Dennis Mojica

is derived from two Greek words

anthropos and logos, which intensively studies
human and the respective cultures where they
were born and actively belong to. It is
considered the father or even grandfather of
all social and behavioral sciences like
sociology, economics and psychology, to name
a few.
The discipline had its humble beginnings
with early European explorers and their
accounts which produced initial impressions
about the native peoples they encountered In
their explorations.
 Franz Boaz, a
physicist, strongly
believed that the
same method and
strategy could be
applied in
measuring culture
and human behavior
while conducting
research among
humans including
uniqueness of their
cultures.
 Ruth Benedict
became a
specialist in
anthropology and
folklore and
authored the
famous book
“Patterns of
Culture”.
 is the study of society, social institutions,
and social relationships.
 Sociology is interested in describing and
explaining human behavior, especially as it
occurs within a social context (Merriam-
Webster).
 Studying sociology is practical and useful. A
social beings, we gain understanding of how
the social world operates and of our place in
it.
 Sociology emerged with the two of the most
significant social and political revolution in
the history.
 The French Revolution of 1789, along with
the Industrial Revolution in England during
the 18th century, tremendously changed
people’s lives.
 is the person who “invented”
sociology in 1842, by bringing
together the
 Greek word socius or
“companion” and the Latin
word logy or “study”. He
originally used “social physics”
as a term for sociology. Its aim
was to discover the social laws
that govern the development
of society.
 Comte suggested that there
were three stages in the
development of societies,
namely the theological stage,
the metaphysical stage, and
the positive stage.

August Comte (1798-1857)

 The founding mother of
sociology
 an English writer and
reformist. In her
accounts in her book
How to Observe Morals
and Manners (1838), the
deep sociological
insights we call now
ethnographic narratives
are fully expressed.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

 a German philosopher and
revolutionary further
contributed to the
development of sociology.
 Marx introduced the
materialist analysis of
history which discounts
metaphysical explanation
for historical
development.
 Before Marx, scholars
explain social change
through divine
intervention and the
theory of “great men”.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

 Marx is the forerunner of the conflict theory.
He wrote the Communist Manifesto a book
that is focused on the misery of the lower
class (working class) caused by the existing
social order.
 He reiterated that political revolution was
vital in the evolutionary process of the
society, the only means to achieve
improvement of social conditions.
 a French sociologist who
put forward the idea that
individuals are more
products rather than the
creator of society; the
society itself is external to
the individual. In his book
 Suicide, Durkheim proved
that social forces strongly
impact on people’s lives
and that seemingly
personal event is not
personal after all.

Emile Durkheim’s (1864-1920)

 Weber stressed the role of
rationalization in the
development of society.
 For Weber, rationalization
refers essentially to the
disenchantment of the
world.
 As science began to
replace religion, people
also adopted a scientific
or rational attitude to the
world. People refused to
believe in myths and
superstitious beliefs.
Max Weber (1864-1920)
 Guide Questions:
 1. Why is there a need for politics?
 2. Can we exist without politics?
 is part of the social sciences that deals
with the study of politics, power, and
government. In turn, politics refers to “ the
process of making collective decisions in a
community, society, or group through
application of influence and power”
(Ethridge and Handelman 2010, p.8).
 studies how even the most private and
personal decisions of individuals are
influence by collective decisions of a
community. “The personal is political.”
 Generally, politics is associated with how
power is gained and employed to develop
authority and influence on social affairs. It can
also be used to promulgate guiding rules to
govern the state. It is also a tactic for
upholding collaboration among members of a
community, whether from civil or political
organizations.
 Politics is allied with government which
is considered as the ultimate authority. It is
the primary role of the government to rule the
society by stipulating and transmitting the
basic laws that will supervise the freedom of
the people. Each form of government
possesses power to attain order that should
lead toward social justice.
Science is commonly defined as the knowledge
derived from experiment and observation
systematically done. Policy-making and
government decisions should be done through
proper research, social investigation, analysis,
validation, planning, execution and evaluation.
Thus, politics is a science.