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MATHEMATICS
(ALGEBRA)
DAY 1
NUMBER SYSTEM

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)

Real Number Imaginary Number (i)

Rational Number Irrational Number

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Complex Number – number that is expressible in the form of “a + bi”.
Real numbers – is any number that can be represented by a
decimal.
Rational Numbers - numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two
integers.
• Terminating decimals.
Ex. ¼, 3/4
• Non-terminating, repeating decimals.
Ex. 1/3, 2/3
Irrational Numbers - numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of
two integers.
• Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals
Example: 7 , , e, etc.
Imaginary number – are numbers that contains imaginary “i”.
i = 1 i3  i2 . i  ( 1) i  i
2
i    1
2
 1 i4  i2 . i2  (1)(1)  1

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Natural numbers {1, 2, 3, ……}
Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, ……..}
Integers {.., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…}
Real numbers The rational and irrational numbers

Prime Number – integer greater than 1 that is divisible

only by 1 and itself.
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 …….

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Example: Find the significant figures of the following:

1. 46 2 significant figures
2. 34000 5 significant figures
3. 3.4 x 104 2 significant figures
4. 45.60 4 significant figures
5. 68.00 4 significant figures
6. 1.0230 5 significant figures
7. 0.0010300 5 significant figures

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FACTORING
1. a(x  y)  ax  ay
2. (x  a)( x  b)  x2  (a  b)x  ab

3. x  y  ( x  y)( x  y) (difference of squares)

2 2

4. ( x  y)2  x2  2xy  y2

5. (x  y)2  x 2  2xy  y 2

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FACTORING

6. (x  y)  x  3x y  3xy  y
3 3 2 2 3

7. ( x  y )3
 x3
 3x 2
y  3xy2
 y3

8. x3  y3  ( x  y)( x2  xy  y2 ) (difference of cubes)

9. x 3  y 3  (x  y)( x 2  xy  y 2 ) (sum of cubes)

10. (x  y  z) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2xy  2yz  2xz

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LAWS OF EXPONENTS

a a a
1. x0  1 6. ( x.y )  x .y
a/b b a a a a a a
2. x  x 7. ( x / y )  x / y  x .y
a b
 ab a a
3. ( x ) x 8. 1/ x x
a b ab
4. x .x  x 9. xa  xb then a b

5. xa xb  xab 10. 1/1 = 1

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LAWS OF EXPONENTS
11. 0/1 = 0
12. 1/0 = infinity

13. 1/∞ = 0
14. 0/0 = indeterminate
15. ∞/∞ = indeterminate
16. 0 0 = indeterminate

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 PROBLEMS:
1. How many significant digits does 10.097 have?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
2. Simplify the following expression: i3217 - i427 + i18
A. 1 + 2i B. 1 – i C. -1 + 2i D. 1 + i
3. The sum of all prime numbers between 1 and 15 is _____.
A. 39 B. 41 C. 46 D. 120
4. Solve 3 . (9)2k = (35)k for k.
5. Expand (x - 2)3 - 8y3.
6. Find the possible factors of 4x5 – 4x4 + 25x3 – 30x2 – 99x + 54.
A. (x – 2) B. (2x – 1) C. (2x + 3) D. All of the above
7. The function f(x) = (x2 – 4)/(x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 10) is discontinuous
at x= ?
A. 2 B. -2 C. either A or B D. Neither A or B

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 EQUATIONS:
1. LINEAR EQUATION (First Degree Equation)

A. Linear equations with one unknown

Example: 3x + 2 = x + 8
Solution: Simple transposition

B. Linear Equations with two or more unknowns

Example: x + y = 4 and x – y = 2
Solution:
1. Substitution method
2. Elimination method
3. Determinants

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 EQUATIONS:
2. QUADRATIC EQUATION (Second Degree Equation)

A. Quadratic Equations with only one unknown

General equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solution:
1. Quadratic formula
2. Completing the square
3. Factoring if factorable

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 EQUATIONS:

Quadratic Formula
A quadratic equation is an equation of the
general form ax2 + bx + c = 0. The roots, x1
and x2, of the equation are the two values of x
that satisfy it.
From the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

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 EQUATIONS:

 b  b2  4ac
x
2a
Where: b2 -4ac is known as discriminant
Note:
b2 = 4ac - the roots are real and equal. There is
only one real solution
b2  4ac - the roots are real and unequal.
b2  4ac - the roots are imaginary and
conjugate imaginary.

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 EQUATIONS:

Properties of roots:
b c
Sum of roots: x1 + x2 = Product of roots: x1 x2 =
a a
B. Quadratic equations with two unknowns:
Example: x2 – y2 = 8 and x2 + y2 = 10:
Solution:
1. Elimination method
2. Substitution method
3. Determinants

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 EQUATIONS:

3. CUBIC EQUATION (Third Degree Equation)

General Equation: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0

Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error

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 EQUATIONS:

4. QUADRIC EQUATION (Fourth Degree Equation)

General Equation: ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c = 0
Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error

5. EQUATIONS SOLVABLE ONLY BY TRIAL AND ERROR

Example:
Solve for “m” 0.0984 = (1 + 0.095/m)m - 1

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 PROBLEMS
3 x2
1. If 4y = 3x, then, what is the value of 2
?
4y
A. 4/3 B. ¾ C. 2/3 D. 3/2
2. Solve for x in the equations:
x (x + y + z) = 2; y (x + y + z) = 6; and z (x + y + z) = 8.
A. ½ B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2

3. If z  1  1  1  ....... what is the value of z?

A. 0.453 B. 0.618 C. 0.816 D. 0.681

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 PROBLEMS
4. What is the value of k to make the expression
kx2 – 3kx + 9 a perfect square?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5
5. Find the value of x which will satisfy the following
expression: x  2  x  2

A. x = 3/2 B. x = 9/4 C. x = 18/6 D. none of these

6. Evaluate: A x B.
1 6 0 1 2 4 17 34 46
A 4 2 7 B  3 6  7 Ans. 26  24  72
0 5 3 4 4 6 3 18  53

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