molecule becomes a pyramid.

Separating DNA/RNA

Although DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, they do different jobs in the cell. Just remember:

• DNA Delivers the blueprint, RNA Reads it.

• RNA uses Ribose sugar.
• RNA uses uRacil in place of thymine.

SUGARS

Simplified Sugars

There are two simple sugars (monosaccharides) -- fructose and glucose -- which combine in a specific way to form
sucrose. Remember the molecule of Fructose has Five carbons (letter F starts both words) and hexaGon is the shape of
the Glucose molecule (letter G in both words). Remember too, if fructose and glucose attach the wrong way, you end up
with an undigestible fibre instead of sucrose sugar.

Into Insulin

Insulin gets sugar into cells. Without insulin, a person can have excess sugar in his blood yet die of lack of sugar. Excess
sugar is removed via urine. Romans noticed bees attracted to the urine of diabetics and coined the term "diabetes" to
describe the overflow of sugar. (literally, diabetes = "across the sugar"). Medical students need to distinguish between the
two types of diabetes: mellitus and insipidus. Both cause increased urine flow, but for different reasons altogether. D.
mellitus is characterized by excessive sugar present in the urine due to lack of insulin. D. insipidus is recognized by high
volumes of watery urine due to lack of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), usually caused by a damaged hypothalamus gland. In
the old days, a physician would taste the urine to determine which form of diabetes his patient had.

WATER

Capilliary Action

Water rises to the tops of plants by Capilliary Action (CA), which depends upon Cohesive and Adhesive (C+A) properties
of H2O.

Hydrolysis and Monomers

Hydrolysis is the way water can break molecules (hydro=water, lysis=cut). Certain molecules called monomers
(mono=one, mer=water*) have a hydroxide and a hydrogen attached to the side. When a monomer bonds to another
monomer or polymer, the HO and H atoms break off and combine to form a single water molecule.

You can see the effects of hydrogen bonds in real life whenever you iron cotton fabric. Cotton is a long
cellulose chain with H-bonds attaching it to other cellulose chains. When these bonds link out of parallel, we get
wrinkled clothes. Heat and moisture (i.e., steam iron) break and reform these bonds to a more parallel
shape. Wool has covalent and electrovalent disulfide bonds which can be permanently set (permanently
pleated) by breaking and reforming these bonds with certain sulfur chemicals. Nylon, polyester, acetate, and
triacetate are thermosensitive and their shapes can be heat set.

* ~mer actually means "piece" in Greek and "sea" in French, but I found this way makes it easier to remember.

Osmosis Sucks
To remember how osmosis works, remember that "Particles suck." Thus, tonicity (hypertonic, hypotonic) refers to
concentration of particles, and water always goes toward the area of more particles.
(from: Hallie Ray, Science Department, Rappahannock Community College, Warsaw, VA)

Two Easy Bonds

Two easy bond angles are also two of the more common ones we need to memorize. Sure, it is hard to remember which
molecules have what angles, but it is important if you want to make any money as a chemist of any note.

The H2O molecule is bent because the extra electron cloud sticking out of the oxygen atom pushes the two
hydrogen atoms away, thus making an angle of 105 degrees instead of a straight line. Similar thing with NH3,
except the electron cloud pushes against the three hydrogens to modify the regular tetrahedral shape a bit. To
be precise, the angle between the hydrogens and the central nitrogen is 107 degrees. How do I know this?
Because I count the letters inWATER and AMMONIA and come up with 5 and 7 respectively (to correspond
with 105 and 107 degrees respectively).

TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Although reports have surfaced of people committing the naturally occurring elements to memory simply by reciting the
symbols as a crazy sentence that starts "Hy! He libeb cnof nenam gal sips clark casa tiv crmn feconi cuzn gage ass ebr
krrb styz rnb mot crurh pdag ..." we will refrain from attempting something so dangerous. Instead, I present the following:

2nd Period Elements

Like Being Bare Cuz Naked Orgasms Feel Neat for lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon.
Or the more risque Lithesome Beryl Blows Charlie Nightly On Floor Neeling.

3rd Period Elements

Once you see this word pattern in the third period (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ar) you'll always remember that Nagging
Maggie Always SiPS ClAret.

4th Period Elements

PoKey Captain Scans Tight Virgin Crew Members Fer Cold Night Cuddles. Zany Gray Germs Are Sold By
Kremlin, or in reverse order: Kry Brother! SeAs of Germany and Gaul Sink Copper ships Nice and Cold from Manx
to Crimea, Vancouver to Timor, and Scandinavia to the California Koast.

5th Period Elements

Rub Strong Young Zulus. Nubile Mona Touches Ruth's Rectum. Pallid Agents Could Infiltrate Tiny Stubborn
Telephone Industry Xecutives.

6th Period

This row on the left lower portion of the table contains Cesium, Barium, Lutetium, Hafnium Tantalum, Wolfram (tungsten)
and Rhenium. Just remember: Cheap beers lure half-tanked wolf and rhino. The rest of them might go Osir: pretty
awful hag throws pretty bad polkas all right for osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, thorium, lead, bismuth,
polonium, astatine, radon. Another: Osir, platinum-blonde Audrey hogs Thor, plumbs Bill, and polos at random.

The Lanthanides

Elements #57-71 have two cute mnemonics: Little Cute People Need Plenty Sex Every Given Time Despite having
Enough Through Young Love andCurrently Parties Never Provide Sexy English Girls That Drink Heavily, Even
Though You Look.

Actinides

Berkelium, Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium, and Mendelevium are a snap when you recite: BlocKheads Can't Find
ElementS FroM Mnemonic Devices
Earth's Abundant Elements

Only Silly Asses In College Study Past Midnight tells me that the most common elements of the planet's crust are, in
descending order: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

HONC if you like Life!

Of course, H-O-N-C are the four elements that make life's building blocks -- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.

All the Periodic Groups

All 18 groups (columns) of the periodic table are mnenomicized here in order:

1. He Likes Naked Kisses and Rubs Cuz he's French or He Licked Sonja's Krotch, Rubbed
Cassy's Front, or Hi LiNa: Kare to Rub and Copulate like the French do?
2. Beryl Might Call Strong Barry, or Betcha Maggie Can Stretch Balls Rapidly (ouch!) or Being
Magnificent Can Sure be Radical.
3. ScantY Ladies Acting
4. Tight Zipper or Titz're a Handful
5. Vixens Nubile and Tantalizing
6. Cro Magnon Women Sag or ChroMo Tongue (silver tongued)
7. Men Touching Repulsive Nuns
8. Feel Ruth Oscillate
9. Cold Rhoda Irritates Me
10. Nipples Pull Playfully or Nick's a Pal, worth his weight in Platinum.
11. Cum Again, Auuuuu!
12. Zena's a Cold Hag or Zinc-plated Cadillacs and Mercury's
13. Boinking All Gals In Theatre, or Big Al Gazes Into Telephone or Boning Al GaIns Thelma
14. Carl's Silent, Gena Snores Loudly, or Can Silly Gena Tin Plums? or Car Sick Germans in Tiny
Pub
15. Nighties and Panties Are Still Big ... Nice Phurry Ass, Stubby Beard ... or Nice People As
Stubborn man's best friendes or Nights Flossing for Arsholes and Bigots
16. Ox Sells Sex To Poles or Odie Smith Selling Telephone Poles
17. Feeling Clara's Brassiere, I Attack
18. He Never Argues or Kries eXcept when it Rains

Bonus The metalloids mnemonic is: Big Sized Genitals Assure Teasing Stories.
Tip: memorize groups I and VIII, and one period to start. Whenever I need to sketch out the Periodic Table, I write down
the first and last groups, add the periods that I know, then fill in the blanks using what I've written down as a guide.

ATOMIC THEORY

Prostitutes & One-eyed Cats

Here's a phrase for remembering atomic properties: Prostitutes Outnumber Nice Electioneers. Number of protons =
atomic number (PROstitutes outNUMBER), neutrons determine isotope (NIce), and electrons determine ionization
(ELECT-IONeers). Also, Cat Lost an Eye is good for knowing that cations are atoms which lost an electron.

Skiing the Quantum Ski Hill with Shapely PAM

Some students find it hard recalling the letters designating atomic energy levels. Originally, they were named after
qualities seen in spectroscopy and later associated with electron energy level. Thus, the qualities of sharp, principle,
diffuse, and fundamental (s, p, d, f) have no relation to electrons. Nevertheless, my chem prof taught us to Ski Powder
Deep and Fast. Use PAM to remember the three quantum numbers: Principle, Azimuthal, Magnetic spin. Another one is
to think of an Arab publisher: Azim Prints a Magazine.
Furthermore, PAM has a More Shapely Sizin' where MORE = magnetic orientation, N = size, and l = shape of electron
orbits.
Atomic Mazda

Dave, a once-in-a-while bright student, was sitting next to me doing his quantum calculations which involve
the Planck constant -- 6.626 x 1034. I told him the number from memory, he asked me how I knew it. I asked "how many
letters are in Planck's name? " (6), then I said "Planck drove an older Mazda sedan (a 626), and his 34th birthday had a
negative effect on him." He chuckled and groaned. Twenty minutes later, he said "John, I can still remember that number".

Rydberg's Colorful Equation

Easy to remember that Rydberg's Equation is used to analyze spectra ... "RYDBERG" contains most of the colors of the
rainbow: red, yellow, dark blue, orange, green. That formula is: 1/lambda = R(1/n1 squared minus 1/n2 squared)

ABCs of GAS LAW

The ABCs of gas law are Avogadro, Boyle, and Charles. Each contributed a variation to the standard PV=nRT equation
(Perfect Virgins are Not Real Things) for calculating gas pressure, volume, mass, and temperature. Easy to remember
who came up with which law -- they were all sick! Avogadro was ugly (his face had a number of moles); Boyle had high
blood pressure due to diabetes; Charles ran a temperature.

A fourth scientist, Gay Lussac, contributed his formula for calculating variations in temperature and volume
whilst pressure was constant. In fact, Lussac, Boyle, and Charles all can be remembered by their individual
formulae relating to Gas Law:

• BOYLE. The absolutely worst place on your body to get a skin eruption (boil) is on the penis. Right? So what
does this have to do with chemistry? Well, when you think of your penis, think of Boyle and the fact that
diabetics are constantly peeing to realize Peeing Virtually Constant can be written as PV=C.
• CHARLES. As a television salesman, Charles didn't do so well. That's why he got into chemistry. He is best
remembered for saying any TV is as good as another ... and expressed it mathematically as T1V2=T2V1.
• GAY LUSSAC. Gay had once tried selling tents to native indians near Quebec City before answering a
newspaper ad for a chemist. His two-for-one sales pitch is still recited by Iroquois as T1P1=T2P2.

REACTION MECHANISMS

As the Molecule turns ... SN1, SN2 Reactions

The only way I could remember the differences between SN1, SN2, E1, E2 reactions were to make up stories about what
I imagine is happening. If you don't think you'll enjoy this story, then go to the Virtual Chem Page and click on Organic
Synthesis to see animations of SN1, SN2.

Substitution reactions come in two flavours: slow (SN1) and quick (SN2). They produce different products in differing
ratios as well. While in lecture, I thought the nucleophile sounded like a paramour, and the leaving group was a loser in
the deal, and if those molecules were people, they would be on a soap opera. So, I doodled and came up with names that
relate to the reaction and are easy to remember. There are more details, but for now, let's just read a couple of short
stories to get the general idea of each.

SN1 (Soap Network 1) is suffering low ratings. It was supposed to be a hot show but it is pretty slow. The scene: On an
aeroplane (airplane to Americans) Levi and Nel are having a boring breakfast together. Nel poured some alcohol (a polar -
protic solvent) into his coffee then told him to take a hike. As Levi was the pilot anyway, he left. Luke, a stowaway, then
came along to woo Nel. "I'm too cold" she said, but Luke was looking at her huge bum and realized that type
of hindrance would really slow things down, and that he would have to have a few intermediate steps along the way.
Besides, the room for error would mean half the children might be born racemized. While Luke wanders around trying to
decide is he should come in through the back door or be conventional, Nel just plays with the feline she calls Carbo-cat.
When she and the cat double up and bond, Luke iseliminated.

SN2. To get ratings back, Soap Network 2 was launched. A more racy script with competent actors and director, this show
really socks it to them. All three characters have had their apathy replaced by three new psychological disorders. Nel
has Electra complex, which is a real plus; Drew is in denial, and Luke suffers proto-Oedipus complex. Nel's
emotionally bipolar; her emotional energy rises as Drew gets ready to leave then peaks the moment he walks out the
front door and Luke enters the same door disguised as a television repair man. Their affair is quick and passionate, but
alwaysinverted. As time went on, some of Nel's sons consumed some anabolic hormones and managed to beat the crap
out of Luke whenever he came around. This is called the Steric Effect.
Clinduction

Refer to the adjacent picture for clues to the five ways of changing acidity of a molecule.

1. N is for the nitrogen at the top that is more electronegative than carbon. Thus a hydrogen attache to nitrogen is
more acidic.
2. H is for the hydrogen bond between oxygen and hydrogen. H is also for the hybridization of the carbons on the
left side.
3. 3 are the bonds between the two sp hybridized carbons.
4. OH! Resonance.
5. Clinduction is chlorine's induction force on the structure. (Cl-induction)

Chemical Tidbits

• Cis looks like lips puckered for a kiss.

• Trans looks like a train ran over those lips.
• Conning Old Prelog means Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Sequence Rules, with one rule for each name.
• Newman and Fischer Projections are useful but confusing. I remember Newman projections are two
superimposed circles, because MAD magazine's Alfred E. Neuman has a round face. Fischer projections use a
cross, and so I think Emil Fischer was Christian.
• The Nitrogen Bonding Nitrile compounds have Nitrogen in a triple bond with carbon.

* From A very nice site of Anatomy Mnemonics by John Berger